Red Dwarf
Red Dwarf logo
Format	Science fiction Sitcom
Created by	Grant Naylor (Rob Grant and Doug Naylor)
Starring	Chris Barrie Craig Charles Danny John-Jules Norman Lovett Hattie Hayridge Robert Llewellyn Chloë Annett
Country of origin	United Kingdom
No. Grant Naylor was the collective name used by writers Rob Grant and Doug Naylor for their collaborative work particularly the television series Robert Grant is a British Comedy writer and Television producer, who was born in Salford and studied Psychology at Liverpool Doug Naylor is a British Comedy writer Science fiction writer and Television producer. Chris Barrie (born March 28, 1960) is a British Actor. He first achieved success as a vocal impressionist, notably in the Craig Charles (born 11 July, 1964 in Liverpool, England) is an English Actor, Stand up comedian, Author Daniel "Danny" John-Jules (born September 16, 1960) is a British Actor and Dancer Early life He was Norman Lovett (born October 31 1946) is a British Stand-up comedian and Actor, best known for the role of Holly in Harriet "Hattie" Hayridge (b December 17, 1959, Middlesex, England is a British stand-up comedienne and Actor Robert Llewellyn (born 10 March 1956 in Northampton, England) is an English actor presenter Chloë Victoria Annett is an English actress, born in London on July 25 1971. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located of series	8
No.  of episodes	52 (List of episodes)
Production
Running time	30 mins
Broadcast
Original channel	BBC2
Original run	15 February 1988 – 5 April 1999
External links
Official website
IMDb profile
TV.com summary

Red Dwarf is a British science fiction comedy franchise, primarily comprising eight series of a television sitcom that ran on BBC2 between 1988 and 1999 and subsequently achieved a global cult following. This is a list of television episodes from the Science fiction sitcom television series Red Dwarf. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Science fiction first appeared on Television during the Golden age of science fiction, first in Britain (UK and then in the United States Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and A media franchise is an Intellectual property involving the characters, setting, and Trademarks of an original work of media (usually The year 1988 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1988. The year 1999 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1999. A cult following is a group of fans devoted to a specific area of Pop culture. It was created and written by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor. Robert Grant is a British Comedy writer and Television producer, who was born in Salford and studied Psychology at Liverpool Doug Naylor is a British Comedy writer Science fiction writer and Television producer. The show originated from a recurring sketch, Dave Hollins: Space Cadet, in the mid-1980s BBC Radio 4 comedy show Son of Cliché, also scripted by Grant and Naylor. Dave Hollins Space Cadet was a series of sketches on the BBC Radio 4 series Son of Cliché, produced by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor Son Of Cliché was a comedy sketch show broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between 1983 and 1985 The sketches were written by Rob Grant In addition to the television series, there have also been four bestselling novels, two pilot episodes for an American version of the show, and tie-in books, magazines and other merchandise. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A television pilot is a test episode of an intended Television series.

Despite the pastiche of science fiction used as a backdrop, Red Dwarf is primarily a character-driven comedy, with off-the-wall science fiction elements used as complementary plot devices. The word pastiche describes a literary or other artistic Genre. A plot device is an element introduced into a story solely to advance or resolve the plot of the story In the early series episodes, a recurring source of comedy was The "Odd Couple" relationship between Dave Lister and Arnold Rimmer, the two central characters of the show, who have an intense dislike for each other but are trapped together deep in space. David "Dave" Lister (commonly referred to simply as Lister) is a Fictional character from the British Science fiction Situation Arnold Judas Rimmer BSC SSC is a Fictional character in the Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf, played by Chris

The show's highest accolade came in 1994, when an episode from the sixth series, "Gunmen of the Apocalypse", won an International Emmy Award in the Popular Arts category. The year 1994 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1994. Gunmen of the Apocalypse is the International Emmy Award -winning third episode of Science fiction Sit-com Red Dwarf Series VI In the same year the show was also awarded 'Best BBC Comedy series' at the British Comedy Awards, and attracted its highest ratings — of over eight million viewers — by the eighth series in 1999. The British Comedy Awards is an annual awards ceremony in the United Kingdom celebrating notable comedians and entertainment performances of the previous year

The current state of the franchise remains uncertain. The series is unlikely to return to the BBC after it turned down proposals for a ninth series, and a big screen version of the show has often been promised, but has struggled to secure sufficient funding.

Setting and plot

See also: List of Red Dwarf episodes and Red Dwarf ships

The original Red Dwarf ship model as used for the first five series. This is a list of television episodes from the Science fiction sitcom television series Red Dwarf. The British sci-fi comedy Red Dwarf prominently features many different spaceships'.

