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"Redskin" redirects here. For other uses, see Redskin (disambiguation).

"Redskin" is a racial descriptor for Native Americans and one of the color metaphors for race used in North America and Europe since European colonization of America. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. In most societies and by some anthropologists color terminology was used to label races sometimes in addition to a non-color term for the same race.

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Historic use

The term was used throughout the English-speaking world (and in equivalent transliterations in Europe) throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a common term of reference for indigenous Americans. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The term was once in common use, as evidenced in Western movies, but is now largely considered a pejorative and is seldom used publicly (aside from the football team - see below). Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt As with any term perceived to be discriminatory, different individuals may hold differing opinions of the term's appropriateness.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the term "redskin" came from the reddish skin color of some Native Americans, as in the terms red Indian and red man, and the OED cites instances of its usage in English dating back to the 17th century (and cites a use of red in reference to skin color from 1587). Human skin color can range from almost black (due to very high concentrations of the dark brown pigment melanin to nearly colorless (appearing reddish white due to the Blood For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Other origins suggested for this term include the use of natural red paints by Native peoples and the bloody skins of Native people bought and sold by bounty and scalp hunters.

Current use

The name "Redskins" is currently used for a NFL football team. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with The team was founded in 1932 and was originally known as the Boston Braves, for their landlords, the baseball team called the Boston Braves. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each In 1933 the name was changed to the synonymous "Boston Redskins" when they left Braves Field for Fenway Park, the home of the Boston Red Sox. Braves Field was a Baseball park that formerly stood on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston Massachusetts. The Boston Red Sox are a Professional baseball team based in Boston Massachusetts, and are the reigning (2007 World Series Champions. Some accounts state that the name "Redskins" was chosen to honor the team's coach, William "Lone Star" Dietz, who began coaching in 1933, and whose mother was allegedly Sioux. William Dietz may refer to William C Dietz, science fiction author William Henry Dietz, former head coach of the Boston Redskins Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people In 1937 the team moved to Washington, D.C. and became the Washington Redskins, joining Capitol Hill as the second football team of Washington, D.C.. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D [1]

In recent years the name has become controversial, with some Native American groups and their supporters arguing that since they view the word "redskin" as an offensive slur that it is inappropriate for a NFL team to continue to use it, regardless of whether any offense is intended. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. In contrast to amateur teams governed by the NCAA or other organizations, which can level sanctions against member schools, the professional Washington Redskins franchise and nickname are subject only to the other clubs in the NFL and, presumably, approval or disapproval as expressed through ticket and merchandise receipts, or lack thereof, from the public. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations As there has apparently been no adverse market reaction, there has been little or no incentive to change the name.

In 1997 Jill Cadreau, a Milford High School student, became a young activist for Native American rights when she demanded the word "Redskins" stop being used as the name for the school's mascot and sports teams. Jill Cadreau became an activist for Native American rights at a young age while still attending Milford High School. Milford High School, a member of the Huron Valley School District, includes grades 9-12 and is located in Highland Michigan. Jill and much of the American Indian community thought the word carried a negative connotation and attempted to justify racism that still existed in the school. After long meetings with the Milford School Board and much support from the local American Indian community, the Huron Valley Board of Education ruled in favor of a Native American victory with a 6-0 vote in 1997. Jill was a leader for the campaign that forced her high school to eliminate all references to American Indians in the names and images of school mascots.

Another non-NFL controversy over the term "redskin" took place at James S. Rickards High School in 2000, when the mascot had to be changed from Rickards Redskins to Rickards Raiders due to perceived racial implications of the word. James S Rickards High School is a public High school in Tallahassee, Florida. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets

In 2001, under threats from the Native American Bar Association, Consolidated School District 158 in Huntley, Illinois had to ban use of the Redskin slogan from its high school, changing to the Huntley Red Raiders. Community Consolidated School District 158 is a School district in Illinois. Huntley is a rapidly-growing village in McHenry County, Illinois and Kane County Illinois.

In California, a bill, presented by Assemblywoman Jackie Goldberg, to ban the name Redskins as a public school mascot was vetoed more than once. There were many supporters against the bill, including students from schools with the Redskin mascot, most prominently Tulare Union High School in Tulare, California and Chowchilla Union High School in Chowchilla, CA, as well as members of the Tachi-Yokut tribe who deemed the fact that schools had Redskin as a mascot incited a sense of pride.

In April 2001 the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights called for an end to the use of Native American images and team names by non-Native schools, stating, "These references, whether mascots and their performances, logos, or names, are disrespectful and offensive to American Indians and others and are particularly inappropriate and insensitive in light of the long history of forced assimilation that American Indian people have endured in this country. The US Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan independent federal commission charged with the responsibility for investigating reporting on and making recommendations concerning " The commission declared that "the stereotyping of any racial, ethnic, religious or other group, when promoted by our public educational institutions, teaches all students that stereotyping of minority groups is acceptable, which is a dangerous lesson in a diverse society," and noted that "false portrayals encourage biases and prejudices that have a negative effect on contemporary Indian people. " [1]

The American Counseling Association adopted a resolution December 2, 2001 opposing the use of stereotypical Native American images as sports symbols and mascots. The American Counseling Association ( ACA) is a Professional organization of counselors in the United States. [2]

The American Psychological Association adopted a Resolution August 21, 2005, recommending the immediate retirement of American Indian mascots, symbols, images, and personalities by schools, colleges, universities, athletic teams, and organizations. The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U The APA stated that "racism and racial discrimination are attitudes and behavior that are learned and that threaten human development" and resolved to "denounce racism in all its forms, and take proactive steps to prevent the occurrence of intolerant or racist acts. " [3]

Alternative etymology

There is another concept for where the term "redskin" came from; Tina Holder, whose origins are Blackfoot, Cherokee and Choctaw, is a longtime opponent of the "Redskins" name. She offers the following description:

“Back not so long ago, when there was a bounty on the heads of the Indian people. . . the trappers would bring in Indian scalps along with the other skins that they had managed to trap or shoot," says Holder, whose arguments were included in a recent court filing in support of Harjo's claim. "Trappers and hunters began using the term ‘redskin’ . . . they would tell the owner that they had bearskin, deerskins. . . and ‘redskins. ’ The term came from the bloody mess that one saw when looking at the scalp . . . thus the term ‘red’. . . skin. . . So, you see when we see or hear that term. . . we don't see a football team. . . we don't see a game being played. . . we don't see any ‘honor’. . . we see the bloody pieces of scalps that were hacked off of our men, women and even our children. . . we hear the screams as our people were killed. . . and ‘skinned’ just like animals. So, yes, . . . you can safely say that the term is considered extremely offensive. ”

[4]

External links

  1. ^ Linda Waggoner. "Reclaiming James One Star", Indian Country Today, 2004-7-20. Indian Country Today is a weekly US Newspaper which describes itself as "The Nations' Leading American Indian News Source  
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