This article is about of the French Revolution. For other uses, see Reign of Terror (disambiguation).

The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) or simply The Terror (French: la Terreur) is a period fifteen months after the onset of the French Revolution when struggles between rival factions led to mutual radicalization. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Political radicalism or simply radicalism is adherence to radical views and principles in Politics. This led to violence and mass executions of enemies of the revolution.

The Reign of Terror started on 5 September 1793. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The repression accelerated in June and July 1794, a period called la Grande Terreur (The Great Terror), which ended in the coup of 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), in which several key leaders of the Reign of Terror were executed, including Saint-Just and Robespierre. The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just ( August 25, 1767 &ndash July 28, 1794) usually known as Saint-Just, was a French revolutionary Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) The Terror took the lives of about 40,000 French men and women.

In the Summer of 1794, France was threatened by internal enemies, conspirators and by foreign European monarchies fearing that the terror would spread. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Almost all European governments in that era were based on monarchy rather than the popular sovereignty asserted by the revolutionary French. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the State is created by the will or consent of its people, who Foreign powers wanted to stifle the democratic and republican ideas, which they feared would pose a threat to their respective regimes' stability. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Their armies were pressing on the border of France, leading the new Republic into a series of wars against its monarchist neighbors. The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states

Foreign powers threatened the French population with retaliation if they did not free King Louis XVI and reinstate him as a monarch. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre The Prussian Duke of Brunswick threatened to "pilfer" Paris if the Parisians dared to touch the royal family, which infuriated Paris. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Charles William Ferdinand Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel-Bevern ( Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Herzog zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg Fürst von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern Louis XVI was suspected of conspiring with foreign powers who wished to invade France and restore absolute monarchy. Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything

The former French nobility, having lost its inherited privileges, had a stake in the failure of the Revolution. The Nobility (la noblesse in France, in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period had specific legal and financial rights and The Roman Catholic Church as well was generally against the Revolution, which (through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy) had turned the clergy into employees of the state and required they take an oath of loyalty to the nation. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( "Constitution civile du clergé") was a law passed on July 12, 1790 during the French Revolution About half of the clergy, mainly in western France, refused the oath, making themselves known as refractory priests or non-jurors.

Members of the Catholic clergy and the former nobility entered into conspiracies, often invoking foreign military intervention. In the western region known as the Vendée, priests and former nobles led an insurrection, which began in spring 1793 and was supported by Great Britain. The Vendée is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The War in Vendée ( 1793 to 1796) was a Civil war in Vendée between Royalists and Republicans during the French See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The pacification of the region was so brutal that some historians claim the actions of the revolutionaries constitute genocide^[1] and crimes against humanity. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of ^[2] The extension of civil war and the advance of foreign armies on national territory produced a political crisis, and increased the rivalry between the Girondins and the more radical Jacobins; the latter were eventually grouped in the parliamentary faction called the Mountain, and had the support of the Parisian population. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative The Jacobin Club was the largest and most powerful political club of the French Revolution. The Mountain (in French La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group whose members called

The Terror

1819 Caricature by Briton George Cruikshank. A caricature is either a Portrait that exaggerates or distorts the essence of a person or thing to create an easily identifiable visual likeness or in literature a description George Cruikshank ( September 27, 1792 — February 1, 1878) was an English Caricaturist and book illustrator praised as Titled "The Radical's Arms", it depicts the infamous guillotine. The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. "No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!" is written in the republican banner.

On 2 June Paris sections — encouraged by the enragés ("enraged ones") Jacques Roux and Jacques Hébert — took over the Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans-culottes alone. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Les Enragés (literally "the Enraged Ones" were a radical group active during the French Revolution of 1789 opposed to the Jacobins. Jacques Roux ( 21 August 1752 &ndash 10 February[[ 794]] was the radical leader of the Enragés faction during the French Revolution Jacques René Hébert ( November 15, 1757 &mdash March 24, 1794) was editor of the extreme radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally Sans-culottes ( French for "without Knee-breeches " was a term created around 1790 - 1792 by the French Aristocracy to describe the With the backing of the National Guard, they convinced the Convention to arrest 31 Girondin leaders, including Jacques Pierre Brissot. The National Guard ( la Garde nationale) was the name given at the time of the French Revolution to the Militias formed in each city in imitation of The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative Jacques Pierre Brissot (15 January 1754 &ndash 31 October 1793 who assumed the name of de Warville, was a leading member of the Girondist movement during the Following these arrests, the Jacobins gained control of the Committee of Public Safety on 10 June, installing the revolutionary dictatorship. The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public le Haut Comité de la santé publique which is an entirely unrelated present-day institution--> set up by the Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. On 13 July the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat — a Jacobin leader and journalist known for his bloodthirsty rhetoric — by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin, resulted in further increase of Jacobin political influence. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont ( July 27, 1768 – July 17, 1793) known to history as Charlotte Corday, was a figure of the ^[3] Georges Danton, the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the King, was removed from the Committee. Georges Jacques Danton ( October 26, 1759 &ndash April 5, 1794) was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre On 27 July Robespierre, self-styled as "the Incorruptible", made his entrance, quickly becoming the most influential member of the Committee as it moved to take radical measures against the Revolution's domestic and foreign enemies. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) ^[4]