The main setting of the series is the mining spaceship Red Dwarf^[1] which is 6 miles (10 km) long, 5 miles (8 km) tall, and 4 miles (6 km) wide. The British sci-fi comedy Red Dwarf prominently features many different spaceships'. ^[2] In the first episode, an on-board radiation leak of cadmium II kills everyone except for low-ranking technician Dave Lister, who is in suspended animation at the time, and his pregnant cat, Frankenstein, who is safely sealed in the cargo hold. Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 David "Dave" Lister (commonly referred to simply as Lister) is a Fictional character from the British Science fiction Situation ^[3] Following the accident, the ship's computer Holly has to keep Lister in stasis until the background radiation dies down — a process that takes three million years. Holly is the ship's Computer on the Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf. ^[3] Lister therefore emerges as the last human being in the universe — but not the only life form on-board the ship. ^[4] His former bunkmate and immediate superior Arnold Rimmer is resurrected by Holly as a hologram to keep Lister sane, while a creature known only as Cat is the last known surviving member of Felis sapiens, a race of humanoids that evolved in the ship's hold from Lister's cat, Frankenstein, and her kittens during the millions of years that Lister was in stasis. Arnold Judas Rimmer BSC SSC is a Fictional character in the Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf, played by Chris A volumetric display device is a graphical Display device that forms a visual representation of an object in three physical dimensions, as opposed to the planar image The Cat is a character in the British Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf. Felis sapiens (designated Felix sapiens by Kryten 's replacement Hudzen-10 in the episode The Last Day) are a fictional ^[4]

The main dramatic thrust of the early series is Lister's desire to return home to Earth. ^[5] As their journey begins, the not-so-intrepid crew encounters such phenomena as time distortions, faster than light travel, mutant diseases and strange lifeforms that developed in the intervening millions of years. ^[5] During the second series, the group encounter the sanitation mechanoid Kryten, rescuing him from a long-since crashed vessel. An android is a Robot designed to resemble a human usually both in appearance and behavior Kryten (full name Kryten 2X4B-523P) is a Fictional character in the British Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf ^[6] Initially, Kryten only appeared in one episode of series two, but by the beginning of series three he had become a regular character. " Kryten " is the seventh episode from Science fiction Sit-com Red Dwarf, the first from series two and was first broadcast on ^[7] At the end of series five, Red Dwarf itself is stolen from the crew, forcing them to travel in the smaller Starbug craft for the subsequent two series, with the added side-effect that they lose contact with Holly. The British sci-fi comedy Red Dwarf prominently features many different spaceships'. ^[8] In series seven, Rimmer departs the crew to take up the role of his alter-ego from a parallel universe, Ace Rimmer, whose name has become a long-standing legend and a legacy passed down from dimension to dimension. This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister Shortly afterwards, the crew find a parallel version of themselves from a universe in which Kristine Kochanski, Lister's former girlfriend, was the person put into stasis and so became the last remaining human. Kristine Z Kochanski is a Fictional character from the British Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf. ^[9] A complicated series of events leaves Kochanski stranded in "our" universe, and she is forced to join the crew. ^[9]

In the eighth series, Red Dwarf is reconstructed by the nanobots who had originally stolen it and had it broken down into its constituent atoms. Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or Robots at or close to the microscopic scale of a Nanometres (10-9 Metres. ^[10] In the process, the entire crew of the ship — including a pre-accident Rimmer — are resurrected, but the Starbug crew find themselves sentenced to two years in the ship's brig on a set of convoluted charges. In nautical terms, a brig is a vessel with two square-rigged masts ^[10] The series ends with Red Dwarf being eaten away by a virus with the crew evacuated, save for Rimmer who is, in the cliffhanger ending, left stranded alone to face Death (and promptly knees him in the groin and flees). In English Death is often given the name the " Grim Reaper " and shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large Scythe, and wearing a midnight black gown robe ^[11]

Characters and actors

Main article: Red Dwarf characters

The original cast, Danny John-Jules, Craig Charles, Chris Barrie and Norman Lovett, in a scene from Series II. This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister

Dave Lister, played by Craig Charles,^[12] is a genial Liverpudlian and self-described bum. David "Dave" Lister (commonly referred to simply as Lister) is a Fictional character from the British Science fiction Situation Craig Charles (born 11 July, 1964 in Liverpool, England) is an English Actor, Stand up comedian, Author Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary He was the lowest-ranking crew member on the ship before the accident and has a long-standing desire to return to Earth and start a farm on Fiji, but is left impossibly far away by the accident that renders him the last surviving member of the human race. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य ^[13]

His bunk mate Arnold Rimmer, played by Chris Barrie,^[12] is a fussy, bureaucratic, neurotic coward, who is nevertheless judged by Holly to have the highest chance of keeping Lister sane when chosen to be the ship's one available hologram. Arnold Judas Rimmer BSC SSC is a Fictional character in the Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf, played by Chris Chris Barrie (born March 28, 1960) is a British Actor. He first achieved success as a vocal impressionist, notably in the Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government This article describes the term in psychology For the experimental metal band see Neurosis (band. ^[14]

Cat, played by Danny John-Jules,^[12] is a humanoid creature who evolved from the offspring of Lister's smuggled pet cat Frankenstein. The Cat is a character in the British Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf. Daniel "Danny" John-Jules (born September 16, 1960) is a British Actor and Dancer Early life He was Cat is concerned with little other than sleeping, eating and fawning over his appearance, and tends not to socialise with other members of the crew. As time goes by, however, he becomes more influenced by his human companions, and so begins to resemble a stylish yet dimwitted human. ^[15]

