| Region (England) | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Also known as | Government office region |
| Category | Regions |
| Location | England |
| Created | 1994 |
| Number | 9 (as at 2008) |
| Possible types | appointed assembly (8) |
| elected assembly (1) | |
| Additional status | European Parliament constituency |
| Populations | 2. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In six European Union Member States ( Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom) the national 5–8 million |
| Areas | 1,000–23,000 km² |
| Government | Regional assemblies |
| Development agency | |
| Greater London Authority | |
| Subdivisions | Metropolitan county |
| Non-metropolitan county | |
| City and London borough | |
The region, also known as the European Union government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one, London, having a directly elected assembly. " Regional Assembly " is the name which has been adopted by the English bodies established as regional chambers under the Regional Development Agencies A regional development agency (RDA is a non-departmental public body established for the purpose of development primarily economic of one of England 's Government Office The Greater London Authority ( GLA) is the city-wide governing body for London, England. The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level Administrative division of England. A non-metropolitan county or shire county in England, is a county-level entity which is not a Metropolitan county. For London as a whole see the main article London. The City of London is a geographically The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. The pattern of local government in England is complex with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
Contents |
History
In ancient times (the second half of the first millennium) the heptarchy divided England into territories roughly the same order of magnitude as modern regions. Heptarchy ( Greek: seven + realm) is a collective name applied to the Anglo-Saxon ancient kingdoms of south east and central During Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals also created similarly-sized regions. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The Rule of the Major-Generals from August 1655 &ndash January 1657 was a period of direct military government during Oliver Cromwell 's Protectorate. See historical and alternative regions of England for details. England is divided into a number of different regional schemes for various purposes
The division of England into a number of administrative regions was first considered by the British government shortly prior to the First World War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament. The Home Rule Act of 1914, also known as the ( Irish) Third Home Rule Act (or Bill) and formally known as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 The Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or "Home Rule All Round". Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands On September 12 the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, gave a speech in which he proposed 10 or 12 regional parliaments for the United Kingdom. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty were the members of the Board of Admiralty, which exercised command over the Royal Navy. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire and the Midlands would make natural regions. [1][2] While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a while widely anticipated and various schemes for dividing England devised. [3][4]
By the 1930s several competing systems of regions were adopted by central government for such purposes as census of population, agriculture, electricity supply, civil defence and the regulation of road traffic. [5]
Creation of some form of provinces or regions for England has been an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, which would see power devolved from central government. The Redcliffe-Maud Report (Cmnd 4040 is the name generally given to the report published by the Royal Commission on Local Government in England 1966-1969 Edward Heath's administration in the 1970s did not create a regional structure in the Local Government Act 1972, waiting for the Royal Commission on the Constitution, after which government efforts were concentrated on a constitutional settlement in Scotland and Wales for the rest of the decade. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales The Royal Commission on the Constitution, also referred to as the Kilbrandon Commission (initially the Crowther Commission) or Kilbrandon Report, was a Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In England, the majority of the Commission "suggest[ed] regional coordinating and advisory councils for England, consisting largely of indirectly elected representatives of local authorities and operating along the lines of the Welsh advisory council". One-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the "eight now [in 1973] existing for economic planning purposes, modified to make boundaries to conform with the new county structure". The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c 70 is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales [6][7] A minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain (five within England), which would take over substantial amounts of the central government. Norman Crowther Hunt Baron Crowther-Hunt (died 1987 was a British Labour politician Alan Peacock (born 29 October 1937, Middlesbrough) is a former English footballer. [8]
In April 1994 the John Major government created a set of ten Government Office Regions for England. Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Prior to 1994, although various central government departments had different regional offices, the regions they used tended to be different and ad hoc. The stated purposes was as a way of co-ordinating the various regional offices more effectively: they initially involved the Department of Trade and Industry, Department of Employment, Department of Transport and the Department for the Environment. The Department of Trade and Industry was a United Kingdom government department which was disbanded with the announcement of the creation of the Department for Business In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport (or DfT) ( Welsh: Adran am Drafnidiaeth) is the government department The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for environmental protection [9]
Also, the Maastricht Treaty encouraged the creation of regional boundaries for selection of members for the Committee of the Regions of the European Union: Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland had each constituted a region, but England represents such a large proportion of the population of the United Kingdom that further division was thought necessary. The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final The Committee of the Regions (CoR is a body of the European Union (EU established in 1994 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of
Following the Labour Party's victory in the 1997 general election, the government created Regional Development Agencies following the decisions of the European Union government. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Results The election was fought under new boundaries with a net increase of eight seats compared to the 1992 election .
