Die Rote Kapelle (the Red Orchestra) was the name given by the Gestapo to two resistance rings, partially with Communist backgrounds, in Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II. The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
The Gestapo used the name Red Orchestra to refer to the Schulze-Boysen / Harnack group, an anti-Hitler resistance movement in Germany with international connections to countries like the USA, the Soviet Union and others. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Gestapo also used the same name to refer to Communist spy groups, including the Soviet GRU-controlled Trepper espionage group. GRU is the English transliteration of the Russian Acronym ГРУ, which stands for "Гла́вное Разве́дывательное Though the Berlin resistance network was not Soviet-operated, the Trepper ring was, and the Gestapo's generalized use of the term was continued in most postwar history books.
The name "Rote Kapelle" or "Red Orchestra" came from German counterintelligence's practice of referring to spies' radio transmitters as "music boxes," and calling their agents "musicians". This article is a subset article of Intelligence cycle security. "Red" stood for Communism. Thus, the German counterintelligence called the perceived Soviet covert network die Rote Kapelle, the "Red Orchestra".
The Nazi government set up the Gestapo's "Red Orchestra Special Detachment" (Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle) with the intention of destroying the Berlin resistance network and Trepper's group.
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The Trepper group
An actual Soviet espionage group was coordinated by then-GRU agent Leopold Trepper. GRU is the English transliteration of the Russian Acronym ГРУ, which stands for "Гла́вное Разве́дывательное Leopold Trepper ( February 23, 1904 - January 19, 1982) was an organizer of the Soviet Spy ring ''Rote Kapelle'' Anatoli Gurewitsch alias KENT, an agent of Trepper's network, went to Berlin on October 29, 1941 to seek contact with the Schulze-Boysen / Harnack resistance movement. It was the only time that a contact was made. Trepper never went to Berlin or met any of the conspirators there.
The Trepper ring made reports to the Soviet Union on German troop concentrations in German-occupied areas of the Soviet Union, air attacks on Germany, German aircraft production, and German fuel shipments. In France, they worked with the underground French Communist Party. The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Agents of this spy ring even succeeded in tapping the phone lines of the Abwehr in Paris. The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944
Belgian-born socialite Suzanne Spaak joined the Parisian network of the Trepper Group after being appalled by the conduct of the Nazi occupiers in her country. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Suzanne Spaak (c 1905 - 12 August 1944 World War II heroine Suzanne Spaak was born into a prosperous Belgian banking family sometime around 1905 Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city
Eventually the Abwehr triangulated the radio transmissions of Johann Wenzel, an agent of the Trepper organization in Belgium, and arrested him. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Wenzel agreed to turn double agent and then informed on the leaders of the network. A split album featuring performances by bands The KGB and Alien Spy that was produced in 1997
Based on Wenzel's information, German Counterespionage was also able to decode a Morse transmission from 1941 that had sent KENT to Berlin. They arrested Schulze-Boysen and his wife on August 30, 1942, and Arvid Harnack and his wife in September of that year, along with 106 fellow resisters (see below). Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arvid Harnack ( 24 May 1901 in Darmstadt – 22 December 1942 in Berlin, executed was a German Jurist It was through this incident that the erroneous connection between the two groups came into existence.
Some persons are believed to have broken under torture and almost all persons accused of having been members of the so-called "Red Orchestra" were sentenced to death and executed. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Trepper was captured however he managed to convince his captors that he would serve them by supporting a policy of an independent peace settlement between the USSR and Germany, he managed to smuggle out an explanation of his activity to the Soviets and thus the Soviets were able to extract information which served their purposes from the Nazis themselves. Trepper escaped and joined the French underground, where he worked until the liberation of Paris. On return to the USSR he was arrested and spent years in prison; Trepper was rehabilitated under Khrushchev.