The ship's computer, Holly (played by Norman Lovett during Series I, II, VII and VIII^[12] and Hattie Hayridge in Series III to V),^[16] has an IQ of 6,000, although this is severely depleted by the three million years he/she is left alone after the accident, having developed "computer senility". Holly is the ship's Computer on the Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf. Norman Lovett (born October 31 1946) is a British Stand-up comedian and Actor, best known for the role of Holly in Harriet "Hattie" Hayridge (b December 17, 1959, Middlesex, England is a British stand-up comedienne and Actor An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different Standardized tests attempting to measure Intelligence. The change in appearance for Series III is explained by Holly having changed his face to resemble that of a computer from a parallel universe with whom he'd fallen in love. ^[17]

Kryten, full name Kryten 2X4B-523P (played by Robert Llewellyn from Series III onwards,^[12] and as a one-off appearance in Series II by David Ross),^[16] was rescued by the crew from a crashed spaceship Nova 5, upon which he had continued to serve the ship's crew despite them having been dead for thousands or even millions of years. Kryten (full name Kryten 2X4B-523P) is a Fictional character in the British Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf Robert Llewellyn (born 10 March 1956 in Northampton, England) is an English actor presenter David Ross (born 1945 in Blackburn, Lancashire) is an English actor who has worked in drama cinema and television Kryten is a sanitation mechanoid and when first encountered by the crew, he was bound by his "behavioural protocols", but Lister gradually encouraged him to break his programming and think for himself. After an accident involving Lister's spacebike, Kryten was rebuilt by Lister, with a slightly different appearance and voice. ^[18]

Kristine Kochanski (originally portrayed by Clare Grogan before Chloë Annett took on the role from Series VII)^[16] was initially a long-gone girlfriend of Lister's whose memory he had cherished ever since. Kristine Z Kochanski is a Fictional character from the British Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf. Chloë Victoria Annett is an English actress, born in London on July 25 1971. ^[19] However, a rift between two alternative dimensions revealed that, in the alternative dimension, Kochanski had survived the Red Dwarf cadmium II accident. She joined Lister and the crew after the link to her own dimension collapsed. ^[9]

The cast of Series VIII. From left to right: Chris Barrie, Robert Llewellyn, Chloë Annett, Craig Charles and Danny John-Jules. Norman Lovett, not visible, returned as part of the cast.

In addition to the main characters, other characters have come and gone, and even come back again. Captain Frank Hollister (played by Mac McDonald)^[16] died in the original cadmium II accident and was revived later on when the nanobots re-built the Red Dwarf ship. This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister For the fast food pioneer Maurice "Mac" McDonald see Dick and Mac McDonald. ^[10] Olaf Petersen (played by Mark Williams)^[16] was one of Lister's drinking buddies on the ship. This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister Mark Williams (born 17 June 1959 is an English Actor, Comedian, Scriptwriter and presenter Lister's other drinking buddies were Selby and Chen (played by David Gillespie and Paul Bradley, respectively). This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister ^[16] When Lister and Rimmer were imprisoned, and then enrolled in the conscript/suicide mission unit known as the Canaries, they socialised with the likes of Kill Crazy (played by Jake Wood)^[16] and Baxter (played by Ricky Grover)^[16] and both were on hand to help out with problems. This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister Jake Dylan Wood (born 12 July, 1972 in London) is an English actor best known for playing Max Branning on " East Enders " Ricky Grover is a British performer born in the East End of London. Warden Ackerman (played by Graham McTavish) would also turn up to torment the imprisoned pair. This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister Graham McTavish is a British television actor He has played the character Warden Ackerman in Red Dwarf in five episodes of series 8 ^[16]

Production

The first series aired on BBC2 in 1988. Seven further series have so far been produced,^[7] and a film has been in development hell almost continually since before the last series in 1999. "Development hell" is media-industry Jargon for a Film, Television Screenplay, Computer program, Concept, or ^[20]

Concept and commission

The concept for the show was originally developed from the sketch-series Dave Hollins: Space Cadet on the BBC Radio 4 show Son of Cliché in the mid-1980s, written by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor. Dave Hollins Space Cadet was a series of sketches on the BBC Radio 4 series Son of Cliché, produced by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor Son Of Cliché was a comedy sketch show broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between 1983 and 1985 The sketches were written by Rob Grant Robert Grant is a British Comedy writer and Television producer, who was born in Salford and studied Psychology at Liverpool Doug Naylor is a British Comedy writer Science fiction writer and Television producer. ^[21] Their influences came from movies and television programmes such as Alien (1979), Dark Star (1974) and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1981),^[7] but also had a large element of British-style comedy and satire thrown into the mix, ultimately moulded into the form of a sitcom. Alien is a 1979 science fiction / Horror film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Sigourney Weaver. Dark Star is a 1974 Sci-fi Tongue-in-cheek comedy Motion picture directed by John Carpenter and co-written with Dan O'Bannon The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy series Having first written the pilot script in 1983, the former Spitting Image writers had hawked their unusual and original script around but it was rejected by everyone at the BBC, as it was believed a sitcom based around science fiction would not be popular. Spitting Image was a British satirical Puppet show that ran on the ITV television network from 1984 to 1996 ^[21]

