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Manslaughter
in English law Negligent homicide Vehicular homicide
Non-criminal homicide
Justifiable homicide Capital punishment
Other types of homicide
Avunculicide Democide Familicide Femicide Filicide Fratricide Gendercide Genocide Infanticide Mariticide Matricide Neonaticide Parricide Patricide Regicide Sororicide Suicide Tyrannicide Uxoricide Vivicide
"Homicide" status disputed
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Broadly, regicide refers to the act of deliberately killing a monarch, or to the perpetrator and abettors of that act. List of countries by homicide rate Homicide ( Latin homicidium, homo human being + caedere to cut kill refers to the act of killing another Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Note for practices of systematically killing very young children see Infanticide. Consensual homicide, also called assisted suicide, refers to a killing in which the victim wants to die Contract killing occurs when a private contractor or a government hires someone to kill a specific person or people for a sum of money An honor killing or honour killing is generally the Murder of a family or clan member most often females when they (and maybe the wider community believe A lust murder is a Homicide in which the offender searches for erotic satisfaction by killing someone Lynching is an Extrajudicial punishment meted out by a mob Lynching an enumerated Felony in some states in the United States, is defined by some This article deals with mass killings that are not considered Genocide. A murder-suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other persons immediately before or at the same time as killing him or herself A proxy murder is a Murder in which the murderer does so at the behest of another acting as his or her proxy Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing A serial killer is a person who Murders usually three or more people with a "cooling off" period between each murder and whose motivation for killing is largely based A spree killer, also known as a rampage killer, is someone who embarks on a Murderous assault on his victims in a short time in multiple locations Torture murder is a loosely defined term to describe the process used by Murderers who kill their victims by slowly torturing them Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being in a manner considered by law as less culpable than Murder. For a discussion of the law in other countries see Manslaughter In the English law of Homicide, manslaughter is a less serious Negligent homicide is a charge brought against people who by inaction allow others under their care or presence intentionally to die Vehicular Homicide ( or sometimes known as Vehicular Manslaughter) in most states in the United States is a crime The United States' concept of justifiable homicide in Criminal law stands on the dividing line between an Excuse, justification and an Exculpation Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Avunculicide is the act of killing an Uncle. The term is derived from the Latin words avunculus meaning "maternal uncle" and caedere Definition According to Rummel Genocide has three different meanings A familicide is a type of Murder or Murder-suicide in which at least one spouse and one or more children are killed Gendercide is a Neologism that refers to the systematic killing of members of a specific Sex, either Males or Females The term is intended to Filicide is the deliberate act of a parent killing his or her own son or daughter Fratricide (from the Latin word frater, meaning "brother" and cide meaning to kill is the act of a person Killing his or her Gendercide is a Neologism that refers to the systematic killing of members of a specific Sex, either Males or Females The term is intended to Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Infanticide is the practice of someone intentionally causing the death of an Infant. Mariticide (from Latin maritus "married" + -cide, from caedere "to cut to kill" literally means the murder of one's married Matricide is the act of Killing one's Mother. As for any type of killing motives can vary a great deal Neonaticide is the killing of a newborn within the first 24 hours of life Parricide ( Latin "parricida" killer of a close relative stemming from ( Latin "parri" alike or equal and "-cida" -cide or killer Patricide is (i the act of killing one's father or (ii a person who kills his or her father Sororicide (from Latin soror "sister" + -cide, from caedere "to cut to kill" is the act of killing one's own sister Tyrannicide literally means the killing of a Tyrant. Typically the term is taken to mean the killing or Assassination of tyrants for the common good Uxoricide (from Latin uxor meaning "wife" is murder of one's wife An For the American death metal band see Deicide (band Deicide is the killing of a god either the God of a monotheistic religion Feticide or foeticide is an act that causes the death of a fetus In a narrower sense, it usually refers to the murder of one's own legal sovereign. In British tradition, it refers to the judicial execution of a king after alleged due process of law. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that a person has a right to receive notice and be heard in an orderly proceeding in order to protect his or her

Contents 1 The regicide of Mary Queen of Scots 2 The regicide of Charles I of England 3 Other regicides 4 Regicides as murders 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 Footnotes 9 External links