The English regions, which initially numbered ten, have since also replaced the Standard Statistical Regions. England is divided into a number of different regional schemes for various purposes Merseyside originally constituted a region in itself. Merseyside is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1365900 In 1998 it was merged into the North West England region; creating the nine present-day regions. North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. [10]
In 2007 a Treasury Review for new Prime Minister Gordon Brown recommended that greater powers should be given to local authorities and that the Regional Assemblies would be phased out of existence by 2010. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is [11]
Powers and functions
Current
In 1998, regional assemblies were created in each English region. The East of England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. South East England is one of the nine official Regions of England. South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to The East Midlands is one of the Regions of England and consists of most of the eastern half of the traditional region of the Midlands. The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands. Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England. North-East England is one of the nine official Regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. " Regional Assembly " is the name which has been adopted by the English bodies established as regional chambers under the Regional Development Agencies The powers of the assemblies are limited and, outside London, they are not directly elected. The functions of the English regions are essentially devolved to them from Government departments or have been taken over from pre-existing regional bodies, such as regional planning conferences and regional employers' organisations.
Each region has a Government Office (with some responsibility for industry, employment, training, agriculture, transport and the environment)[12] and associated institutions, including a Regional Development Agency. Government Offices are the primary means by which a wide range of policies and programmes of the Government of the United Kingdom are delivered in the Regions of England A regional development agency (RDA is a non-departmental public body established for the purpose of development primarily economic of one of England 's Government Office As there are no regional elections, outside London, local representatives on regional assemblies are nominated by the councils within each region and 30% of members represent regional stakeholders.
Since 1999, the nine regions have also been used as England's European Parliament constituencies[13] and as statistical NUTS level 1 regions. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS in the United Kingdom is a subdivision of the UK devised by Eurostat. Since 1 July 2006, there have been ten NHS Strategic Health Authorities, each of which corresponds to a region, except for South East England, which is divided into western and eastern parts. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. NHS Strategic Health Authorities (SHA are part of the structure of the National Health Service in England. South East England is one of the nine official Regions of England.
Each regional assembly makes proposals for the UK members of the Committee of the Regions, with members drawn from the elected councillors of the local authorities in the region. The Committee of the Regions (CoR is a body of the European Union (EU established in 1994 The final nominations are made by central government. [14]
Future
The regions are to be used for fire brigade co-ordination in the future, with one headquarters for each region. The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and [15] Ofcom has tentatively proposed a telephone numbering plan with a wide area code (020, 021, 022 etc. The Office of Communications (Y Swyddfa Gyfathrebiadau or as it is more often known Ofcom is the independent regulator and competition authority for the Communication ) used for each government office region. [16][17]
Elected assemblies
As power was to be devolved to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales without a counterweight in England, a series of referendums were planned to establish elected regional assemblies in some of the regions. " Regional Assembly " is the name which has been adopted by the English bodies established as regional chambers under the Regional Development Agencies The first was held in London in 1998 and was successfully passed. The London referendum of 1998 was a Referendum held in the Greater London area on Thursday May 7 1998 asking whether there was support for the creation of the The London Assembly and Mayor of London of the Greater London Authority were created in 2000. The London Assembly is an elected body part of the Greater London Authority, that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of London and has the power with a two-thirds The Mayor of London is an elected politician who along with the London Assembly of 25 members is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London (see The Greater London Authority ( GLA) is the city-wide governing body for London, England. A referendum was held in North East England on 4 November 2004 but the proposal for an elected assembly was rejected. The Northern England devolution referendums were Referendums starting with the North East region of England, in the United Kingdom, Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Plans to hold further referendums in other regions were then cancelled. The remaining eight regional assemblies are planned to be abolished in 2010 as part of a Sub-National Review of Economic Development and Regeneration with most of their functions transferring to the relevant Regional Development Agency and to local authorities. A regional development agency (RDA is a non-departmental public body established for the purpose of development primarily economic of one of England 's Government Office [18]
Subdivisions
Local government in England does not follow a uniform structure. The subdivisions of England consists of as many as four levels of subnational division and at some levels there are a variety of types of administrative entity Therefore each region is divided into a range of further subdivisions. Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of Subdivisions of England used for the purposes of Local government outside Greater London London is divided into London boroughs while the other regions are divided into metropolitan counties, shire counties and unitary authorities. The administrative area of Greater London contains thirty-two London boroughs. The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level Administrative division of England. A non-metropolitan county or shire county in England, is a county-level entity which is not a Metropolitan county. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Counties are further divided into districts and some areas are also parished. The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. Regions are also divided into sub-regions which usually group socio-economically linked local authorities together. However, the sub-regions have no official status and are little-used other than for strategic planning purposes.