It was finally accepted by BBC North in 1986, a result of a spare budget being assigned for a second series of Happy Families that would never arise, and producer Paul Jackson's insistence that Red Dwarf should be filmed instead. This article is about the 1985 comedy series written by Ben Elton Kevin Paul Jackson (born 2 October 1947) credited as Paul Jackson; sometimes as K ^[22] The show was lucky to be remounted after an electrician's strike partway through rehearsals shut the entire production down. An electrician is a Tradesman specializing in electrical wiring of buildings and related equipment Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. ^[23] The pilot episode finally made it onto television screens on 15 February 1988. " The End " is the Pilot episode of Science fiction Sit-com Red Dwarf which was first broadcast on the British Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) ^[7]

Casting

Alan Rickman and Alfred Molina had auditioned for roles in the series, with Molina actually being cast as Rimmer. Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (born 21 February 1946 is a Tony Award - nominated English Film, Television and stage actor Alfred Molina (born 24 May 1953 is a Tony Award -nominated British / American Actor. ^[24][25] However, after Molina had difficulties with the concept of the series, and of his role in particular, the role was recast and filled by Chris Barrie. Chris Barrie (born March 28, 1960) is a British Actor. He first achieved success as a vocal impressionist, notably in the Barrie was a professional voice-actor and impressionist who had previously worked with both the writers on Spitting Image, and with the producers on Happy Families and Jasper Carrott productions. Spitting Image was a British satirical Puppet show that ran on the ITV television network from 1984 to 1996 Jasper Carrott OBE (born Robert Norman Davis, March 14 1945) is an English comedian (declaring himself "world famous in ^[25] Craig Charles, a Liverpudlian "punk poet", was given the role of Dave Lister. Craig Charles (born 11 July, 1964 in Liverpool, England) is an English Actor, Stand up comedian, Author He was approached by the production team for his opinion about the 'Cat' character, as they were concerned it may be considered by people as racist. ^[26] Charles described the character as 'pretty cool' and after reading the script he decided he wanted to audition for the part of Dave Lister. ^[23] Laconic stand up comedian Norman Lovett, who had originally tried out for the role of Rimmer, was kept in the show as Holly, the senile computer of the titular ship. Stand-up comedy is a style of comedy where the performer speaks directly to the audience with the absence of the theatrical " Fourth wall " Norman Lovett (born October 31 1946) is a British Stand-up comedian and Actor, best known for the role of Holly in Holly is the ship's Computer on the Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf. ^[26] A professional dancer and singer, Danny John-Jules, arriving famously late for his appointment, stood out as the Cat immediately. Daniel "Danny" John-Jules (born September 16, 1960) is a British Actor and Dancer Early life He was The Cat is a character in the British Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf. This was partly due to his "cool" exterior, dedicated research (reading Desmond Morris's book Catwatching), and he showed up in character, wearing his father's 1950s-style suit. For the Australian rugby league footballer coach and administrator see Des Morris Desmond John Morris (born 24 January 1928 ^[26]

Writing, producing, and directing

Grant and Naylor wrote the first six series together (using the pseudonym Grant Naylor on the first two novels and later as the name of their production company, although never on the episodes themselves). ^[27] Grant left in 1995,^[7] to pursue other projects,^[28] leaving Naylor to write the final two series with a group of new writers, including Paul Alexander and actor Robert Llewellyn who portrayed the character Kryten. ^[29]

For the most part, Ed Bye produced and directed the series. Edward Richard Morrison Bye is a British film and TV producer and director He left before Series V due to a scheduling clash (he ending up directing a series starring his wife, Ruby Wax) so Juliet May took over as director. Ruby Wax (born Ruby Wachs; April 19, 1953) is an American Comedian who made a Career in the United Kingdom ^[30] May parted ways with the show halfway through the series for personal and professional reasons and Grant and Naylor took over direction of the series, in addition to writing and producing. ^[31] Series VI was directed by Andy de Emmony, and Ed Bye returned to direct Series VII and VIII. Series I, II and III were made by Paul Jackson Productions, with subsequent series produced by the writers' own company Grant Naylor Productions for BBC North. All eight series were broadcast on BBC2. At the beginning of Series IV, production moved from the BBC's Manchester studios to Shepperton. Shepperton Studios, located in Shepperton, Surrey, England is a film studio with a long history of film making ^[32]

The theme tune and incidental music were written and performed by Howard Goodall, with the distinctive vocals on the closing theme tune courtesy of Jenna Russell. Howard Goodall (born 26 May 1958) is a British Composer of musicals choral music and Jenna Russell (born 5 October 1967) is a critically acclaimed English actress and singer Goodall also wrote music for the show's various songs, including "Tongue Tied", with lyrics written by Grant and Naylor,^[33] which Danny John-Jules re-orchestrated and released as a Top 20 UK single. ^[34]

Hiatus, changes, and future prospects

A period of three years elapsed between Series VI and VII, partly due to the parting of the Grant and Naylor partnership, but also due to cast and crew working on other projects. ^[28] When the series eventually returned, it was filmised and no longer shot in front of a live audience, allowing for greater use of four-walled sets, location shooting and single camera techniques. Filmizing (aka Film look, Filmlook) is a generic and informal term referring to a process which makes Video productions appear as if they Location shooting is the practice of Filming in an actual setting rather than on a Sound stage or back lot. The single-camera setup (aka single-camera mode of production is a method of shooting films and television programs ^[35] When the show returned for its eighth series two years later, it had dropped use of the filmising process and restored the live audience. ^[36]

