A regulatory sequence (also called a regulatory region or a regulatory area) is a segment of DNA where regulatory proteins such as transcription factors bind preferentially. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known DNA-binding proteins are Proteins that are composed of DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for either single or double stranded DNA In the field of Molecular biology, a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA binding factor is a Protein that binds to specific sequences These regulatory proteins bind to short stretches of DNA called regulatory regions, which are appropriately positioned in the genome, usually a short distance 'upstream' of the gene being regulated. By doing so, these regulatory proteins can either recruit another protein complex, called the RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase ( RNAP or RNApol) is an Enzyme that produces RNA. In this way, they control gene expression and thus protein expression. Gene modulation redirects here For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression see Therapeutic gene modulation. Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a Gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional Gene product, such Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl
Regulatory sequences can also be found in messenger RNA, but they are generally not as well studied as those in DNA. Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a Protein product They may be bound by RNA-binding proteins or RNAs (eg miRNAs)
Research to find all regulatory regions in the genomes of all sorts of organisms is under way. RNA-binding proteins are typically Cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins that associate with (bind double-strand or single-strand RNAs through RNA recognition motif (RRM In Genetics, microRNAs ( miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21–23 Nucleotides in length which regulate Gene expression
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Examples
- CAAT box
- CCAAT box
- Operator (biology)
- Pribnow box
- TATA box
- SECIS element, mRNA
- Polyadenylation signals, mRNA
- A-box
- Z-box
- C-box
- E-box
- G-box
For the insulin gene
Regulatory sequences for the insulin gene are:[1]
- A5
- Z
- negative regulatory element (NRE)[2]
- C2
- E2
- A3
- cAMP response element
- A2
- CAAT enhancer binding (CEB)
- C1
- E1
- G1
See also
- Regulation of gene expression
- Cis-acting element
- Gene regulatory network
- Operon
- Promoter
- Trans-acting factor
- ORegAnno
References
- ^ Melloul et al. In Molecular biology, a CCAAT box is a distinct pattern of Nucleotides with GGNCAATCT Consensus sequence that occur upstream by 75-80 bases to the initial In Molecular biology, a CCAAT box is a distinct pattern of Nucleotides with GGNCAATCT Consensus sequence that occur upstream by 75-80 bases to the initial An operon is a functioning unit of key Nucleotide sequences including an operator, a common Promoter, and one or more structural Genes, The Pribnow box (also known as the Pribnow-Schaller box) is the sequence TATAAT of six Nucleotides ( Thymine - Adenine - Thymine The TATA box (also called Goldberg-Hogness box) is a DNA sequence ( Cis-regulatory element) found in the Promoter region of most genes in In Biology, the SECIS element (SECIS se leno' c' ysteine i nsertion s equence) is an RNA element around 60 Polyadenylation is the synthesis of a poly(A tail a stretch of RNA where all the bases are Adenines at the end of an RNA molecule A regulatory sequence (also called a regulatory region or a regulatory area) is a segment of DNA where regulatory proteins such as Transcription An E-box is a DNA sequence which usually lies upstream of a Gene in a Promoter region The insulin gene (abbreviated INS is the Gene coding for the Hormone Insulin. A5 is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene Z is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene Negative regulatory element (NRE is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene C2 is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene E2 is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene A3 is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene CREB ( cAMP response element-binding Proteins are Transcription factors which bind to certain DNA sequences called CAMP response A2 is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene CAAT enhancer binding (CEB is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene C1 is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene E1 is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene G1 is a Regulatory sequence for the Insulin gene Gene modulation redirects here For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression see Therapeutic gene modulation. In the field of Molecular biology, cis-acting generally means "acting from the same Molecule " ( i A Gene regulatory network (also called a GRN or genetic regulatory network) is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which interact with each An operon is a functioning unit of key Nucleotide sequences including an operator, a common Promoter, and one or more structural Genes, In Biology, a promoter is a region of DNA that facilitates the transcription of a particular Gene. In the field of Molecular biology, trans-acting generally means "acting from a different molecule" ( i The Open Regulatory Annotation Database (also known as ORegAnno) is designed to promote community-based curation of regulatory information , Diabetologica, 45, 309-326, year 2002. Regulation of insulin gene transcription
- ^ Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ...
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