| The Right Honourable, Reginald Maudling PC |
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| In office 14 January 1957 – 14 October 1959 |
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| Prime Minister | Harold Macmillan |
| Preceded by | Sir Walter Monckton |
| Succeeded by | The Lord Mills |
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| In office 14 October 1959 – 9 October 1961 |
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| Prime Minister | Harold Macmillan |
| Preceded by | Sir David Eccles |
| Succeeded by | Fred Erroll |
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| In office 9 October 1961 – 13 July 1962 |
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| Prime Minister | Harold Macmillan |
| Preceded by | Iain Macleod |
| Succeeded by | Duncan Sandys |
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| In office 13 July 1962 – 16 October 1964 |
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| Prime Minister | Harold Macmillan Sir Alec Douglas-Home |
| Preceded by | Selwyn Lloyd |
| Succeeded by | James Callaghan |
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| In office 20 June 1970 – 18 July 1972 |
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| Prime Minister | Edward Heath |
| Preceded by | James Callaghan |
| Succeeded by | Robert Carr |
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| Born | 17 March 1917 Finchley, London, United Kingdom |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Alma mater | Merchant Taylors' Merton College, Oxford |
Reginald Maudling (7 March 1917 - 14 February 1979)[1] was a British politician known for his intellectual brilliance, political pragmatism, and easygoing nature but slightly dogged by a reputation for laziness. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. HM Paymaster General is a ministerial position in the United Kingdom. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician Walter Turner Monckton 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, GCVO, KCMG, MC, PC ( January 17, 1891 &ndash January 9 Percy Herbert Mills 1st Viscount Mills ( 4 January 1890 - 10 September 1968) was an English Politician. The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician David McAdam Eccles 1st Viscount Eccles CH KCVO PC ( September 18, 1904 &ndash February 24, 1999) was a Frederick James Erroll 1st Baron Erroll of Hale TD PC ( 27 May 1914 &ndash 14 September 2000) was a British Conservative The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 Leonard Robert Carr Baron Carr of Hadley PC (born 11 November 1916) is a British Conservative politician Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Finchley is a place in the London Borough of Barnet, London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Merchant Taylors' School ( MTS) is a British boys' independent, Day school, originally located in the City of London, and since See also Wardens of Merton College Oxford. Merton College is also the name of a college in the London Borough of Merton. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person
He held several Cabinet posts, including Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial He had been spoken of as a prospective Tory leader since 1955, and was twice seriously considered for the post; he was Edward Heath's chief rival in 1968. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom He also held many directorships in the British financial world.
He was responsible for Northern Irish policy during Bloody Sunday in 1972; shortly thereafter, he fell from power because of an unrelated scandal in one of the companies of which he was director. Bloody Sunday (Domhnach na Fola is the term used to describe an incident in Derry, Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26
Contents |
Early life
Reginald Maudling was born in North Finchley and was named after his father, Reginald George Maudling, an actuary, who contracted to do actuarial and financial calculations as the Commercial Calculating Company Ltd. North Finchley is a suburb of London in the London Borough of Barnet, situated 7 miles (11 An actuary is a business professional who deals with the financial impact of risk and uncertainty Shortly thereafter, his family moved to Bexhill, to escape German air raids; he won scholarships to the Merchant Taylors' School and Merton College, Oxford. Bexhill can refer to Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex England Bexhill New South Wales, Australia Merchant Taylors' School ( MTS) is a British boys' independent, Day school, originally located in the City of London, and since See also Wardens of Merton College Oxford. Merton College is also the name of a college in the London Borough of Merton. At Oxford, Maudling stayed out of undergraduate politics and studied the works of Georg Wilhelm Hegel; he was to formulate his conclusions later as the inseparability of economic and political freedom: "the purpose of State control and the guiding principle of its application is the achievement of true freedom". The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the He worked hard, and obtained his degree in Classics with first class honours. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. [2]
Political career