The possibility of a new series received a setback when the BBC had rejected proposals for a Series IX. Doug Naylor confirmed that the BBC decided not to renew the series as they preferred to work on other things. ^[37] However, new animated mobisodes have been made available to mobile phone subscribers. Mobisode is a term first coined by Daniel Tibbets then trademarked by his employer Fox Broadcasting Company, for a broadcast Television episode specially ^[38]

Remastered

Main article: Red Dwarf Remastered

In 1998, on the tenth anniversary of the show's first airing (and between the broadcast of Series VII and VIII), the first three series of Red Dwarf were remastered and released on VHS. Red Dwarf Remastered was an attempt in the mid-1990s to bring the first three series of TV Comedy Red Dwarf up-to-date Mastering, a form of audio Post-production, is the process of preparing and transferring recorded audio from a source containing the final mix to a Data storage device The remastering included replacing model shots with computer graphics, cutting certain dialogue and scenes,^[39] re-filming Norman Lovett's Holly footage, creating a consistent set of opening titles, replacing music and creating ambient sound effects with a digital master. ^[40] The remastered series were released in a 4 disc DVD boxset "The Bodysnatcher Collection" in 2007. ^[41]

Themes

The episode "Polymorph" parodied the 1979 Alien film

Red Dwarf was founded on a standard sitcom trope: namely, a disparate and frequently dysfunctional group of individuals living together in a restricted setting. Alien is a 1979 science fiction / Horror film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Sigourney Weaver. With the main characters routinely displaying their cowardice, incompetence and laziness, while exchanging insulting and sarcastic dialogue, the series provided a humorous antidote to the fearless and morally-upright space explorers typically found in science fiction shows, such as Star Trek. ^[7] The increasing science fiction elements of the series were treated seriously by Grant and Naylor. Satire, parody and drama were alternately woven into the episodes, referencing other - not always science fiction - television shows, films and books. ^[42] These have included references to the likes of 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968),^[43] Top Gun (1986),^[44] RoboCop (1987), Star Wars (1977),^[45] Citizen Kane (1942),^[46] The Wild One (1953), Rebel Without a Cause (1955), Easy Rider (1969),^[47] The Terminator (1984)^[48] and Pride and Prejudice (1813). 2001 A Space Odyssey is a 1968 Science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C Top Gun is a 1986 American Film directed by Tony Scott and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer in association with RoboCop is a 1987 Cyberpunk film directed by Paul Verhoeven. The film features Peter Weller, Dan O'Herlihy, Kurtwood Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded Citizen Kane ( 1941) is an American Dramatic film, and the first Feature film directed by Orson Welles, who also co-authored The Wild One is a 1953 Outlaw biker film directed by László Benedek. Rebel Without a Cause is a 1955 film directed by Nicholas Ray that tells the story of a rebellious teenager played by James Dean, Easy Rider, a 1969 American Road movie written by Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper and Terry Southern. The Terminator is a 1984 science fiction / Action film directed and co-written by James Cameron. Pride and Prejudice, first published on 28 January 1813, is the most famous of Jane Austen 's novels and one of the first " romantic ^[49]

The writers even based the whole theme of an episode on a film's plot. The Series III episode "Polymorph" references and parodies key moments from Alien (1979),^[45] Series IV's "Camille" echoes key scenes from Casablanca (1942),^[50] and "Meltdown" borrows the main plot from Westworld (1973). " Polymorph " is the third episode of Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf Series III and the fifteenth in the series run Alien is a 1979 science fiction / Horror film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Sigourney Weaver. " Camille " is the first episode of Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf Series IV and the nineteenth episode in the series run Casablanca ( is an American Romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman and " Meltdown " is the sixth and final episode of Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf Series IV and the twenty fourth episode in the WestWorld of Scottsdale popularly shortened to WestWorld is a sports and convention complex located in Scottsdale Arizona. ^[51] But the series does not limit its themes to movies or television; historical events and figures have also been referenced and even integrated as part of an episode. ^[52] Religion also plays a part in the series, as a significant factor in the ultimate fate of the Cat race, and the perception of Lister as their "God". ^[53] Religion is turned on its head as mundane things are shown to acquire deep religious significance. The dispute over the colour of cardboard hats in Lister's fantasy doughnut diner (which has become the Cat version of Paradise) sparks the holy war that almost annihilates the species. The series also makes a literary reference to the Samuel Beckett play Waiting for Godot in the Waiting for God episode. Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet Waiting for Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett, in which two characters wait for someone named Godot who never arrives " Waiting For God " is the fourth episode from Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf series one The episode titled Ouroboros derives its name and theme from the ancient mythological snake by the same name. " Ouroboros " is the third episode of Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf Series VII and the 39th in the series run

The series also explores many sci-fi staples such as time-travel paradoxes (grandfather paradox), the question of determinism and free will (on several episodes), the pursuit of happiness in virtual reality and crucially to the show's premise of Lister being the last human, the near certainty of the human species' extinction some time in the far future. This article refers to the Time travel paradox In novels based on the television series Doctor Who, "Grandfather Paradox" is the semi-mythical Determinism is the philosophical Proposition that every event including human cognition and behaviour decision and action is causally determined The question of free will