Operations by the Trepper ring had been entirely eliminated by the spring of 1943. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Most agents were executed, including Suzanne Spaak at Fresnes Prison just thirteen days before liberation in 1944. Fresnes Prison ( Centre pénitentiaire de Fresnes) is the second largest Prison in France, located in the town of Fresnes, Val-de-Marne Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The amount of arrests of people connected to the Red Orchestra, including agents, totals to 217. Of those arrests, 143 of the people either were executed, killed during interogation, killed in concentration camps, or committed suicide. [1]
The Berlin group
German counterintelligence also used the name "Red Orchestra" to denote a group engaged in pure resistance to the Nazi regime. This group was a friendship network centred around Harro Schulze-Boysen an intelligence officer for the German Air Ministry and Arvid Harnack in the German Ministry of Economics. Heinz Harro Max Wilhelm Georg Schulze-Boysen ( 2 September 1909 &ndash 22 December 1942) was a German officer commentator and Arvid Harnack ( 24 May 1901 in Darmstadt – 22 December 1942 in Berlin, executed was a German Jurist Running the gamut of German society, it contained Communists and political conservatives, Jews, Catholics and atheists united in to fight the Nazis and their human rights violations. Unusual for that time and unique within the forms of German resistance, this group contained 40% women, working equally alongside the men. The oldest person arrested was 86, the youngest 16. Among the arrested were Harnack's wife Mildred, Schulze-Boysen's wife, Libertas, theatre producer Adam Kuckhoff and his wife Greta Kuckhoff, Horst Heilmann a codebreaker in the Wehrmacht communications division, Günther Weisenborn German author, the journalist John Graudenz who had previously been expelled from the Soviet Union for reporting negatively about their famine, the potter Cato Bontjes van Beek, the pianist Helmut Roloff and others. Adam Kuckhoff ( 30 August 1887 in Aachen – 5 August 1943 in Berlin - Plötzensee; executed was a German writer Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Cato Bontjes van Beek ( November 14, 1920 &ndash August 5, 1943) was a German member of the resistance against the Helmut Roloff ( 9 October 1912 – 2001 was a German pianist and teacher
The main activity of the Berlin group was collecting information about Nazi atrocities and distributing leaflets against Hitler rather than espionage. Part of their information campaign included the communication of Nazi secrets to foreign countries, specifically through personal contacts with the US embassy and a less direct connection to the Soviet government. A problem arose when, in addition to Kent, Soviet agents were parachuted into Germany to contact the resisters. Their arrival was observed and interdicted by the Gestapo. Before the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Schulze-Boysen had made contact with the Soviet Embassy. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in However, when the Soviets tried to enlist the resistance group in their service, the resisters refused. They wanted to maintain their political independence and were wary of Stalin. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party
German intelligence chose to label the Berlin group as the Red Orchestra, in order to justify their persecution of anti-Nazi Germans. Many different people were arrested and listed under that name. Rudolf von Scheliha, who was in charge of countering foreign press reports about Nazi atrocities at the German Foreign Office, had irritated Gestapo officials by requesting details about actual atrocities, and became a target for annihilation because of his activities. Rudolf von Scheliha ( May 31, 1897 - December 22, 1942) was a a German Diplomat executed by the Nazis during The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany The Gestapo claimed to have intercepted a message about NKVD agents coming to help von Scheliha and arrested him. Von Scheliha was sentenced to death and executed by hanging on December 22, 1942 together with resistance fighters of the group around Harnack and Schulze-Boysen. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hilde Coppi's execution was delayed until her son was weaned, and she was executed immediately thereafter. Hilde Coppi (née Rake, born 30 May 1909 in Berlin, died 5 August 1943 in Berlin - Plötzensee, executed
Hitler ordered the traitors hanged to make an example of them. Berlin however contained no gallows by which to do this since executions were usually carried out with a guillotine. To get around this the executioners fabricated a crude garotte using a meathook and pieces of rope by which each traitor was suspended until dead by strangulation. This meathook method became the standard for all traitors until the end of Nazi Germany except in the case of the July 20 plotters who were strangled using piano wire instead of rope.
After the war, Manfred Roeder, the Prosecutor in the trial against the Red Orchestra, was charged because of his rôle in that trial, and as a defense, invented the story of the Red Orchestra as an important Soviet espionage ring. Roeder became an informant for the Counter Intelligence Corps.
See also
Computer Game
A game for PC called Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41-45 developed by Tripwire Interactive was released in 2006. Heinrich Müller can refer to Heinrich Müller (Gestapo Heinrich Müller (physiologist The Schwarze Kapelle ( German for Black Orchestra) was a group of conspirators within the German military who plotted to overthrow Adolf Hitler Leopold Trepper ( February 23, 1904 - January 19, 1982) was an organizer of the Soviet Spy ring ''Rote Kapelle'' Red Orchestra Ostfront 41-45 is a tactical First-person shooter Computer game developed by Tripwire Interactive. Tripwire Interactive is a game development studio based in Roswell GA formed by members of the team that created the acclaimed Unreal Tournament 2004 mod The game is based around fighting between German and Soviet troops during World War II.
References
- ^ Trepper, Leopold (1977). The Great Game. McGraw-Hill, Inc. , 426. ISBN 0-07-065146-9.
External links
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