For the comic strip, see Red Meat. For mammal meat see Red meat. For the band see Red Meat (band.

Red meat in culinary terminology refers to meat which is red-colored when raw, while in nutritional terminology, it refers to meat from mammals. Culinary art is the Art of Cooking. The word "culinary" is defined as something related to or connected with cooking or Kitchens A culinarian In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands

Contents 1 Gastronomy: red coloured meat 2 Nutrition: mammal meat 3 Myoglobin Concentration 4 Health effects 4.1 Cancer 4.2 Cardiovascular diseases 4.3 Other health issues 4.4 Food pyramid 4.5 Culture 5 References

Gastronomy: red coloured meat

In gastronomy, "red meat" is darker-colored meat, as contrasted with white meat. Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between Culture and Food. White meat refers to any lighter-colored Meat, often contrasted with Red meat. The exact definition varies by time, place, and culture, but the meat of adult mammals, such as beef, mutton, and horse is invariably considered "red", while chicken and rabbit are invariably considered "white". Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of Domestic sheep. The meat of an animal in its first year is lamb; that of an older sheep is hogget Horse meat is the culinary name for meat cut from a Horse. It is slightly sweet tender low in fat and high in protein The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world The meat of young mammals such as milk-fed veal and lamb, and that of pork is traditionally considered "white"; while the meat of duck and goose is considered "red",^[1] though the demarcation line has been shifting. Veal is the Meat of Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of Domestic sheep. The meat of an animal in its first year is lamb; that of an older sheep is hogget Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive Duck refers to the meat of several species of bird in the Anatidae family found in both fresh and salt water. Goose (plural geese) is the English name for a considerable number of Birds belonging to the family Anatidae. Game is sometimes put in a separate category altogether (French viandes noires 'black meats'). Game is any Animal hunted for Food or not normally domesticated (such as Venison) ^[2].

Nutrition: mammal meat

In nutrition, "red meat" is synonymous with "mammal meat. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support " The term is often considered misleading, as not all mammal meat appears red, and some non-mammal meat can be red.

Red meat does not refer to how well a piece of meat is cooked or its coloration after cooking. A steak or hamburger is a red meat whether it is served rare, or cooked until it is well-done; pork is also red, though it turns to a whitish color when cooked. Temperature, or doneness, is a description of how thoroughly cooked a cut of meat is based on the color juiciness and internal temperature when served Temperature, or doneness, is a description of how thoroughly cooked a cut of meat is based on the color juiciness and internal temperature when served According to the USDA all meats obtained from "livestock" are "red meats" because they contain more myoglobin than chicken or fish. Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic ^[3]

Myoglobin Concentration

The main determinant of the color of meat is the concentration of myoglobin. Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic The white meat of chicken has under 0. 05%; chicken thigh has 0. 18-0. 20%; pork and veal have 0. 1-0. 3%; young beef has 0. 4-1. 0%; and old beef has 1. 5-2. 0%. ^[4]

In the health discussion below, we assume the nutritional, not the traditional gastronomic, definitions.

Health effects

While red meat is a good source of complete protein and iron, its regular consumption presents several health risks, largely due to the saturated fat content of many cuts. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 It has been suggested that these health risks are largely absent from grass-fed beef (rather than corn-fed beef). Different cattle feeding production systems have separate advantages and disadvantages Different cattle feeding production systems have separate advantages and disadvantages ^[5]

Cancer

Recent studies indicate that red meat could pose a notable increase in cancer risk. Some studies have linked consumption of large amounts of red meat with breast cancer,^[6] colorectal cancer,^[7][8] stomach cancer,^[9] lymphoma,^[10] bladder cancer^[11] and prostate cancer. Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and Stomach or gastric cancer can develop in any part of the Stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs particularly the Esophagus and Lymphoma a type of Neoplasm that originates in Lymphocytes (a type of White blood cell in the vertebrate Immune system) Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the Urinary bladder. ^[11][12] Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that consumption of beef, pork, lamb, and goat from domesticated animals is a cause of colorectum cancer. Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of Domestic sheep. The meat of an animal in its first year is lamb; that of an older sheep is hogget The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe This is a list of animals that have been domesticated by Humans. Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and ^[13] Professor Sheila Bingham of the Dunn Human Nutrition Unit attributes this to the haemoglobin and myoglobin molecules which are found in red meat. The Dunn Human Nutrition Unit is an institution of the Medical Research Council based at the Addenbrooke’s Hospital site in Cambridge England. Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic She suggests these molecules, when ingested trigger a process called nitrosation in the gut which leads to the formation of carcinogens. Nitrosation is a process of converting organic compounds into Nitroso derivatives i ^[14][15]

Eating cooked red meat may increase the likelihood of cancer because carcinogenic compounds called heterocyclic amines are created during the cooking process. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Heterocyclic amines may not explain why red meat is more harmful than other meat, however, as these compounds are also found in poultry and fish, which have not been linked to an increased cancer risk. ^[16]

Cardiovascular diseases

Red meat has a high content of saturated fat, which is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Saturated fat is Fat that consists of Triglycerides containing only saturated Fatty acids Explanation Fat that occurs Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and ^[11]

A 1999 study funded by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, an advocacy group for beef producers, involved 191 persons with high cholesterol on diets where at least 80% of the meat intake came from either lean red meat in one group, or lean white meat in another. National Cattlemen's Beef Association or NCBA, an advocacy group for beef producers in the United States reports that it works "to increase profit opportunities for cattle Hypercholesterolemia (literally high blood cholesterol is the presence of high levels of Cholesterol in the blood. The results of this study showed nearly identical cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in both groups. This study suggests that lean red meat may play a role in a low-fat diet for persons with high cholesterol. This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. ^{[17] [18]}

Other health issues

Regular consumption of red meat has also been linked to bone loss,^[19] type 2 diabetes,^[20] hypertension^[11] and arthritis. Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. Diabetes mellitus type 2 or Type 2 Diabetes (formerly called non - Insulin -dependent Diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or adult-onset diabetes is a metabolic Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body ^[11]

Food pyramid

The traditional food guide pyramid has been criticized for not distinguishing between red meat and other types of meat. The food guide pyramid was the previous nutritional guide (created at Tufts University School of Medicine of the USDA, replaced in April 2005 by the new USDA nutrition The newer My Pyramid recommends lean forms of red meat. MyPyramid, released by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA on April 19, 2005, is an update on the ubiquitous U ^[21] The healthy eating pyramid recommends that red meat be consumed sparingly. The healthy eating pyramid is a Nutrition guide developed by the Harvard School of Public Health, suggesting how much of each food category one should eat each day ^[22]

Red meat is one of the richest sources of iron. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Red meat also contains protein, levels of creatine, minerals such as zinc and phosphorus, and vitamins such as niacin, vitamin B₁₂, thiamin and riboflavin. Creatine is Nitrogenous Organic acid that occurs naturally in Vertebrates and helps to supply energy to Muscle and nerve cells Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin which prevents the deficiency disease Pellagra. For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health ^[23] Red meat is the richest source of Alpha Lipoic Acid, a powerful antioxidant. Lipoic acid is an Organic compound, one Enantiomer of which is an essential cofactor for many enzyme complexes ^[24]

Culture

In some cultures eating red meat is considered a masculine activity, possibly due to traditions of hunting big game as a male rite of passage. A rite of passage is a Ritual that marks a change in a person's social or sexual status ^[25]

References

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic