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The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Italian: Repubblica di Genova) was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century to 1797, when it was invaded by armies of Revolutionary France under Napoleon. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Republic of Genoa ( Italy) was technically a Communal Republic in the early Middle Ages, but in actuality it was an Oligarchy ruled Simone Boccanegra (died 1363 was the first doge of Genoa. His story was popularized by Giuseppe Verdi 's opera Simon Boccanegra. The Ligurian Republic (Repubblica Ligure was a short-lived French client republic formed by Napoleon on June 14, 1797. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. It was then succeeded by the Ligurian Republic, which existed until 1805 before being annexed by the French Empire. The Ligurian Republic (Repubblica Ligure was a short-lived French client republic formed by Napoleon on June 14, 1797. Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Although its restoration was briefly proclaimed in 1814, following the defeat of Napoleon, this was short-lived, and the Republic was ultimately annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia. Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the
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The Genoese possessions
The Republic of Genoa had many possessions (used as trading posts) in the Mediterranean. Many were islands like Corse, Gorgona, Capraia, Cyprus, Chios and Samo, while others were territories in Crimea (Sebastopol, Cembalo, Soldaia, Tana and Caffa) and in the Black sea (Samsun). Capraia, called Capraria in ancient times is an Island of Italy, part of the Tuscan Archipelago, off the northwest coast belonging to the Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated Samo (died 658 was a Frankish merchant from the "Senonian country" ( Senonago) probably modern Sens, France. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Sudak or Sudaq (Sudaq Судак is a small historic town located in Crimea, Ukraine situated to the west of Feodosiya (the nearest railway Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Samsun ( Greek: Σαμψούντα, Samsounta, Amisos) is a city in northern Turkey, on the coast of the Black Near Constantinople the city of Galata and Pera and in the coast of Tunisia the island of Tabarka completed what was called the Genoese Empire. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Galata or Galatae is a district in Istanbul, the largest city of Turkey. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Tabarka (طبرقة, Phoenician Tabarka, Thabarka or Barga by locals is a coastal town located in north-western Tunisia, [1]
Founding
The Republic initially came into existence in the early 11th century, when Genoa became a self-governing commune within the old Regnum Italicum. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Communes in Europe in the Middle Ages were sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms among community members of a town or city In its early centuries, Genoa was an important trading city, like Venice. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Genoa started her expansion during the Crusades: the Republic granted her fleet for the transportations and gained many settlements on the Middle East and favored commercial treaties. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. During 13th century the Republic of Genoa was allied with the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea, which received Genoese help to regain Constantinople in 1261. The Empire of Nicaea ( Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Νίκαιας Turkish: İznik İmparatorluğu) was the largest of the Byzantine Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The alliance permitted a great commercial expansion on the Empire and also the conquest of many isles and settlements on the Aegean Sea (the most important was the isle of Chios which was lost only in 1566). Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated In the same century the Republic conquered important trading interests throughout the Black Sea, where Genoa controlled many settlements on Crimea. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым In the west Mediterranean the principal rival to Genoa was Pisa, which was ultimately defeated in the naval Battle of Meloria (1284), gaining the island of Corsica from it in the late 13th century and later the control of the north-west of Sardinia (Giudicato of Logudoro), where Genoese families gained territories. Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. The Battle of Meloria was fought on Sunday August 6 1284 near the Meloria islet in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily The Giudicato of Logudoro (also known as the Giudicato of Torres after Porto Torres) is a historical state which covered the northwest portion In the contest between the Angevins and the Aragonese for control of Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers of 1283, Genoese merchants luckily chose to support Aragon, the winning side, and moved into the Sicilian economy with energy, lending money to the ruling class, organizing and controlling the production of sugar and silks and monopolizing the export of Sicilian grain, on which Genoa depended, situated by nature with no grain-growing contado to support its population, but which the Maghreb also required. Angevin (ˈændʒəvɪn ( French, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Andegavinus from Andegavia Anjou, France) is the name applied The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset In exchange, Genoa received African gold (Braudel 1984). Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar)
Decline
As a result of the economic retrenchment Europe in the late 14th century, as well as its long war with Venice, which culminated in its defeat at Chioggia (1380), Genoa went into a decline. The naval Battle of Chioggia took place in June 1380 in the Lagoon off Chioggia, Italy between the Venetian and the Genoese fleets The rising Ottoman power cut into the Genoese emporia in the Aegean, and the Black Sea trade was squeezed off[2].
