A referee is a person who has authority to make decisions about play in many sports. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Officials in various sports are known by a variety of titles, including: referee, umpire, judge, linesman, timekeeper or touch judge.
Origin
The term referee originated in association football (soccer). Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Originally the team captains would consult with each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. In team sports a captain is a title given to the member of the team Eventually this role was delegated to an umpire. Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added, this referee would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, when the umpires became linesmen (now assistant referees). Two assistant referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the referee in controlling an association football match Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan assistant referees (still commonly called club linesmen) to assist the neutral referee appointed by the governing football association.
Examples
Australian rules football
An umpire is an official in the sport of Australian rules football. An umpire is an official in the Sport of Australian rules football. Games are overseen by one to three Field Umpires, two Boundary Umpires, and two Goal Umpires.
Baseball and softball
In baseball and softball, the umpire is the person(s) charged with officiating the game. In Baseball, the umpire is the person charged with officiating the game including beginning and ending the game enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds making Multiple umpires—usually two, three or four, but sometimes six for championship games—are typically assigned to a game.
Basketball
In international basketball and in college basketball, the referee is the lead official in a game, and is assisted by either one or two umpires. In Basketball, an official is a person who has the responsibility to enforce the rules and maintain the order of the game The International Basketball Federation ( French: Fédération Internationale de Basketball) more commonly known by the French acronym FIBA College basketball most often refers to the American Basketball competitive governance structure established by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA In the National Basketball Association, the lead official is referred to by the term crew chief and the two other officials are referees. All of the officials in a basketball game are generally accepted to have the same authority as the lead official and therefore they are collectively known as the officials or sometimes, misleadingly, the referees.
Boxing
Cricket
In cricket, the match referee is an off-field official who makes judgements concerning the reputable conduct of the game and hands out penalties for breaches of the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct. The referee in the sport of Boxing is the individual charged with enforcing the rules of the ring during a boxing match A match referee is an official appointed to oversee professional Cricket matches An umpire in Cricket (from the Old French Nompere meaning not equal i Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The ICC Cricket Code of Conduct is a regulation regarding the conduct of professional players in the Sport of Cricket. On-field decisions relevant to the play and outcome of the game itself are handled by two on-field umpires, although an off-field third umpire may help with certain decisions. An umpire in Cricket (from the Old French Nompere meaning not equal i In international Cricket matches the third umpire (or TV Umpire is an off-field umpire who makes the final
Fencing
A fencing match is presided over by a referee. Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand
Field hockey
An umpire in field hockey is a person with the authority to make decisions on a hockey field in accordance with the laws of the game. An umpire in Field hockey is a person with the authority to make decisions on a hockey field in accordance with the laws of the game Each match is controlled by two such umpires.
Football (American and Canadian)
An American football (or Canadian football) referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings. In American football, an official is a person who has responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with In accordance with the Manual of Style (see) Canadian English is used throughout this article (see Canadian_English#Spelling) He is assisted by up to six other officials on the field. These officials are commonly referred to as "referees" but each has a title based on position and responsibilities during the game: Referee, Head Linesman, Line Judge, Umpire, Back Judge, Side Judge, and Field Judge.
Football (association)
An association football match is presided over by a referee, whom the Laws of the Game give "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5). A referee presides over a game of Association football. The referee has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which Two assistant referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the referee in controlling an association football match Two assistant referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the referee in controlling an association football match Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The referee is assisted by two assistant referees, and sometimes by a fourth official. A referee presides over a game of Association football. The referee has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which Two assistant referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the referee in controlling an association football match Two assistant referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the referee in controlling an association football match
Ice hockey
Games of ice hockey are presided over by on-ice referees, who are generally assisted by on-ice linesmen. In Ice hockey, an official is a person who has some responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. The combination of referees and linesman varies from league to league.
Lacrosse
A lacrosse match is presided over by an onfield head referee, two onfield referees, a chief bench official (CBO), and a bench manager. Many leagues use a two or three referee system and omit the bench officials.
Mixed martial arts
Rules in mixed martial arts bouts are enforced by a referee who can give warnings and disqualifications should the rules be broken. Mixed martial arts (MMA is a full contact Combat sport that allows a wide variety of fighting techniques from a mixture of Martial arts traditions and The referee is also in charge of stopping fights when a fighter "cannot intelligently defend himself" in order to prevent him from incurring further damage, as well as making sure that submissions are released following a tapout and to pull fighters off an unconscious opponent. A submission (depending on the context also referred to as a " tap out " or " tapping out " is a Combat sports term for yielding to The referee is advised by a doctor and assistant referee who sit ringside.
Roller derby
The game of roller derby is governed by a team of up to seven referees, several of whom are also on skates. Roller derby is an American -invented contact Sport —and historically a form of Sports entertainment —based on formation Roller skating Under the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) rules, there may also be off-skate derby referees. The team is composed of a head referee, who oversees the running of the entire game and has final say in any disputes; two jammer referees who follow the two point-scoring players known as jammers, alternating the team they are scoring each period; and up to four pack referees who follow the main pack of skaters and issue and enforce penalties for fouls or infringements of the rules. Only the team captains may engage in discussions with the referees over calls made. Referees are also responsible for ensuring the skaters are correctly wearing all regulation safety equipment.