Hallmarks

The series developed its own distinct vocabulary. Words and phrases such as hologrammatic, Dollarpound, Felis sapiens, rogue simulants, GELF, space weevil and Zero G football (and kickboxing) appear throughout the series, highlighting a development in language, political climate, technology, evolution and culture in the future. Holography (from the Greek, ὅλος - hólos whole + γραφή - grafē writing drawing is a technique that allows the Felis sapiens (designated Felix sapiens by Kryten 's replacement Hudzen-10 in the episode The Last Day) are a fictional This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister GELF or simply GELF is an acronym for '''G'''enetically '''E'''ngineered '''L'''ife'''F'''orm. ^[54] The creators also employed a vocabulary of fictional expletives in order to avoid using potentially-offensive expletives in the show, and to give nuance to futuristic colloquial language. The word expletive is currently used in three senses syntactic expletives, expletive attributives, and "bad language". 'Smeg', gimp, gimboid, goit, and variants of smeg like smegging, smegger and smeg-head were used. "Smeg" is a mild Vulgarism which reached prominence through its use as a supposedly inoffensive expletive in the British sci-fi / sit-com ^[55]

Reception and achievements

Mixed reactions

The changes that were made to the series' cast, setting, creative teams and even production values from series to series have meant that opinions differ greatly between fans, and critics alike, as to the quality of certain series. ^[56][7] In the 'Great Red Dwarf Debate', published in volume 2 issue 3 of the Red Dwarf Smegazine, science fiction writers Steve Lyons and Joe Nazzaro both argued on the pros and cons of the early series' against the later series'. Lyons stated that what the show "once had was a unique balance of sci-fi comedy, which worked magnificently. "^[57] Nazarro agreed that "the first two series are very original and very funny", but went on to say that "it wasn't until Series III that the show hit its stride. "^[58] Series VI is regarded as a continuation of the 'Monster of the week' philosophy of Series V, which was nevertheless visually impressive. " Villain of the week " (or depending on genre " monster of the week " or " freak of the ^[59] Discussions revolve around the quality of Series VI, seen by viewers as just as good as the earlier series',^[60] but has been criticised as a descent into formulaic comedy with an unwelcome change of setting. ^[61]

The changes seen in Series VII were seen as a disappointment; while much slicker and higher-budget in appearance, the shift away from outright sitcom and into something approaching comedy drama was seen as a move in the wrong direction. Comedy-drama, also called dramedy and dramatic-comedy, is a style of Television and movies in which there is an equal or nearly equal balance ^[9] Furthermore, the attempt to shift back into traditional sitcom format for Series VIII was greeted with a response that was similarly lukewarm. ^[7] There was criticism aimed at the decision to resurrect the entire crew of Red Dwarf, as it was felt this detracted from the series' central premise of Lister being the last human being alive. ^[62] There are critics who feel that Series VII and VIII are no weaker than the earlier series,^[63][64] and the topic is the subject of constant fervent debate among the show's fanbase. ^[7]

Achievements

The series began with rather poor ratings, although gathering over five million viewers for the pilot episode, this soon trailed off. ^[65] Through to Series VI the ratings had steadily increased and peaked at over six million viewers,^[28] achieved with the episode "Gunmen of the Apocalypse". ^[66] When the series returned in 1999 it gained the highest audience figures yet - over eight million viewers tuned in for Series VIII's opening episode "Back in the Red: Part I". " Back in the Red " is a three-part episode of Science fiction Sit-com Red Dwarf Series VIII ^[67] In its eight-series history, the series has won numerous awards including the Royal Television Society Award for special effects, the British Science Fiction award for Best Dramatic Presentation, as well as an International Emmy. The Royal Television Society (commonly known in the television industry as the RTS) is a British -based society for the discussion analysis and preservation of The British Science Fiction Association was founded in 1958 by a group of British science fiction fans, authors publishers and booksellers in order to encourage Science ^[68] The International Emmy Award achieved for Series VI episode "Gunmen of the Apocalypse", which tied with Absolutely Fabulous' episode "Hospital" in the Popular Arts category. Absolutely Fabulous (also known as Ab Fab) was a BAFTA and Emmy Award -winning British sitcom written by and starring ^[69] The show had also been nominated for the International Emmy Award in 1987, 1989, and 1992. ^[69] Series VI won a British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award for "Best British Comedy Series". The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA is a British charity that hosts annual awards shows for film television television craft video games and forms of animation ^[69] The video sales have won eight Gold Awards from the British Video Association,^[70] and the series still holds the record for being BBC2's longest running, highest rated sitcom. ^[71] In 2007 the series was voted 'Best Sci-Fi show of all time' by the readers of Radio Times magazine. For the US radio series see WHYY-FM. Radio Times is the BBC 's weekly Television and Radio programme Editor Gill Hudson stated that this result had surprised them as "the show hadn't broadcast any new episodes this century". ^[72]