Meanwhile, on 24 June the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the French Constitution of 1793. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place The Constitution of 1793, Constitution of 24 June 1793 ( French: " Acte constitutionnel du 24 juin 1793 ") or Montagnard It was ratified by public referendum, but never put into force; like other laws, it was indefinitely suspended by the decree of October that the government of France would be "revolutionary until the peace". A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita The eventual constitution under the Directory was quite different.

Facing local revolts and foreign invasions in both the East and West of the country, the most urgent government business was the war. On 17 August the Convention voted for general conscription, the levée en masse, which mobilized all citizens to serve as soldiers or suppliers in the war effort. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority Levée en masse (literally "Rise in (a Mass" is defined in Article 4 letter A paragraph 6 of the Third Geneva Convention. On 5 September the Convention institutionalized The Terror: systematic and lethal repression of perceived enemies within the country. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.

On 25 December 1793 Robespierre stated:

On 5 February 1794 he stated, more succinctly:

The result was policy through which the state used violent repression to crush resistance to the government. Under control of the effectively dictatorial Committee, the Convention quickly enacted more legislation. On 9 September the Convention established sans-culottes paramilitary forces, the revolutionary armies, to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Sans-culottes ( French for "without Knee-breeches " was a term created around 1790 - 1792 by the French Aristocracy to describe the On 17 September the Law of Suspects was passed, which authorized the charging of counter-revolutionaries with vaguely defined crimes against liberty. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec The Law of Suspects is a term which is used to refer to an enactment passed on September 17 1793 during the course of the French Revolution. On 29 September the Convention extended price-fixing from grain and bread to other essential goods, and also fixed wages. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Price fixing is an agreement between business competitors to sell the same product or service at the same price The guillotine became the symbol of a string of executions: Louis XVI had already been guillotined before the start of the terror; Marie-Antoinette, the Girondins, Philippe Égalité, Madame Roland and many others lost their lives under its blade. Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (November 2 1755 &ndash October 16 1793 known to history as Marie Antoinette ( pronounced /maʀi ɑ̃ntwanɛt/ Louis Philippe II Joseph Duke of Orléans ( 13 April 1747 at Château de Saint Cloud, Saint-Cloud, France &ndash 6 November Marie-Jeanne Roland de la Platiere, better known simply as Madame Roland and born Marie-Jeanne Phlipon ( March 17, 1754 &ndash November ^[5] The Revolutionary Tribunal summarily condemned thousands of people to death by the guillotine, while mobs beat other victims to death. The Revolutionary Tribunal (Tribunal révolutionnaire was a Court which was instituted in Paris by the Convention during the French Revolution Sometimes people died for their political opinions or actions, but many for little reason beyond mere suspicion, or because some others had a stake in getting rid of them. Most of the victims received an unceremonious trip to the guillotine in an open wooden cart (the tumbrel). Ducking-stools and cucking-stools are chairs formerly used for Punishment. Loaded onto these carts, the victims would proceed through throngs of jeering men and women.

The victims of the Reign of Terror totaled approximately 40,000. Among people who were condemned by the revolutionary tribunals, about 8 percent were aristocrats, 6 percent clergy, 14 percent middle class, and 70 percent were workers or peasants accused of hoarding, evading the draft, desertion, rebellion, and other purported crimes. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority In Military terminology desertion is the Abandonment of a " Duty " or post without permission from one's Government or superior ^[6] Of these social groupings, the clergy of the Roman Catholic church suffered proportionately the greatest loss.