The regicide of Mary Queen of Scots

Before the Tudor period, English kings were murdered while imprisoned (for example Edward II) or killed in battle by their subjects (for example Richard III), but none of these deaths are usually referred to as regicide. For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film. Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death The word regicide seems to have come into popular use among foreign Catholics when Pope Sixtus V renewed the solemn bull of excommunication against the crowned regicide Queen Elizabeth I, for executing Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 among other things. Pope Sixtus V ( December 13, 1521 &ndash August 27, 1590) born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590 A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community She had originally been excommunicated (Regnans in Excelsis) by Pope Pius V for reverting England to Protestantism after the reign of Mary I of England (Bloody Mary). Regnans in Excelsis was a Papal bull issued on February 25, 1570 by Pope Pius V declaring " Elizabeth, the pretended Pope Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death The defeat of the Spanish Armada and the "Protestant wind" convinced most English people that God approved of Elizabeth's action. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible

The regicide of Charles I of England

See also: List of regicides of Charles I and High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I

After the First English Civil War, King Charles I was a prisoner of the Parliamentarians. Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges who sat in judgement at the trial of King Charles I of England and signed his death The High Court of Justice is the name given to the court established by the Rump Parliament to try King Charles I of England. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. They tried to negotiate a compromise with him, but he stuck steadfastly to his view that he was King by Divine Right and attempted in secret to raise an army to fight against them. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and When it became obvious to the leaders of the Parliamentarians that they could not negotiate a settlement with him and they could not trust him to refrain from raising an army against them, they reluctantly came to the conclusion that they would have to kill him. On 13 December 1648, the House of Commons broke off negotiations with the King. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Two days later, the Council of Officers of the New Model Army voted that the King be moved from the Isle of Wight, where he was prisoner, to Windsor "in order to the bringing of him speedily to justice". The Army Council was a term first used in 1647 to describe an institution which coordinated the views of all levels of the New Model Army. The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the Windsor (ˈwɪnzə/ /ˈwɪndzə is a suburban town and tourist destination in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. ^[1] In the middle of December, the King was moved from Windsor to London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The House of Commons of the Rump Parliament passed a Bill setting up a High Court of Justice in order to try Charles I for high treason in the name of the people of England. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The Rump Parliament was the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride on December 6 1648 had purged Long Parliament of those See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country From a Royalist and post-restoration perspective this Bill was not lawful, since the House of Lords refused to pass it and it failed to receive Royal Assent. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of Lawmaking by formally assenting to an However, the Parliamentary leaders and the Army pressed on with the trial anyway.

At his trial in front of The High Court of Justice on Saturday 20 January 1649 in Westminster Hall, Charles asked "I would know by what power I am called hither. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. I would know by what authority, I mean lawful [authority]". ^[2] In view of the historic issues involved, both sides based themselves on surprisingly technical legal grounds. Charles did not dispute that Parliament as a whole did have some judicial powers, but he maintained that the House of Commons on its own could not try anybody, and so he refused to plead. At that time under English law if a prisoner refused to plead then this was treated as a plea of guilty. English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the (This has since been changed; a refusal to plead now is interpreted as a not-guilty plea. )

He was found guilty on Saturday 27 January 1649, and his death warrant was signed by 59 Commissioners. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges who sat in judgement at the trial of King Charles I of England and signed his death To show their agreement with the sentence of death, all of the Commissioners who were present rose to their feet.

On the day of his execution, 30 January 1649, Charles dressed in two shirts so that he would not shiver from the cold, in case it was said that he was shivering from fear. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain His execution was delayed by several hours so that the House of Commons could pass an emergency bill to make it an offence to proclaim a new King, and to declare the representatives of the people, the House of Commons, as the source of all just power. Charles was then escorted through the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall to a scaffold. The Banqueting House is the only remaining component of Whitehall Palace, and is found at the Trafalgar Square end of Whitehall, London. The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones 's 1622 He forgave those who had passed sentence on him and gave instructions to his enemies that they should learn to "know their duty to God, the King - that is, my successors - and the people". ^[3] He then gave a brief speech outlining his unchanged views of the relationship between the monarchy and the monarch's subjects, ending with the words "I am the martyr of the people". ^[4] His head was severed from his body with one blow.

One week later, the Rump, sitting in the House of Commons, passed a bill abolishing the monarchy. Ardent Royalists refused to accept it on the basis that there could never be a vacancy of the Crown. Others refused because, as the bill had not passed the House of Lords and did not have Royal Assent, it could not become an Act of Parliament.