Spin-offs and merchandise

The show's logo and characters have appeared on things ranging from t-shirts^[73] to novels. ^[74] In October 2006 an Interactive Quiz DVD entitled Red Dwarf: Beat The Geek was released and hosted by Norman Lovett and Hattie Hayridge, both reprising their roles as Holly. A DVD TV game (or DVDi, "DVD interactive" is a standalone game that can be played on a set-top DVD player. ^[75] The song "Tongue Tied", which featured in the episode "Parallel Universe", was released in 1993 as a single and became a top 20 UK hit for Danny John Jules (under the name 'The Cat'). " Parallel Universe " is the sixth and last episode of Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf series two and the twelfth in the series run ^[34] Stage plays of the show have been produced through Blak Yak, a theatre group in Perth, Western Australia, who were given permission by Grant Naylor Productions to mount stage versions of certain episodes in 2002, 2004 and 2006. Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. ^{[76][77][78][79]}

Novels

The first novel - Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers

The franchise has expanded to include four novels - Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers (1989), Better Than Life (1990), Last Human (1995) and Backwards (1996) - becoming best sellers. Red Dwarf (often referred to as Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers to differentiate from the television series is a book written by Rob Grant Better Than Life is a Science fiction Comedy novel by Grant Naylor the collective name for Red Dwarf creator/writers Rob Grant and Last Human is the title of a 1995 Science fiction Comedy Novel written by Doug Naylor. This article is about the novel by Grant Naylor. For a definition of the word "backwards" see the Wiktionary entry backwards ^[80] Rather than adapting the show outright, the books provided yet another, idealised version of the series' backstory. They reinterpreted and repositioned elements from past episodes, and even introduced ideas that would later be used in the television show. ^[81]

Both authors were working together on a sequel to Better than Life, called The Last Human, but Grant had decided to go it alone and do other things besides Red Dwarf. Still owing Penguin Publishing two more Red Dwarf novels, Grant and Naylor decided to each work alone on a novel. Penguin Books is a British Publisher founded in 1935 by Allen Lane. Two completely different, contradicting sequels were made as a result. Last Human, Naylor, added Kochanski to the crew and places more emphasis on the science-fiction and plot elements, while Backwards, by Grant, was more in keeping with the previous two novels, borrowing more extensively from established television stories. ^[28]

An Omnibus edition of the first two novels, including edits to the original text and extra material such as the original pilot script of the TV series, was released in 1992. ^[81] The novels have been published in audiobook format; the first two were read by Chris Barrie,^[82][83] Last Human was read by Craig Charles,^[84] and Backwards was read by its author Rob Grant. ^[85]

DVD and VHS releases

For the initial release of the VHS editions, Red Dwarf episodes were separated and two tapes were released for each series, labelled "byte one" and "byte two". These videos were named after the first episode of the three presented on the tape, as was typical with other BBC video releases at the time. However, on occasions the BBC decided to ignore the original running order and use the most popular episodes from the series to maximise sales of the videos. For Series V "Quarantine" and "Back to Reality" were given top billing on their respective video release, while episodes "Waiting for God" and "Confidence and Paranoia" from the Series I release were swapped around from their original broadcast order. " Quarantine " is the fourth episode of Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf Series V and the twenty eighth in the series run Back to Reality was a Reality television show featuring reality television stars from previous reality television programmes " Waiting For God " is the fourth episode from Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf series one " Confidence and Paranoia " is the fifth episode from series one of the Science fiction Sit-com Red Dwarf. ^[86] Future releases would increasingly observe authenticity with the "original broadcast" context. All eight series were made available on VHS, and three episodes of Series VII were also released as special "Xtended" (sic) versions with extra scenes and no laugh track;^[87] the remastered versions of Series I–III were also released individually and in a complete box-set. Red Dwarf Remastered was an attempt in the mid-1990s to bring the first three series of TV Comedy Red Dwarf up-to-date ^[88][89][90] Finally, two outtake videos were released, Smeg Ups in 1994, and its sequel Smeg Outs in 1995. A blooper usually describes a short sequence of a film or video production which contains a mistake made by a member of the cast or crew ^[91][92]

The eight series have since been released on DVD in Region 1, 2 and 4, with each release from Series III onwards being accompanied by an original documentary about the making of each respective series, and a bonus disc of extra material. DVD video discs may be encoded with a region code restricting the area of the world in which they can be played DVD video discs may be encoded with a region code restricting the area of the world in which they can be played DVD video discs may be encoded with a region code restricting the area of the world in which they can be played ^[93] Regions 2 and 4 have also seen the release of two Just The Shows, digipack boxsets containing the episodes from Series I–IV (Volume 1) and V-VIII (Volume 2) with static menus and no extras. ^[94][95] Red Dwarf: The Bodysnatcher Collection, containing the 1997 remastered episodes, as well as new documentaries for Series I and II, was released in 2007. This release showcased a storyboard construction of "Bodysnatcher", an unfinished script from 1987, which was finally completed in 2007 by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor who were working together for the first time since 1993. ^[41]

Magazine

Rimmer with a greyscale appearance

The Red Dwarf Magazine - the magazine part of the title changed to 'Smegazine' from issue 3 - was launched in 1992 by Fleetway Editions. Fleetway, also known as Fleetway Publications and Fleetway Editions, was a publishing company mainly producing comic magazines for the UK. It comprised of a mix of news, reviews, interviews, comic strips and competitions. The comic strips featured episode adaptations and original material, including further stories of popular characters like the Polymorph and Ace Rimmer.