Shortly after graduating he formed the idea of going into politics. He set up a meeting with Harold Nicolson to discuss whether it would be better, as a moderate conservative by nature, to join the Conservative Party or National Labour; Nicolson advised him to wait. Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG ( November 21 1886 &ndash May 1 1968) was an English Diplomat The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The National Labour Party was a group founded around the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald after he was expelled from the Labour Party Maudling was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1940. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple is one of the four Inns of Court exclusively entitled to call their members to the English Bar as Barristers However he did not practise as a barrister, having volunteered for service in the Royal Air Force in World War II. A barrister is a Lawyer found in many Common law Jurisdictions that employ a split profession (as opposed to a Fused profession) in relation World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Poor eyesight led him to the RAF intelligence branch where he rose to the rank of Flight Lieutenant; he was then appointed Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair. In the United Kingdom government a Private Secretary is a senior Civil servant in a Department or Ministry responsible directly to the Secretary of State The Secretary of State for Air was a cabinet level British position in charge of the Air Ministry. Archibald Henry Macdonald Sinclair 1st Viscount Thurso KT CMG PC ( October 22 1890 &ndash June 15 1970) known [3]
Failed to win seats
He wrote an essay on Conservative policy in November 1943, recommending that the Conservatives neither imitate the Labour Party nor reflexly oppose all controls; in the general election of July 1945, he was selected as parliamentary candidate for Heston and Isleworth, a newly created constituency in West London, although there were four applicants and he had no ties to the constituency. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Results |} Total votes cast 24073025 All parties shown Conservative total includes Ulster Unionists Reason for Labour victory Heston is a place in the London Borough of Hounslow, West London. Isleworth (ˈaɪzəlwɜːθ is a suburb located in the London Borough of Hounslow alongside the River Thames in West London. A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures goals or loyalty London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. In the subsequent Labour landslide, Maudling was defeated like many other, although Heston was expected to be a safe Conservative seat.
After their defeat in the 1945 general election, the Conservative Party engaged in an extensive rethink of its policy. Maudling's argument, that the Party had depended excessively on the popularity of Winston Churchill and outdated economic slogans, was seriously considered. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 In November 1945, he became the first staff member of the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat, later the Conservative Research Department, where he was head of the Economic Section; his biographer argues that this made him the first professional politician in Britain. The Conservative Research Department ('CRD' is an integral part of the central organisation of the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom. He persuaded the party to accept many of the Labour government's nationalisation programme and social services while cutting government spending. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government In March 1946, Maudling was chosen the prospective candidate for Barnet, close to his birthplace in north London, and began giving speeches there. Barnet was a parliamentary constituency in what is now the London Borough of Barnet, which returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Labour had unexpectedly won the seat in 1945, but it was considered to be marginal. In 1950 he was elected as Member of Parliament with an absolute majority. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. [4]
Member of Parliament and Cabinet
Following the 1951 election, Churchill made Maudling a junior Minister at the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Results |} Total votes cast 28596594 All parties shown Conservative result includes the Ulster Unionists Votes summary Headline However, his experience of preparing economic policy led to his speaking on behalf of the Treasury on the 1952 budget and thus to an appointment, later that year, as Economic Secretary to the Treasury. HM Treasury, in full Her Majesty's Treasury, informally The Treasury, is the United Kingdom government department responsible for developing and executing With his mentor Rab Butler as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Maudling worked to reduce taxes and controls in order to move from post-war austerity to affluence. Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial He endorsed Butler's great vision of a doubling of incomes within 25 years. Maudling was also a natural performer on television, which was to prove a great asset in his later career.