The Declaration of Breda 11 years later paved the way for the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. There are also two contemporary treaties known as the Treaty of Breda. At the restoration, thirty-one of the fifty-nine Commissioners who had signed the death warrant were living. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored A general pardon was given by Charles II and Parliament to his opponents, but the regicides were excluded. The Indemnity and Oblivion Act is an Act of the Parliament of England (16 Cha Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. A number fled the country. Some, such as Daniel Blagrave, fled to continental Europe, while others like John Dixwell, Edward Whalley, and William Goffe fled to New Haven, Connecticut. Daniel Blagrave (1603 &ndash 1668 was a prominent resident of the town of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire. Edward Whalley (c 1607 &ndash c 1675 was an English military leader during the English Civil War, and was one of the regicides who signed the death William Goffe (1605?&ndash1679? was an English parliamentarian. Those who were still available were put on trial. Six regicides were found guilty and suffered the fate of being hanged, drawn and quartered: Thomas Harrison, John Jones, Adrian Scroope, John Carew, Thomas Scot, and Gregory Clement. To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason. Thomas Harrison (1606&ndash October 13, 1660) was a Puritan soldier and later a leader of the Fifth Monarchists. Colonel John Jones (c 1597 - October 17, 1660) was a Welsh military leader politician and one of the Regicides of King Charles I. Colonel Adrian Scrope (c 1601 - 17 October 1660) was the twenty seventh of the fifty nine Commissioners who signed the Death Warrant John Carew (1622-1660 was one of the Regicides of King Charles I. Thomas Scot (died 17 October 1660) was an English Member of Parliament and one of the Regicides of King Charles I. Gregory Clement (1594&ndash1660 was an English Member of Parliament (MP and one of the Regicides of King Charles I. The captain of the guard at the trial, Daniel Axtell who encouraged his men to barrack the King when he tried to speak in his own defence, an influential preacher Hugh Peters, and the leading prosecutor at the trial John Cook were executed in a similar manner. Colonel Daniel Axtell (1622-1660 was Captain of the Parliamentary Guard at the trial of King Charles I at Westminster Hall in 1649 Hugh Peters '''Peter''' (June 1598 - October 16, 1660) English preacher was the son of Thomas Dyckwoode alias Peters descended from a family John Cooke (1608&thinsp&ndash&thinsp16 October 1660) (sometimes spelt John Cook) was the first Colonel Francis Hacker who signed the order to the executioner of the king and commanded the guard around the scaffold and at the trial was hanged. Francis Hacker was an English soldier and one of the Regicides of King Charles I of England. Some regicides were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment. The bodies of the regicides Cromwell, Bradshaw and Ireton which had been buried in Westminster Abbey were disinterred and hanged, drawn and quartered. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known John Bradshaw ( 1602 - October 31, 1659) was an English judge Henry Ireton ( 1611 - November 26, 1651) was an English general in the army of Parliament during the English Civil War The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church In 1662, three more regicides John Okey, John Barkstead and Miles Corbet were also hanged, drawn and quartered. John Okey (1606&ndash1662 was an English soldier Member of Parliament, and one of the Regicides of King Charles I. John Barkstead (d1662 was an English Major-General and Regicide. Miles Corbet (1595 &ndash 1662 was a politician and Regicide. The officers of the court that tried Charles I, those who prosecuted him and those who signed his death warrant, have been known ever since the restoration as regicides.

The Parliamentary Archives in the Palace of Westminster, London, holds the original death warrant of Charles I.

Other regicides

Under the definition of a regicide in common usage in England, there have been two other such events since 1649: the execution of Louis XVI of France in 1793, after sentence of death by the National Convention and Maximilian I of Mexico in 1867 by a Mexican court-martial. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject

Since Pope Sixtus V's gave his broader definition of regicide and excluding monarchs killed in battle, other regicides include:

