Reform Movement redirects here. For specific organizations by that name, see Reform Movement (disambiguation)

A reform movement is a kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society rather than rapid or fundamental changes. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements. Revolutionary movement is a specific type of Social movement dedicated to carrying out a Revolution.

Reformists' ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be rooted in utopian, socialist or religious concepts. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Some rely on personal transformation; others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel and the self sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. Social development redirects here For the aspect of Human biological development, see Psychosocial development Social change is a general term which Reactionary movements, which can arise against any of these, attempt to put things back the way they were before whatever successes of the new movement(s), or prevent any such successes in the first place. Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return

Contents 1 Great Britain/United Kingdom: late 18th century to early 20th 1.1 The Radical Movement 1.2 The Chartist movement 1.3 The Women's Suffrage movement 1.4 Reform in Parliament 2 United States: 1840s - 1930s 3 Mexico: La Reforma, 1850s 4 Ottoman Empire: 1840s-1870s 5 Republic of Turkey: 1920s-1930s 6 See also: 7 References

Great Britain/United Kingdom: late 18th century to early 20th

The Radical Movement

The Radical movement campaigned for electoral reform, a reform of the Poor Laws, free trade, educational reform, postal reform, prison reform, and public sanitation. For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Electoral reform is change in Electoral systems to improve how public desires are expressed in election results The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 sometimes abbreviated to PLAA was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed by the Whig Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions Education reform is a plan or movement which attempts to bring about a systematic change in Educational theory or practice across a Community or Society Sir Rowland Hill KCB FRS ( December 3, 1795 - August 27, 1879) was a British teacher and social reformer Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside Prisons aiming at a more effective Penal system. Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health ^[1] Originally this movement sought to replace the exclusive political power of the aristocracy with a more democratic system empowering urban areas and the middle and lower classes. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The period which many historians of science call the Scientific Revolution can be roughly dated as having begun in 1543 the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect many or all members of a Society and are considered to be problems controversies related to Moral values The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Newton's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation, yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth. Applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy. Social policy relates to guidelines for the changing maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. Eventually, this reform movement led to formation of the Liberal Party in 1859. The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Later, wealthy business owners and high ranking officials created the Conservative Party to counter the rising strength of the liberals in

One the actions that was taken was the Reform Bill of 1832, which provided the rising middle classes more political power in urban areas while lessening the representation of districts undisturbed by the Industrial Revolution. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the ^[2] Despite determined resistance from the House of Lords, this Bill gave more parliamentary power to the liberals, while reducing the political force of the working class, leaving them detached from the main body of middle class support on which they had relied. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Having achieved the Reform Act of 1832, the Radical alliance was broken until the Liberal-Labour alliance of the mid-Victorian period. ^[3]

The Chartist movement

The Chartist movement sought universal suffrage. For chartism in financial markets see Technical analysis, and for the British socialist journal see Chartist (magazine Chartism was Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to An historian of the Chartist movement observed that "The Chartist movement was essentially an economic movement with a purely political programme. "^[4] A period of bad trade and high food prices set in, and the drastic restrictions on Poor Law relief were a source of acute distress. This article deals chiefly with the English Poor Laws covering England and Wales The London Working Men's Association, under the guidance of Francis Place, found itself in the midst of a great unrest. The London Working Men's Association was an organization established in London in 1838. Francis Place ( November 3 1771 - January 1 1854) was an English social reformer. In the northern textile districts the Chartists, led by Feargus O'Connor, a follower of Daniel O'Connell, denounced the inadequate Poor Laws. Feargus Edward O'Connor (1794 &ndash August 30, 1855) was an Irish Chartist leader and advocate of the Land Plan Daniel O'Connell ( 6 August 1775 &ndash 15 May 1847) ( Dónal Ó Conaill) known as The Liberator, or The Emancipator This was basically a hunger revolt, springing from unemployment and despair. In Birmingham, the older Birmingham Political Union sprang to life under the leadership of Thomas Attwood. The Birmingham Political Union was a political organisation in Great Britain during the early nineteenth century Thomas Attwood ( 6 October 1783 &ndash 9 March 1859) was a British Economist and strong campaigner for electoral reform The Chartist movement demanded basic economic reforms, higher wages and better conditions of work, and a repeal of the obnoxious Poor Law Act.

The idea of universal male suffrage, an initial goal of the Chartist movement, was to include all males as voters regardless of their social standing. This later evolved into a campaign for universal suffrage. This movement sought to redraw the parliamentary districts within Great Britain and create a salary system for elected officials so workers could afford to represent their constituents without a burden on their families. While the Chartist movement faded in under 10 years, laborers in industrial areas found greater political representation. For chartism in financial markets see Technical analysis, and for the British socialist journal see Chartist (magazine Chartism was Unfortunately, the workers who remained in poverty and most social classes of women in Great Britain did not benefit yea.