List of regions
- East Midlands
- East of England
- London
- North East
- North West
- South East
- South West
- West Midlands
- Yorkshire and the Humber
Criticism
There is opposition to an increased role for the regions and of the introduction of further elected regional assemblies. The East Midlands is one of the Regions of England and consists of most of the eastern half of the traditional region of the Midlands. The East of England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Greater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London, England. North-East England is one of the nine official Regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. South East England is one of the nine official Regions of England. South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands. Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the nine government office Regions of England. The Conservative Party's current policies do not include further regionalisation. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom.
Criticisms range from claims that regions remove powers from other levels of local government or that as regions of the EU they are unsuited to English needs for local governance. The European Union created the Committee of the Regions to represent Regions of Europe as the layer of EU government administration directly below the nation-state The geographical scope of the regions has also been criticised with claims that places too socio-economically diverse are contained within the same region and regional boundaries have been set without consultation.
Alternative proposals range from retaining the current structure, replacement with city regions or providing an elected body for the whole of England. The West Lothian Question was first posed on 14 November 1977 by Tam Dalyell, Labour Member of Parliament (MP for the Scottish constituency The term city region has been in use since about 1950 by Urbanists, Economists and Urban planners to mean not just the administrative area of a recognisable
See also
- Historical and alternative regions of England
- List of articles about local government in the United Kingdom
- Rule of the Major-Generals (1655) and their ten regions
References
- ^ Local Parliaments For England. England is divided into a number of different regional schemes for various purposes This is a list of articles relating to local government in the United Kingdom and does not include specific entities or authorities By country Current sub-divisions The Rule of the Major-Generals from August 1655 &ndash January 1657 was a period of direct military government during Oliver Cromwell 's Protectorate. Mr. Churchill's Outline Of A Federal System, Ten Or Twelve Legislatures, The Times, September 13, 1912, p. 4
- ^ G. K. Peatling, Home Rule for England, English Nationalism, and Edwardian Debates about Constitutional Reform in Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1. (Spring, 2003), pp.71-90, accessed December 16, 2007
- ^ In 1917 the Royal Geographical Society debated a paper by C. History Founding members of the Society include Sir John Barrow, Sir John Franklin and Francis Beaufort. B. Fawcett that detailed 12 provinces he considered to be the "natural divisions of England". Detailed boundaries were proposed with regional capitals designated on the basis of the possession of universities or university colleges. C. B. Fawcett, Natural Divisions of England in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2. (Feb., 1917), pp. 124-135, accessed November 28, 2007
- ^ In 1919 Fawcett expanded his paper into a book entitled the Provinces of England, and a similar system of regions was proposed by G. D. H. Cole in The Future of Local Government in 1921. In 1920 the Ministry of Health published its own proposals for 15 provinces, subdivided into 59 regionsE. W. Gilbert, Practical Regionalism in England and Wales in The Geographical Journal, Vol. Edmund William Gilbert (1900–1973 was a British social geographer 94, No. 1. (Jul. , 1939), pp. 29-44. Accessed November 28, 2007
- ^ E. W. Gilbert, Practical Regionalism in England and Wales in The Geographical Journal, Vol. 94, No. 1. (Jul., 1939), pp. 29-44. Accessed November 28, 2007
- ^ Whitehall powers would go to Scotland, Wales and regions, but no full self-government. The Times. November 1, 1973.
- ^ More freedom for Scots, Welsh in proposals to region regions. The Times. November 1, 1973.
- ^ Dissenters urge plan for seven assemblies. The Times. November 1, 1973.
- ^ Devolution and British Politics. Chapter 10. English regional government : Christopher Stevens
- ^ National Statistics - Beginners' guide to UK geography
- ^ HM Treasury Press Release 79/07 - 17th July, 2007
- ^ Parry, R. , Social Policy in the United Kingdom
- ^ United Kingdom Election Results
- ^ Committee of the Regions - Appointing the UK delegation
- ^ BBC News - Region gets fire control shake-up
- ^ Scotsman - Number's up for 0131
- ^ OFCOM - Wide area code planning (DOC)
- ^ eGov monitor - Planning transfer undermines democracy. 29 November 2007
External links
- (French) List of United Kingdom regions rulers
- Boundary committee for England
- Boundary committee's map
- Regional Gateway
- Government Offices for the English Regions
- English Regions Network (English regional assemblies)
| Region level: | Region | Region | Region | London |
| County level: | Metropolitan county | Shire county | Unitary authority | Greater London |
| District level: | Metropolitan district | Shire district | n/a | London borough |
| Parish level: | (Civil parish) | (Civil parish) | (Civil parish) | n/a |
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