Another anti-clerical uprising was made possible by the installment of the Revolutionary Calendar on 24 October. Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political The French Republican Calendar or French Revolutionary Calendar was a Calendar proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Against Robespierre's concepts of Deism and Virtue, Hébert's (and Chaumette's) atheist movement initiated a religious campaign in order to dechristianize society. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation The " Republic of Virtue " was a period in French history (1793-1794 where Maximilien Robespierre remained in power Atheism The Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution is a conventional description of the results of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France between The program of dechristianisation waged against Catholicism, and eventually against all forms of Christianity, included the deportation of clergy and the condemnation of many of them to death, the closing of churches, the institution of revolutionary and civic cults, the large scale destruction of religious monuments, the outlawing of public and private worship and religious education, forced marriages of the clergy and forced abjurement of their priesthood. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. ^[7] The enactment of a law on 21 October 1793 made all suspected priests and all persons who harbored them liable to death on sight. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[7] The climax was reached with the celebration of the goddess "Reason" in Notre Dame Cathedral on 10 November. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Because dissent was now regarded as counterrevolutionary, extremist enragés such as Hébert and moderate Montagnard indulgents such as Danton were guillotined in the Spring of 1794. The Mountain (in French La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group whose members called ^[8] On 7 June Robespierre, who had previously condemned the Cult of Reason, advocated a new state religion and recommended that the Convention acknowledge the existence of God. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins The Cult of Reason (Culte de la Raison was a creed based on Secularism and Atheism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hébert God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. On the next day, the worship of the deistic Supreme Being was inaugurated as an official aspect of the Revolution. The Cult of the Supreme Being ( French: Culte de l'Être suprême) was a religion based on Deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to Compared with Hébert's somewhat popular festivals, this austere new religion of Virtue was received with signs of hostility by the Parisian public.

The End

The execution of Robespierre. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794)

The repression brought thousands of suspects before the Paris Revolutionary Tribunal, whose work was expedited by the Law of 22 Prairial (10 June 1794). The Revolutionary Tribunal (Tribunal révolutionnaire was a Court which was instituted in Paris by the Convention during the French Revolution The Law of 22 Prairial, also known as the loi de la Grande Terreur, the law of the Reign of Terror, was enacted on June 10 1794 (22 Prairial Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a As a result of Robespierre's insistence on associating Terror with Virtue, his efforts to make the republic a morally united patriotic community became equated with the endless bloodshed. Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country Finally, after 26 June's decisive military victory over Austria at the Battle of Fleurus, Robespierre was overthrown by a conspiracy of certain members of the Convention on 9 Thermidor (27 July). Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich In the Battle of Fleurus ( June 26, 1794) French forces under Jourdan defeated an Austrian army under Saxe-Cobourg in one The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.

The fall of Robespierre had been a combination of those who wanted more power for the Committee of Public Safety, and a more radical policy, than he was willing to allow, with the moderates who opposed the Revolutionary Government altogether. They had, between them, made the Law of 22 Prairial one of the charges against him, and after his fall, advocating Terror would mean adopting the policy of a convicted enemy of the Republic, endangering the advocate's own head.

The reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended. New members were appointed the day after Robespierre's death, and term limits were imposed (a quarter of the committee retired every three months); its powers were reduced piece by piece.

This was not an entirely or immediately conservative period; no government of the Republic envisaged a Restoration, and Marat was reburied in the Pantheon in September, although he had been more extreme than Robespierre. The Panthéon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon meaning "All the gods" is a building in the Latin Quarter But politicians united in opposing the Jacobins, and the period has become known as the Thermidorian Reaction. The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. ^[9]

See also

• Bals des victimes

• Great Fear

Further reading

Secondary sources

• Andress, David (2006). The Bals des victimes, or victims' balls were balls that may have been put on by dancing societies after the Reign of Terror. The "Great Fear" (la Grande Peur occurred from July 20 to August 5 1789 in France at the start of the French Revolution. The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The City of New York Farrar Straus and Giroux is an American book Publishing company founded in 1946 by Roger W ISBN 0-374-27341-3.  
• Beik, William (August 2005). "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration: Review Article". Past and Present (188): 195-224.  

• Kerr, Wilfred Brenton (1985). Reign of Terror, 1793-1794. London: Porcupine Press. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ISBN 0-87991-631-1.  

• Moore, Lucy (2006). Liberty: The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France. London: HarperCollins. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation. ISBN 0007206011.  