The Women's Suffrage movement

Many consider Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) to be the source of the reformers' long running campaign for feminist inclusion. Mary Wollstonecraft (ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft 27 April 1759 – 10 September Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year ^[5] Harriet Taylor was a significant influence on John Stuart Mill's work and ideas, reinforcing Mill's advocacy of women's rights. Harriet Taylor Mill (née Harriet Hardy (1807 &ndash 1858 was a Philosopher and Women's rights advocate John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Her essay, "Enfranchisement of Women," appeared in the Westminster Review in 1851 in response to the first National Woman's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1850, and it was reprinted in the United States. 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Mill cites Taylor's influence in his final revision of On Liberty, (1859) which was published shortly after her death, and she appears to be obliquely referenced in Mill's The Subjection of Women. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[6]

A militant campaign to include women in the electorate originated in Victorian times. Emmeline Pankhurst's husband, Richard Pankhurst, was a supporter of the women's suffrage movement, and had been the author of the Married Women's Property Acts of 1870 and 1882. Emmeline Pankhurst (née Goulden; 15 July 1858 14 June 1928 was a political activist and leader of the British Suffragette movement In 1889, Pankhurst founded the unsuccessful Women's Franchise League, but in October, 1903 she founded the better-known Women's Social and Political Union(Suffragettes), an organization famous for its militancy. Led by Pankhurst and her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, the campaign culminated in 1918, when the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed an act (the Representation of the People Act 1918) granting the vote to: women over the age of 30 who were householders, the wives of householders, occupiers of property with an annual rent of £5, and graduates of British universities. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Reform in Parliament

Earl Grey, Lord Melbourne and Robert Peel were leaders of Parliament during the earlier years of the British reform movement. Charles Grey 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC (13 March 1764 &ndash 17 July 1845 known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 was a British William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS (15 March 1779 &ndash 24 November 1848 was a British Whig Statesman who Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 &ndash 2 July 1850 was the Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 December 1834 to 8 April Gray and Melbourne were of the Whig party, and their governments saw parliamentary reform, the abolition of slave trading throughout the British Empire, and Poor Law reform. The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 sometimes abbreviated to PLAA was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed by the Whig Peel was a Conservative, whose Ministry took an important step in the direction of tariff reform with the abolition of the Corn Laws. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party The Corn Laws were Import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn prices against competition from less expensive foreign-grain imports between 1815 and 1846

Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone, as leaders of Great Britain's Conservative and Liberal parties, respectively, served as Prime Ministers during the later years of Great Britain's era of reform. Benjamin Disraeli 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS (born Benjamin D'Israeli; 21 December 1804 &ndash 19 April 1881 was Disraeli saw British control of the Suez Canal and named Queen Victoria the Empress of India. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Gladstone approached politics differently. Among the reforms he helped Parliament pass was a system of public education in the Elementary Education Act 1870. Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution The Elementary Education Act 1870 commonly known as Forster's Education Act set the framework for schooling of all children over the age of 5 and under 13 in England In 1872, he saw the institution of a secret ballot to prevent voter coercion, trickery and bribery. The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential By 1885 Gladstone had readjusted the parliamentary district lines by making each district equal in population, preventing one MP from having greater influence than another.