1. 1584 William the Silent by Balthasar Gérard
2. 1589 Henri III of France by Jacques Clément
3. 1610 Henri IV of France by François Ravaillac
4. 1792 Gustav III of Sweden by Jacob Johan Anckarström
5. 1801 Emperor Paul of Russia by Count Pahlen and his accomplices
6. 1828 Shaka King of the Zulus by his half-brother and successor Dingane and accomplices
7. 1881 Alexander II of Russia by Ignacy Hryniewiecki, a member of Narodnaya Volya (People's Will)
8. 1895 Min of Joseon by three mercenary killers allegedly hired by Japanese minister to Korea Miura Goro
9. 1896 Nasser al-Din Shah, Qajar king of Persia (Iran), by Mirza Reza Kermani. Pope Sixtus V ( December 13, 1521 &ndash August 27, 1590) born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590 William I Prince of Orange ( April 24 1533 — July 10 1584) also widely known as William the Silent (Willem de Zwijger or simply Balthasar Gérard (in Dutch, Gerards or Gerardts (1557&ndash1584 was the Assassin of the Dutch independence leader William I of Orange Henry III of France (Henri III Henryk ( September 19 1551 – August 2, 1589) Jacques Clément ( 1567 - August 1, 1589) was the Assassin of the French king Henry III. Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III François Ravaillac (1578 &ndash May 27, 1610) was a French Factotum in the courts of Angoulême and sometime tutor a religious Catholic zealot who murdered Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Gustav III ( – 29 March 1792) was King of Sweden from 1771 until his death Jacob Johan Anckarström ( May 11, 1762 - April 27, 1792) was a Swedish military officer and Regicide. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Paul (Па́вел I Петро́вич Pavel Petrovich) ( &ndash) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801 Count Peter Alekseyevich Pahlen (Russian Пётр Алексеевич Пален German Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen ( July 17, 1745 — February 13 The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Shaka (sometimes spelled Tshaka, Tchaka or Chaka; ca 1787 – ca The Zulu ( IsiZulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal Dingane kaSenzangakhona Zulu (ca 1795-1840—commonly referred to as Dingane or Dingaan —was a Zulu chief who became king in 1828 setting Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Ignacy Hryniewiecki Polish (Party name Kotik, Russian for "Kitten") 1856 – 13 March 1881) was a Polish student and Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Empress Myeongseong ( October 19, 1851 &ndash October 8, 1895) was the first official wife of King Gojong, the 26th king of the Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. was a Lieutenant general in the early Imperial Japanese Army. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17 The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.
10. 1900 Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Gaetano Bresci
11. 1903 King Aleksandar Obrenović of Serbia and his wife Queen Draga by a group of army officers
12. 1908 Charles of Portugal by Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça, both connected to the Carbonária (the Portuguese section of the Carbonari)
13. 1913 George I of Greece by Aleksander Schinas
14. 1918 Nicholas II of Russia by the Bolsheviks (Technically not a regicide as he had abdicated and was no longer czar)
15. 1958 Faisal II of Iraq executed by firing squad under the command of Captain Abdus Sattar As Sab, a member of the coup d'état led by Colonel Abdul Karim Qassim. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Umberto I King of Italy or Humbert I of Italy ( Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio di Savoy) English Gaetano Bresci ( November 11 1869 - May 22 1901) was an Italian American anarchist who assassinated Italian Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Alexander I or Alexander Obrenović ( Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Обреновић) (August 14 1876 - June 11 1903 was king of Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Draga Mašin (nee Lunjevica) ( September 23, 1861 in Gornji Milanovac – June 11, 1903 in Belgrade) also known Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Early life Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel The Carbonária was an anti-clerical revolutionary conspiratorial society established in Portugal in 1822 The Carbonari ("charcoal burners" were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common George I King of the Hellenes (Γεώργιος A' Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων Georgios A' Vasileus ton Ellinon; 24 December 1845 &ndash 18 March 1913 was Alexandros (Alekos Schinas (Αλέξανδρος Σχινάς ( Serres, 1870s Volos - May 6 1913) was a Greek anarchist Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Faisal II, GCVO ( Arabic: الملك فيصل الثاني Fayṣal) ( May 2, 1935 – July 14, 1958) was Abd al-Karim Qasim (عبد الكريم قاسم) (1914 – February 9 1963 was a nationalist Iraqi Military officer who seized power in a 1958
16. 1975 Faisal of Saudi Arabia by his nephew Faisal bin Musad (Assassin publicly beheaded)
17. 2001 Birendra of Nepal by his son Crown Prince Dipendra in the massacre of the Nepalese royal family; Since Dipendra became king instantaneously upon his father's death, his subsequent suicide was also the "murder" of a "king". Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Abdullah Muhammad Sara Luluwa Khalid Saud Faisal bin Musa'id bin Abdul Aziz ( April 4, 1944, Riyadh - June 18 1975, Riyadh (فيصل بن مساعد بن عبد العزيز Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह ( December 28, 1945 &ndash June 1, 2001) was Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah ( June 27 1971 &ndash June 4 2001) was King of Nepal from June 1 to June 4