• Steel, Mark (2003). Vive La Revolution. London: Scribner. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Charles Scribner's Sons is a publisher The firm published Scribner's Magazine for many years ISBN 0743208064.  
  • Reviewed by Adam Thorpe in The Guardian, December 23, 2006. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group.

• Palmer, R. R. (2005). Robert Roswell Palmer ( January 11, 1909 &ndash June 11, 2002) commonly known as R Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. See also Princeton Township New Jersey, Borough of Princeton New Jersey Princeton Borough New Jersey Princeton Township New Jersey this The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. ISBN 0-691-12187-7.  

• Jordan, David P. (1985). The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre. New York: Free Press, 150-164. The City of New York Free Press is an American publisher and Imprint of Simon & Schuster that has been in business for over fifty years ISBN 0-02-916530-X.  

• Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens – A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 678-847. The City of New York Alfred A Knopf Inc is a New York publishing house founded by Alfred A ISBN 0-394-55948-7.  

• Scott, Otto (1974). Robespierre, The Fool as Revolutionary – Inside the French Revolution. Windsor, New York: The Reformer Library. Windsor New York may refer to Windsor (town New York in Broome County Windsor (village New York, which lies within the Town of ISBN 9-781887-690058.  

• Loomis, Stanley (1964). Paris in the Terror. New York: Dorset Press. The City of New York ISBN 0-88029-401-9.  

• Hibbert, Christopher (1981). The Days of the French Revolution. New York: Quill-William Morrow. The City of New York ISBN 9-780688-169787.  

Treatment in fiction

• Georg Büchner, Danton's Death
• Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
• Victor Hugo, Quatrevingt-treize
• Hilary Mantel, A Place of Greater Safety
• Baroness Orczy, The Scarlet Pimpernel and sequels
• Stanislawa Przybyszewska, The Danton Case and Thermidor
• David Weber, On Basilisk Station and other Honorverse novels
• G.A. Henty, "In the reign of terror"
• Alexandre Dumas, père, The Chevalier Of Maison Rouge
• Anatole France, "Les dieux ont soif" (The Gods are A-thirst)
• Rafael Sabatini, Scaramouche, The Trampling of the Lilies, The Marquis of Carabas
• Honoré de Balzac, An Episode Under the Terror
• Tom Connery, "A Shred of Honor"

Treatment in film

• Andrzej Wajda, Danton (1983)
• Robert Enrico and Richard T. Karl Georg Büchner ( October 17, 1813 &ndash February 19, 1837) was a German Dramatist and Writer of prose Danton's Death ( Dantons Tod) was the first play written by Georg Büchner. A Tale of Two Cities (1859 is the second Historical novel by Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris before and during the Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Ninety-Three ( Quatrevingt-treize) is the last novel by the French writer Victor Hugo. Hilary Mary Mantel CBE (born 1952 in Glossop, Derbyshire) is a British novelist short story writer and critic Emma (" Emmuska " Magdolna Rozália Mária Jozefa Borbála Orczy de Orczi (anglicized to Baroness Emma Magdalena Rosalia Maria Josephina The Scarlet Pimpernel is a classic play and Adventure novel by Baroness Emmuska Orczy, set during the Reign of Terror following the Stanisława Przybyszewska (1901 - 1935 was a Polish Dramatist who wrote almost exclusively about the French Revolution. David Mark Weber is an American Science fiction and Fantasy author. The first novel in David Weber 's popular Honor Harrington series On Basilisk Station, follows Commander Honor Harrington and Her Majesty’s light cruiser Note This is the 'Main' article for the Honor Harrington related Book series and Sub-series by David Weber. George Alfred Henty ( 8 December, 1832 - 16 November, 1902) referred to as G Anatole France (16 April 1844—12 October 1924 born François-Anatole Thibault, Anatole France studied at the Collège Stanislas and after graduation Rafael Sabatini (April 29 1875 - February 13 1950 was an Italian / British Writer of Novels of romance and adventure. Scaramouche is a Historical novel by Rafael Sabatini, originally published in 1921 Andrzej Wajda (born 6 March 1926 in Suwałki) is an award-winning Polish Film director. Heffron, La Révolution française, part 2 (1989)

Treatment in television

• Doctor Who: "The Reign of Terror" (1964)
• BBC series 1999–2000 The Scarlet Pimpernel, based on novels and play by Baroness Orczy

Treatment in music

• Voltaire, "The Headless Waltz", from Almost Human
• Poulenc, Dialogues of the Carmelites

References

External links

• The Terror from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)