When Anthony Eden took over as Prime Minister in 1955, Maudling was promoted to head a department as Minister of Supply. Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician The Minister of Supply was the minister in the British Government responsible for the Ministry of Supply, which existed to co-ordinate the supply of equipment to the national He supported the invasion of Suez. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh The Ministry was responsible for aircraft production and supplying the armed forces, and Maudling came to agree with critics who argued that it was an unnecessary intermediary; he therefore recommended its abolition. Although supportive of Harold Macmillan's appointment as Prime Minister over the rival claims of Butler in 1957, Maudling found himself in difficulties over his position in the new government. (Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 &ndash 29 December 1986 was a British Conservative Politician He refused to continue at the Ministry of Supply and also rejected an offer of the Ministry of Health because Iain Macleod, with whom he had a rivalry, had held the post five years earlier and Maudling did not want to be seen as five years behind him. Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and
Macmillan thought Maudling clever but also vain and somewhat lazy. He appointed him to the near sinecure post of Paymaster General and spokesman in the House of Commons for the Ministry of Fuel and Power, which was technically a demotion. HM Paymaster General is a ministerial position in the United Kingdom. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Nine months later, Maudling had proved his usefulness and Macmillan brought him into the Cabinet (17 September 1957) where he acted more as a Minister without Portfolio: he had specific responsibility for chairing the talks to persuade the six members of the European Economic Community to join a free-trade area with Britain. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) A Minister without Portfolio is either a Government minister with no specific responsibilities or a minister that does not head a particular ministry. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This attempt was vetoed by General de Gaulle. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Meanwhile Maudling became an underwriting member of Lloyd's of London in December 1957, although his assets were somewhat below average for other 'names'. For the film see Lloyd's of London (film. Lloyd's of London is a British Insurance market [5]
President of the Board of Trade
Maudling entered the front line of politics after the 1959 election when appointed President of the Board of Trade. Background Following the Suez Crisis in 1956 Anthony Eden the Conservative Prime Minister became unpopular and resigned the following year The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 He was responsible for introducing the government's proposals to help areas of high unemployment. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. This was achieved by paying grants to companies to create new plants in these deprived areas, and also by the government taking over unused land for development. Maudling also succeeded in negotiating a free trade agreement between the countries outside the Common Market, this became the European Free Trade Association and was some compensation for his failure to negotiate a free trade area with the Common Market. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The European Free Trade Association ( EFTA) is a European Trade bloc which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either Maudling was opposed to any proposal to join the Common Market, remarking "I can think of no more retrograde step economically or politically". This remark was to be quoted against him when he was part of later governments applying for Common Market membership.
Reginald Maudling was for a short time, as Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1961, responsible for the process of decolonisation. The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. In this position he chaired constitutional conferences for Jamaica, Northern Rhodesia and Trinidad and Tobago which prepared them up for independence; his plan for Northern Rhodesia was controversial and he had to threaten resignation before it was approved. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American However Maudling was keen to return to economic policy, and seized his opportunity when Macmillan made it clear in private that he supported a voluntary incomes policy. Incomes policies in Economics are Wage and Price controls, most commonly instituted as a response to Inflation. Maudling promptly made a persuasive case in public, and three weeks later was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in Macmillan's "Night of the Long Knives" attempt to rejuvenate his Cabinet. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial The epithet Night of the Long Knives is given to July 13, 1962, when the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan sacked the following [6]
Chancellor of the Exchequer
As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Maudling soon cut Purchase tax and bank interest rates. Value added tax ( VAT) or goods and services tax ( GST) is a consumption Tax levied on value added. Interest is a fee paid on borrowed capital Assets lent include Money, Shares, Consumer goods through Hire purchase, major assets His 1963 budget[7] aimed at "expansion without inflation". Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues Following a period of economic difficulty, with a growth target of 4%. Maudling was able to remove income tax from owner occupiers' residential premises. He also abolished the rate of duty on home-brewed beer which in effect legalised it. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea This was the period in which Maudling was at his most popular within the Conservative Party and in the country.
However, later commentators have been less kind to Maudling - Harold Wilson and his Chancellor Jim Callaghan blamed the dash for growth that followed the 1963 budget for increasing Sterling's chronic instability between 1964 and 1967 and by greatly increasing domestic demand the budget certainly exacerbated the existing balance of payments problem. James Harold Wilson Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 &ndash 24 May 1995 was one of the most prominent British politicians Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 In Economics, the balance of payments, (or BOP) measures the Payments that flow between any individual Country and all other countries Maudling largely recognised this himself by the time of the 1964 budget and although he increased taxes then he did little to subdue demand in an election year.