Regicides as murders

Regicide has particular resonance within the concept of the Divine Right of Kings, whereby monarchs were presumed by decision of God to have a divinely anointed authority to rule. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. As such, an attack on a king by one of his own subjects was taken to amount to a direct challenge to the monarch, to his Divine Right to Rule, and thus to God's will. Even after the disappearance of the Divine Right of Kings and the appearance of constitutional monarchies, the term continued and continues to be used to describe the murder of a king. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries

In France, the judicial penalty for regicides (i. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. e. those who had murdered, or attempted to murder, the King) was especially hard, even in regard to the harsh judicial practices of pre-revolutionary France. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an As with many criminals, the regicide was tortured so as to make him tell the names of his accomplices. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally However, the method of execution itself was a form of torture. Here is a description of the death of Robert-François Damiens, who attempted to kill Louis XV:

He was first tortured with red-hot pincers; his hand, holding the knife used in the attempted murder, was burnt using sulphur; molten wax, lead, and boiling oil were poured into his wounds. Robert-François Damiens (La Thieuloye 9 January 1715 - Paris 28 March 1757) was a Frenchman who attained notoriety by unsuccessfully Louis XV (15 February 1710 &ndash 10 May 1774 ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774 Horses were then harnessed to his arms and legs for his dismemberment. Damiens' joints would not break; after some hours, representatives of the Parlement ordered the executioner and his aides to cut Damiens' joints. Damiens was then dismembered, to the applause of the crowd. His trunk, apparently still living, was then burnt at the stake.

In common with earlier executions for regicides:

• the hand that attempted the murder is burnt
• the regicide is dismembered alive.

Interestingly, in both the François Ravaillac and the Damiens cases, court papers refer to the offenders as a patricide, rather than as regicide, which lets one deduce that, through divine right, the king was also regarded as "Father of the country". François Ravaillac (1578 &ndash May 27, 1610) was a French Factotum in the courts of Angoulême and sometime tutor a religious Catholic zealot who murdered Patricide is (i the act of killing one's father or (ii a person who kills his or her father

See also

• Fifth Monarchists saw the overthrow of Charles I as a divine sign of the second coming of Jesus. The Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men were active from 1649 to 1661 during the Interregnum, following the English Civil Wars of the 17th century
• Society of King Charles the Martyr
• Patricide (killing of one's father)
• Tyrannicide (killing of a tyrant)

References

• The opening speech of Charles I at his trial
• The trial of King Charles I – defining moment for our constitutional liberties by The Hon Justice Michael Kirby AC CMG, to the Anglo-Australasian Lawyers' association, on January 22 1999. The Society of King Charles the Martyr is an Anglican devotional society and one of the Catholic Societies of the Church of England. Patricide is (i the act of killing one's father or (ii a person who kills his or her father Tyrannicide literally means the killing of a Tyrant. Typically the term is taken to mean the killing or Assassination of tyrants for the common good

Further reading

• Wedgwood, C. V. A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial of Charles I, First Pub: Penguin (June 1964); also recent US Pub Akadine (October 2001) ISBN 1-58579-033-8
• David Lagomarsino, Charles T. Wood (Editor) The Trial of Charles I: A Documentary History Pub: Dartmouth College, (November 1989), ISBN 0-87451-499-1
• Geoffrey Robertson The Tyrannicide Brief, Pub: Random House, (August 2005), ISBN 0-7011-7602-4
• Full text of the Act erecting a High Court of Justice for the Trial of Charles I January 6, 1649
• Full text of the Sentence of the High Court of Justice upon the King, 27 January, 1649
• Full text of The Death Warrant of Charles I, 29 January, 1649
• House of Lords Record Office: The Death Warrant of King Charles I
• Full text of the Act abolishing the Office of King, 17 March, 1649

Footnotes

1. ^ Kirby References See Footnote 10. C V Wedgewood, The Trial of Charles I, Penguin (1964), p. 44
2. ^ Kirby References See Footnotes 13 and 18. "The record of the Trial also appears in Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials, Vol IV, covering 1640-1649 published in London in 1809. p. 995. "
3. ^ Kirby References § "After the trial" ¶ 4
4. ^ Kirby References See Footnotes 13 and 36. "The record of the Trial also appears in Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials, Vol IV, covering 1640-1649 published in London in 1809. p. 1132. "

External links

• "a survey of regicides in the 19th century." on Wikisource. Wikisource is a Wikimedia project to build a free, Wiki Library of Source texts along with translations into any language
• The Wiktionary definition of regicide. Wiktionary (a Portmanteau of Wiki and Dictionary) is a multilingual, Web -based project to create a Free

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