Genoa was ultimately occupied by the French or the Milanese for much of the period. From 1499 to 1528, the Republic reached its nadir, being under nearly continual French occupation. The Spanish, with their intramural allies, the "old nobility" entrenched in the mountain fastnesses behind Genoa, captured the city on May 30, 1522 and subjected the city to a merciless pillage. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following When the great admiral Andrea Doria allied with the Emperor Charles V to oust the French and restore Genoa's independence, a renewed prospect opened: 1528 marks the first loan from Genoese banks to Charles (Braudel 1984). Andrea Doria or D'Oria ( 30 November 1466 &ndash 25 November 1560) was a Genoese ''condottiere'' and Admiral Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was
Revival
Thereafter, Genoa underwent something of a revival as a junior associate of the Spanish Empire, with Genoese bankers, in particular, financing many of the Spanish crown's foreign endeavors from their counting houses in Seville. Fernand Braudel has even called the period 1557 to 1627 the "age of the Genoese", "of a rule that was so discreet and sophisticated that historians for a long time failed to notice it" (Braudel 1984 p. Fernand Braudel ( August 24 1902 &ndash November 27 1985) was the foremost French historian of the postwar era 157), though the modern visitor passing brilliant Mannerist and Baroque palazzo facades along Genoa's Strada Nova or via Balbi cannot fail to notice that there was conspicuous wealth, which in fact was not Genoese but concentrated in the hands of a tightly-knit circle of banker-financiers, true "venture capitalists". Venture capital (also known as VC or Venture) is a type of Private equity capital typically provided to immature high-potential growth companies
The opening for the Genoese banking consortium was the state bankruptcy of Philip II in 1557, which threw the German banking houses into chaos and ended the reign of the Fuggers as Spanish financiers. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 The Genoese bankers provided the unwieldy Habsburg system with fluid credit and a dependably regular income. In return the less dependable shipments of American silver were rapidly transferred from Seville to Genoa, to provide capital for further ventures. The Genoese banker Ambrogio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases, for instance, himself raised and led an army that fought in the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands in the early 17th century. Don Ambrogio Spinola Doria marqués de los Balbases (1569&ndash September 25, 1630) was an Italian general at the service of Spain The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries The decline of Spain in the 17th century brought also the renewed decline of Genoa, and the Spanish crown's frequent bankruptcies, in particular, ruined many of Genoa's merchant houses.
The end
Genoa continued its slow decline in the 18th century, and in 1768 was forced by endemic rebellion to sell Corsica to the French; however Genoa was considerably more prosperous than contemporary Venice, and remained a major trade center. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
In 1742 the last possession of the Genoese in the Mediterranean, the island fortress of Tabarka was lost to the Bey of Tunis[3]. Tabarka (طبرقة, Phoenician Tabarka, Thabarka or Barga by locals is a coastal town located in north-western Tunisia, The Bey and Possessor of the Kingdom of Tunis was the title of the Head of state of Tunisia, when the country was a French protectorate, until 1956 In 1797 the Republic was occupied by the French revolutionary army of Napoleon Bonaparte, who overthrew the old elites who had ruled the city for all of its history, and replaced them with a popular republic known as the Ligurian Republic. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Ligurian Republic (Repubblica Ligure was a short-lived French client republic formed by Napoleon on June 14, 1797.
After Bonaparte's seizure of power in France, a more conservative constitution was enacted, but the Ligurian Republic's life was short - in 1805 it was annexed by France, becoming the départements of Apennins, Gênes, and Montenotte. Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Gênes is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. Montenotte was a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. Following the defeat of Napoleon in the spring of 1814, local elites, encouraged by the British agent Lord William Bentinck proclaimed the restoration of the old Republic, but it was decided at the Congress of Vienna that Genoa should be given to the Kingdom of Sardinia. Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Lord William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck (14 September 1774 &ndash 17 June 1839 was a British statesman who served as Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835 The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the British troops suppressed the republic in December of 1814, and it was annexed by Sardinia on January 3, 1815. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
See also
- Genoa
- Doge of Genoa
- Republic of Venice
- Republic of Pisa
- Mariner Republics
- Most Serene Republic
- Italian city-states
Notes
- ^ Durant, Will. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English The Republic of Genoa ( Italy) was technically a Communal Republic in the early Middle Ages, but in actuality it was an Oligarchy ruled The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The Republic of Pisa was a ''de facto'' independent state centered on the Tuscany city of Pisa during the late tenth and eleventh centuries The it '''Repubbliche Marinare''' ( Italian for " Maritime Republics " is the collective name of a number of important City-states which flourished in The Italian city states were a remarkable political phenomenon of small independent states in the northern Italian peninsula between the tenth and fifteenth centuries The Renaissance. pag. 176
- ^ Durant, Will. The Renaissance. pag. 189
- ^ Alberti Russell, Janice. The Italian community in Tunisia, 1861-1961: a viable minority. pag. 142
References
- Braudel, Fernand (1984). Fernand Braudel ( August 24 1902 &ndash November 27 1985) was the foremost French historian of the postwar era "The Perspective of the World", Civilization and Capitalism, 157-174.
Bibliography
- Durant, Will. The Renaissance". MJK Books. New York, 1953 ISBN 1-56731-016-8
- Braudel, Ferdinand. Civilization and Capitalism. London, 1984
- Russell Alberti, Janice. The Italian community in Tunisia, 1861-1961: a viable minority. Columbia University. Columbia, 1977
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