By 1963 Maudling was being considered as a possible future Prime Minister after Macmillan. However, Macmillan's sudden illness and announcement of his resignation in October 1963 came at a time when Maudling was considered too junior. He had also performed disappointingly at the Conservative Party conference, which had become a hustings for the leadership. He retained his post as Chancellor under the new prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home, and in the 1964 election Maudling had a prominent role at the helm of the party's daily press conferences while Douglas-Home toured the country. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British Campaign The pre-election campaign was prolonged as Douglas-Home delayed calling a general election in order to try to give himself the maximum time to improve the
Maudling was praised for conveying a calm and relaxed image, but was unable to prevent the party's narrow defeat. On the BBC's election results programme, the journalist Anthony Howard said that he believed that if Maudling had been leader, the narrow Conservative defeat would have been a narrow Conservative victory. Anthony Michell Howard (born 12 February 1934) is a prominent British journalist broadcaster and writer [8]
Failed leadership bid
Out of office, Maudling felt the loss of his Chancellor's salary keenly. He accepted the offer of a seat on the board of Kleinwort Benson in November 1964, one of the factors which led to his being shifted to spokesman on Foreign Affairs in early 1965. Kleinwort Benson was a Merchant bank based in London. In the early 90s the Kleinwort Benson Group had its investment banking and private client divisions Unlike other potential leadership contenders, Maudling publicly maintained his loyalty to Douglas-Home as criticisms of his leadership mounted. When Douglas-Home resigned, after putting in place a system in which the leadership was directly elected, Maudling fought against Edward Heath for the position of candidate to the party centre-right. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Unfortunately, for Maudling, Enoch Powell also stood as a candidate supporting monetarist and proto-Thatcherite economics. Brigadier John Enoch Powell, MBE ( June 16 1912 &ndash February 8 1998) was a British Politician, Monetarism is a school of economic thought concerning the determination of national income and monetary Economics. Thatcherism is the system of political thought attributed to the governments of Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990
Maudling's business directorships with Kleinwort Benson and others were mentioned by his opponents as evidence of his lack of commitment for the role, and he was felt to be too close to the Macmillan/Douglas-Home style of politics when the Conservative Party needed a fresh start. He won 133 votes against Heath's 150; Powell's 15 votes would have been more likely to go to Maudling had Powell not stood. The defeat was a surprise to Maudling, as the Conservative Parliamentary Party was felt to be more in tune with his policies than with those of Heath (although feeling in the country and in most newspapers favoured the election of Heath).
Deputy Leader and Home Secretary
Maudling served as Deputy Leader under Heath, and was also a prominent member of the Shadow Cabinet. The Shadow Cabinet (also called the Shadow Front Bench) is a senior group of opposition spokespeople in the Westminster system of government who together under the However, he was neither close to Edward Heath personally or politically, and as a consequence his influence declined; his support for an incomes policy now went against party policy. He also tended to make gaffes, as for example when he said Harold Wilson had been following the same policy as the Conservatives on Rhodesia and "I can't think of anything he has done wrongly". James Harold Wilson Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 &ndash 24 May 1995 was one of the most prominent British politicians Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970, Maudling was appointed Home Secretary; the most pressing problem at the Home Office was tackling the Troubles in Northern Ireland. The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Maudling did not enjoy this responsibility. After boarding the aeroplane at the end of his first visit to the province, he remarked "For God's sake bring me a large Scotch. Scotch whisky is Whisky made in Scotland. In Britain the term whisky is usually taken to mean Scotch unless otherwise specified What a bloody awful country. "[9]
Maudling's tendency to exude reassuring calmness in interviews, normally helpful to him, was damaging when he referred to reducing IRA violence to "an acceptable level", a remark widely regarded as a gaffe. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the The word error has different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied He also tended to trust the Unionist controlled Government of Northern Ireland and gloss over differences between their approach and that of the United Kingdom government. Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and This approach backfired when the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland James Chichester-Clark resigned over a split in March 1971. The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland was the De facto head of the Government of Northern Ireland. James Dawson Chichester-Clark Baron Moyola, PC, DL ( February 12, 1923 &ndash May 17, 2002) was the penultimate That August, Maudling reluctantly authorised the Northern Ireland government to introduce internment without trial for terror suspects, which caused widespread upheaval and anger among the nationalist population due to its exclusive use on that community,[10] and was followed by a massive escalation in the level of violence. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and
Bloody Sunday
Maudling's statement in the House of Commons after Bloody Sunday agreed with the British army's claim that the Parachute Regiment had only fired in self-defence,[11] and so inflamed the nationalist MP Bernadette Devlin, a witness to the events who was not called on to speak, that she punched him. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Bloody Sunday (Domhnach na Fola is the term used to describe an incident in Derry, Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26 The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Parachute Regiment is the Airborne Infantry element of the British Army. Josephine Bernadette Devlin McAliskey (born 23 April 1947, in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland) also known as Bernadette Devlin [12]