United States: 1840s - 1930s

1. Art -- The Hudson River School defined a distinctive American style of art, depicting romantic landscapes via the Transcendentalist perspective on nature
2. Literature -- founding of the Transcendentalism, stressed high thinking and a spiritual connection to all things (see pantheism). The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in Literature, Religion, Culture, and Philosophy that emerged in New England in the Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in Literature, Religion, Culture, and Philosophy that emerged in New England in the Pantheism ( Greek: πάν ( 'pan') = all and θεός ( 'theos') = God it literally means " God is All
3. Science -- John James Audubon founded the science of ornithology (the study of birds)
4. Utopian Experiments
   1. New Harmony, Indiana (founder: Robert Owen), practiced economic communism, although it proved socially inviable. John James Audubon ( April 26 1785 – January 27 1851) was an American ornithologist, naturalist, hunter Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of New Harmony is a historic town in Harmony Township, Posey County, Indiana, 15 miles (24 km north of Mount Vernon Indiana, the county seat Robert Owen (14 May 1771 – 17 Nov 1858 born in Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales was a social reformer and one of the founders of Socialism
   2. Oneida Commune (founder: John Noyes), practiced eugenics, complex marriage, and communal living. The Oneida Community was a Utopian commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida New York. John Noyes ( April 2, 1764 - October 26, 1841) was a Vermont politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention The Oneida Community was a Utopian commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida New York. An intentional community is a planned Residential community designed to have a much higher degree of Teamwork than other communities The commune was supported through the manufacture of silverware, and the corporation still exists today, producing spoons and forks for households of the world. The commune sold its assets when Noyes was jailed on numerous charges.
   3. Shakers -- (founder: Mother Ann Lee) Stressed living and worship through dance, supported themselves through manufacture of furniture. The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, known as the Shakers, was a Protestant religious denomination that originated in Manchester This article is about Mother Ann Lee For the singer see Ann Lee (singer Mother Ann Lee ( February 29 1736 - September 8 The furniture is still popular today.
   4. "'Brook Farm"' (founder: George Ripley), an agriculture-based commune that also ran schools. Brook Farm was a transcendentalist Utopian experiment that was put into practice by transcendentalist and former Unitarian minister George Ripley George Ripley may refer to George Ripley (alchemist (15th century George Ripley (transcendentalist (1802-1880
5. Educational reform -- (founder: Horace Mann), goals were a more relevant curriculum and more accessible education. Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution This article is about an early leader in education for the private school located in New York City see Horace Mann School. Noah Webster's dictionary standardized English spelling and language; William McGuffey's hugely successful children's books taught reading in incremental stages. Noah Webster (October 16 1758 &ndash May 28 1843 was an American Lexicographer, textbook author Spelling reformer word enthusiast and editor William Holmes McGuffey ( September 23, 1800 &ndash May 4, 1873) was an American professor and college president who is best
6. Women's rights movement (1848) (founders: Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony), began at the Seneca Falls Convention; published a Declaration of Sentiments calling for the legal equality of women. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Lucretia Coffin Mott ( January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American Quaker minister, Abolitionist, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12 1815 &ndash October 26 1902 was an American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Susan Brownell Anthony ( February 15, 1820 &ndash March 13, 1906) was a prominent American Civil rights leader who played The Seneca Falls Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York on July 19 to July 20, 1848, was the first Women's rights The Declaration of Sentiments is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men delegates to the first Women's rights convention in Seneca Falls New York
7. Child labor reform
8. Family planning
9. Abolition movement -- the Mexican northern territories in 1848 reopened the possibility of expansion of race-based chattel slavery; the adaptation of the slave system to industrial-style cotton production resulted in increasing dehumanization of black workers and a backlash against the slavery in the northern states; key figures included William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass. Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent Personal property is a type of Property. In the Common law systems personal property may also be called chattels or personalty. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator
10. Prohibition 1920-1933 or Temperance movement -- Anti-alcohol movement supported by Frances Willard's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, which stressed education; Carrie Nation's Anti-Saloon League, which promoted a confrontational approach towards bars and saloons; and the Know-Nothing Party, an anti-catholic, anti-immigration, anti-drinking political party. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol See also Prohibition, Teetotalism The Temperance Movement attempted to reduce the amount of Alcohol consumed within a community or society in In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard ( September 28, 1839 &ndash February 17, 1898) was an American educator temperance The Anti-Saloon League was the leading organization Lobbying for Prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term

Mexico: La Reforma, 1850s

Main article: La Reforma

Political agenda of the Mexican Liberal party led by Benito Juárez and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, and embodied in the 1857 Constitution of Mexico:

1. Abolition of the fueros which granted civil immunity to members of the church and military
2. Liquidation of traditional ejido communal lands holdings and distribution of freehold titles to the peasantry
3. Expropriation and sale of concentrated church property holdings
4. Curtailment of exorbitant fees by the church for administering the sacraments
5. Secular public education
6. Civil registry for births, marriages and deaths

Ottoman Empire: 1840s-1870s

Main article: Tanzimat

The Tanzimat meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. La Reforma (The Reform was a period halfway through the 19th century in the History of Mexico that was characterized by liberal reforms and the transformation Benito Pablo Juárez García (benit̪o paβ̞lo xwaɾes gaɾsia ( March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec Amerindian Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada y Corral ( Jalapa, Veracruz, April 24, 1823 &ndash April 21, 1889 in New York City The 1857 Constitution was a liberal Constitution drafted in Mexico during the presidency of Ignacio Comonfort. The Tanzimat ( Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of Constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Kanûn-ı Esâsî Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Tanzimat reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements and aggressive powers. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire, attempting to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire. Ottomanism ( Osmanlılık or Osmanlıcılık) was a concept which developed prior to the First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. The rise of the Western notion of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the break-down of the Ottoman millet The reforms attempted to integrate non−Muslims and non−Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire.

Republic of Turkey: 1920s-1930s

Main article: Atatürk's Reforms

Atatürk's Reforms were a series of significant political, legal, cultural, social and economic changes that were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the early years of the Republic of Turkey. Atatürk's Reforms ( Turkish: Atatürk Devrimleri or Atatürk İnkılapları) were a series of significant political legal cultural social and economic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Atatürk's Reforms ( Turkish: Atatürk Devrimleri or Atatürk İnkılapları) were a series of significant political legal cultural social and economic Atatürk's Reforms ( Turkish: Atatürk Devrimleri or Atatürk İnkılapları) were a series of significant political legal cultural social and economic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

See also:

• Acharya Gour Ganguly for account of micro-level reform movements in rural Eastern India

References

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