Rowing
In a regatta an umpire is the on-the-water official appointed to enforce the rules of racing and to ensure safety. A regatta is a term used to describe either a Boat race or series of boat races The umpire starts the race from a launch and follows it to its end, enuring that crews follow their proper course. If no infringements occur, the result is decided by a judge or judges on the waterside who determine the finish order of the crews.
Rugby
Both codes of rugby football are controlled by an onfield referee assisted by two touch judges, and often a video referee during televised games. Rugby football (usually just " rugby " may refer to a number of sports through history descended from a common form of Football developed at Rugby School The touch judge is an official who monitors the Touch-line in a game of Rugby union or Rugby league and raises a flag if the ball (or player carrying it A video referee (also known as the video umpire, instant replay official, television match official or third umpire, is a sports official With non-televised games in rugby league, the referee has 2 touch judges and 2 in-goal judges to assist. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games The referee and the touch judges cannot be contradicted by any player, but captains may discuss calls with them. In some rugby league competitions, most notably Australia's National Rugby League, public criticism of officials by players or coaching staff can result in fines being levied against the offending club. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games
Touch football
Touch football/touch rugby (commonly known as "touch") has a unique refereeing concept. Touch is a field game also known as Touch Football (particularly in Australia Six Down (in South Africa and Touch Rugby. As in most team sports, there is an on-field referee and referees on each of the two sideline. However, in touch football, the referees may interchange, similar to players, at appropriate times. Appropriate times may include when the play has moved close enough to the sideline for the referees to swap without the interrupting the play. This may occur during a set of six or during a change of possession. Other times that referees may interchange include after the awarding of touchdowns and penalties.
Touch is also one of the few remaining sports where referees wear metal badges on their chests to represent their official level within their governing organisation. In Australia, the highest referee level is 6, the lowest being 1. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. In New Zealand, the highest level is 4, the lowest being 1. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Prior to level 1, there is an elementary level beginners. In Europe, the highest level is 5, the lowest being 1.
Sailing
In a match race and team race, an umpire is the on-the-water official appointed to directly enforce the racing rules of sailing (as opposed to fleet racing, where an off-the-water protest committee hears complaints from competitors). A match race is a race between two competitors going head-to-head
Sumo
A sumo match is overseen by a referee (gyōji) in the ring and five umpires (shimpan) seated around the ring. A Gyōji (行司 is a referee in professional sumō wrestling in Japan. This article about a judge in sumo For a kind of a feudal domain in the Edo period see Shinpan (daimyo. is a competitive Contact sport where two Wrestlers ( rikishi) attempt to force one another out of a circular ring ( Dohyo) or to touch the ground All dress in traditional Japanese clothing, with higher-ranked referees wearing elaborate silk outfits. The referee oversees the pre-match rituals and the bout itself, including ruling on the winner of the bout and the winning technique used. If one of the umpires disagrees, then all the umpires confer to determine the winner of the bout.
Tradition holds that if one of the two top ranked gyōji has his decision overturned, he is expected to tender his resignation, although the Chairman of the Japan Sumo Association usually rejects the resignation. The Japan Sumo Association (日本相撲協会 or Nihon Sumō Kyōkai is the body that operates and controls professional Sumo wrestling in Japan.
Tennis
In tennis an umpire is an on-court official, while a referee is an off-court official. In Tennis, an official is a person who insures that a match or tournament is conducted according to the International Tennis Federation Rules of Tennis and other competition In Tennis, an official is a person who insures that a match or tournament is conducted according to the International Tennis Federation Rules of Tennis and other competition In Tennis, an official is a person who insures that a match or tournament is conducted according to the International Tennis Federation Rules of Tennis and other competition
Volleyball
A volleyball match is presided over by a first referee, who observes action from a stand, providing a clear view of action above the net and looking down into the court. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet The second referee, who assists the first referee, is at floor level on the opposite side of the net—and in front of the scorers' table. (In United States high school competition, the officials are called the referee and umpire, respectively. )
Amateur wrestling
The international styles of amateur wrestling use a three-official system in which a referee conducts the action in the center of the mat while a judge and a mat chairman remain seated and evaluate the action from their stationary vantage points. Amateur wrestling is the most widespread form of sport Wrestling.
Collegiate wrestling uses a single referee in the center of the mat, or a head referee and an assistant. Collegiate wrestling is the commonly-used name of the style of Amateur wrestling practiced at the College and University level in the United States
Professional wrestling
Professional wrestling referees render decisions like tap outs and pinfalls. A professional wrestling referee is the official figure that makes sure that wrestling matches move smoothly in an attempt to maintain Kayfabe. They also communicate with wrestlers about the progress of the matches.
Attire
Referees typically wear clothing to distinguish themselves from the players. Such uniforms may be distinctive, and some traditional uniforms have come to be symbolically associated with the position (even if newer, alternative uniforms are increasingly used). Notable examples include the traditional black uniform worn by association football referees, or the vertical black and white stripes worn by referees in many North American sports.
See also
- Timekeeper
- Category:Sports officials by nationality
Dictionary
referee
-noun
- (sports) An umpire or judge; the official who makes sure the rules are followed during a game
- A person who settles a dispute
- A person who writes a letter of reference for someone
- An expert who judges the manuscript of an article or book to decide if it should be published
-verb
- To act as a referee.
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