Eventually Edward Heath decided to bring in direct rule of Northern Ireland under a separate Secretary of State. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland is the chief minister in the Government of the United Kingdom with responsibilities for Northern Ireland Maudling's prominence within the Heath government led to lampooning by comedians, especially Monty Python, which Maudling himself took in good humour. Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) is the collective name of the six creators of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British Television On one occasion Maudling was called upon to present a TV award from The Sun to Graham Chapman of the Python team; Chapman fell to the ground on receiving the award and "crawl[ed] all the way back to his table, screaming loudly, as loudly as he could. The Sun is a Tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language Graham Arthur Chapman (8 January 1941 &ndash 4 October 1989 was an English Comedian, Actor, Writer, Physician and one of the "[13]
Regarding criminal justice, Maudling was mildly progressive. He made no attempt, despite his personal support, to reintroduce capital punishment after its abolition in 1969. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. He introduced Community Service, a new alternative to prison, and in 1971 modestly tightened the immigration rules. [14] He was criticised for ordering the deportation of Rudi Dutschke, later one of the founders of the German Green Party. Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. Rudi Dutschke born Alfred Willi Rudi Dutschke ( March 7, 1940 Schönefeld &ndash December 24, 1979, Århus, Denmark The Alliance '90/The Greens ( Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) the German Green party, is a Political party in Germany whose regional Dutschke, who was in Britain to recuperate from an assassination attempt, was considered a student anarchist. The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i
Scandal
In 1972 Maudling's business activities were causing considerable disquiet and speculation in the press. In 1966, he had obtained a directorship in the company of John Poulson, an architect Maudling helped obtain lucrative contracts. John Garlick Llewellyn Poulson ( April 14, 1910 - January 31, 1993) was a disgraced British architect who caused a major An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction Poulson routinely did business through bribery and in 1972 was made bankrupt. Bribery, a form of pecuniary corruption is an act usually implying money or gift given that alters the behaviour of the recipient in ways not consistent with the duties of that person Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against The bankruptcy hearings disclosed his bribe payments, and Maudling's connection became public knowledge. Maudling came to the decision that his responsibility for the Metropolitan Police, which was beginning fraud investigations into Poulson, made his position as Home secretary untenable. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual He resigned on July 18, to general sympathy from the press. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Shortly after receiving Maudling's resignation Edward Heath's government performed a 'U-turn' on economic policy and subsequently adopted an approach strikingly similar to Maudling's.
Heath advised Maudling not to drop out of the public eye and he continued to make many media appearances. On the Conservative Party's electoral defeat in 1974, Edward Heath was replaced as leader by Margaret Thatcher. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 She surprised many by appointing Maudling to the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary. However, Maudling failed to make an impact in his new role and clashed with Mrs Thatcher over economics. He was dismissed on 19 November 1976. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Maudling then openly attacked the monetarist economic theory she had adopted. Monetarism is a school of economic thought concerning the determination of national income and monetary Economics.
Last Years and Death
Maudling's business interests were to return and haunt his final years. In 1969, he had been President of the Real Estate Fund of America, whose Chief Executive had been imprisoned for fraud; Maudling had also been an adviser to the Peachey Property Corporation, whose Chairman Sir Eric Miller had embezzled company money and later committed suicide. Sir Eric Miller (1927 &ndash 22 September 1977) was an Anglo-Jewish Businessman who committed Suicide while under investigation for Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly appropriating or secreting assets usually financial in nature by one or more individuals to whom such assets have been entrusted In addition Maudling was revealed to have lobbied for more aid to Malta after obtaining a commission for Poulson there which had led to heavy losses to the Maltese government. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands These further revelations led to a Parliamentary inquiry into the conduct of Maudling and two other MPs linked to Poulson. This inquiry published its report on 14 July 1977; the report concluded that Maudling had indulged in "conduct inconsistent with the standards which the House is entitled to expect from its members". Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays
When the report was considered by the House of Commons, the Conservative Party organised its MPs to attend the debate to 'Save Reggie'. An amendment was put down to merely 'take note' of the report, instead of endorsing it, and carried by 230 votes (211 Conservatives, 17 Labour, 2 Liberals and 2 Ulster Unionists) to 207. No punishment was imposed. An attempt by back-bench Labour MPs to expel Maudling from the House was defeated by 331 votes to 11, and a move to suspend him for six months was lost by 324 to 97.
As Lewis Baston's 2004 biography recounts, Maudling (and his wife) became heavy drinkers once his political career — which once, realistically, could have ended in the office of Prime Minister — was effectively ended by the scandal. The drinking turned to alcoholism and Maudling's health rapidly deteriorated in the late 1970s. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions
In early 1979 he collapsed and there were fears his treatment would be hindered by the strikes in the 'Winter of Discontent'. The "Winter of Discontent" is a term used to describe the British Winter of 1978 &ndash 1979, during which there were widespread He died on 14 February of cirrhosis of the liver and kidney failure in the Royal Free Hospital at the age of 61. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles The Royal Free Hospital is a large Teaching hospital in London, England. Maudling married the actress Beryl Laverick six days after the outbreak of World War II in 1939; they had three sons and a daughter.
References
- ^ The Papers of Reginald Maudling janus. lib. cam. ac. uk. Retrieved 2008-02-25
- ^ Baston, Reggie Chapter 1, and pp. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor 40-42, 173-4; quotation, from Maudling's essay, "Conservatives and Control", on Baston, p. 41.
- ^ Baston, Reggie, Chapter 2
- ^ Baston, Reggie, Chapters 3-5; "professional politician" (as opposed to gentleman amateur, born to politics, p. 49. Maudling had 53% of the vote in a three-party contest; the Conservative lead was 10,534 out of 70,687.
- ^ Baston, Reggie, Chapter 6-8
- ^ Baston, Reggie, Chapters 9 and 10
- ^ "April - The Chancellor, Reginald Maudling, announces the Budget" Illingworth Exhibition: Cartoons of the 1960s. Contemporary cartoon of the budget announcement. Retrieved 2008-02-25
- ^ Baston, Reggie, chapters 11-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Howard quote from Maudling's autobiography.
- ^ The politics of drinking in power BBC News Online, 2006-01-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Retrieved 2008-02-25
- ^ Biographies of Prominent People - 'M' CAIN Web Service. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Retrieved 2008-02-25
- ^ The Bitter Road from Bloody Sunday www. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor time. com. Retrieved 2008-02-25
- ^ Maiden speeches in short supply BBC News Online, 2001-04-06 Retrieved 2008-02-25
- ^ http://www.geocities.com/fang_club/chapman_memorial.html
- ^ 1971: UK restricts Commonwealth migrants BBC News Online. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Retrieved 2008-02-25
- Lewis Baston (2004) Reggie: The Life of Reginald Maudling. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2924-3 Principal source, where no other is specified.
- Michael Gillard (1974) A little pot of money. The story of Reginald Maudling and the Real Estate Fund of America. Private Eye productions / André Deutsch. Private Eye is a fortnightly British satirical Magazine, edited by Ian Hislop. ISBN 0-233-96444-4
- Michael Gillard (1980) Nothing to declare: the political corruptions of John Poulson. John Calder. ISBN 0-7145-3625-3
- Reginald Maudling (1978) Memoirs. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-283-98446-5
- Robert Shepherd (2004) "Reginald Maudling" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. The Dictionary of National Biography ( DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history published from 1885
External links
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Stephen Taylor |
Member of Parliament for Barnet 1950–February 1974 |
Succeeded by (constituency abolished) |
| Preceded by (new constituency) |
Member of Parliament for Chipping Barnet February 1974–1979 |
Succeeded by Sir Sydney Chapman |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Sir Walter Monckton |
Paymaster-General 1957–1959 |
Succeeded by The Lord Mills |
| Preceded by Sir David Eccles |
President of the Board of Trade 1959–1961 |
Succeeded by Fred Erroll |
| Preceded by Iain Macleod |
Secretary of State for the Colonies 1961–1962 |
Succeeded by Duncan Sandys |
| Preceded by Selwyn Lloyd |
Chancellor of the Exchequer 1962–1964 |
Succeeded by James Callaghan |
| Preceded by R. A. Butler |
Shadow Foreign Secretary 1965 |
Succeeded by Christopher Soames |
| Preceded by James Callaghan |
Home Secretary 1970–1972 |
Succeeded by Leonard Robert Carr |
| Preceded by Geoffrey Rippon |
Shadow Foreign Secretary 1975–1976 |
Succeeded by John Davies |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Maudling, Reginald |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | British politician |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 7 March 1917 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | North Finchley, London |
| DATE OF DEATH | 14 February 1979 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Hampstead, London |
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