The comic strip stories were notable for the fact that hologramatics, predominately Rimmer, were drawn in greyscale. In Computing, a grayscale or greyscale Digital image is an image in which the value of each Pixel This was at the request of Grant and Naylor, who had wanted to use the technique for the television series, but the process was deemed too expensive to produce. ^[96] Despite achieving circulation figures of over 40,000 per month,^[96] the magazine's publisher decided to close the title down to concentrate on their other publications. ^[28] A farewell issue was published, cover dated January 1994, and featured the remaining interviews, features and comic strips that were to feature in the following issues. ^[97]

U. S. version

A pilot episode for an American version (known as Red Dwarf USA) was produced through Universal Studios with the intention of broadcasting on NBC in 1992. A television pilot is a test episode of an intended Television series. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's ^[98] The show essentially followed the same story as the first episode of the original series, using American actors for three of the roles,^[99] Craig Bierko as Lister, Chris Eigeman as Rimmer, and Hinton Battle as Cat. " The End " is the Pilot episode of Science fiction Sit-com Red Dwarf which was first broadcast on the British Craig Philip Bierko (born August 18, 1964) is an American Actor. Chris Eigeman (born March 1, 1965 in Denver Colorado) is an American Actor best known for roles in the Whit Stillman films Hinton G Battle (born 29 November 1956) is an American Actor, Dancer, and dance instructor ^[100] Exceptions to this being Llewellyn, who reprised his role as Kryten, and the British actress Jane Leeves who played Holly. Jane Leeves (born April 18, 1961) is a Screen Actors Guild Award winning English actress best known for her work as Daphne Moon ^[100] It was written by Linwood Boomer and directed by Jeffrey Melman,^[100] with Grant and Naylor onboard as creators and executive producers. Linwood Boomer (born October 9, 1955) is a Canadian television producer writer actor and creator of the Fox television series Malcolm Jeff Melman is an American Television producer and director. Melman has directed for several present-day network television series ^[101] During filming of the pilot the audience reaction was good and it was felt that the story had been well received. ^[101]

The studio executives were not entirely happy with the pilot, especially the casting, but decided to give the project another chance with Grant and Naylor in charge. ^[102] The intention was to shoot a 'promo video' for the show in a small studio described by the writers as 'a garage'. ^[101] New cast members were hired for the roles of Cat and Rimmer;^[101] Terry Farrell and Anthony Fuscle respectively. Terry Farrell (born November 19 1963 is an American actress and former fashion model best known for her roles in the television series Star Trek Deep Space Nine ^[100] With a small budget and deadline, new scenes were quickly shot and mixed in with existing footage of the pilot and UK Series V episodes. ^[101] Despite the re-shoots and re-casting, the option on the pilot was not picked up. ^[101]

The Movie

Since the end of the eighth series in 1999, Doug Naylor has been attempting to make a feature length version of the show. A final draft of the script was written, by Naylor, and flyers began circulating around certain websites. A flyer (also spelled flier or called handbill) is a single page leaflet Advertising a Nightclub, event, service, or other The flyer was genuine and had been distributed by Winchester Films to market the movie overseas. ^[103] Plot details were included as part of the teaser. It was set in the distant future where Homo sapienoids - a fearsome flesh machine hybrid race - had taken over the solar system and were wiping out the human race. Spaceships that tried to escape Earth were hunted down until only one remained. . . Red Dwarf. ^[104]

Naylor had scouted Australia to get an idea of locations and finance costs, with pre-production beginning in 2004 and filming planned for 2005. ^[104] However, finding sufficient funding has been difficult. Naylor explained at a Red Dwarf Dimension Jump convention that the film had been rejected by the BBC and the British Film Council. Dimension Jump is a roughly annual convention organised by the official Red Dwarf fan club The UK Film Council ( UKFC) was set up in 2000 by the Labour Government as a Non-Departmental Public Body to develop and promote the film industry in the Reasons given for the rejections were that while the script was considered to be funny, it was not what they were looking for at the moment and that the script was deemed "too commercial". ^[105]

Specials

On 14 February 1998, the night before the tenth anniversary of the show's pilot episode broadcast, BBC2 devoted an evening of special programming to the series, under the banner of Red Dwarf Night. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The evening consisted of a mixture of new, specially-recorded content and existing material, and was introduced and linked by famed actor and fan Patrick Stewart. Patrick Hewes Stewart, OBE (born 13 July 1940 is an English Film, Television and stage Actor. In addition, a series of special take-offs on BBC2's famous idents, featuring the "2" logo falling in love with a skutter, were used. Station identification (sometimes called a sounder or stinger) is the practice of any type of Radio or Television station or network This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister ^[87] The night began with Can't Smeg, Won't Smeg, a spoof of the popular cookery programme Can't Cook, Won't Cook, presented by that show's host Ainsley Harriott who had himself earlier appeared in Red Dwarf. Can't Cook Won't Cook was a UK Game show and Cooking programme that was broadcast on BBC1 from 20 November, 1995 to Ainsley Harriott (born 28 February 1957 is an English Celebrity chef. Taking place outside the continuity of the series, two teams (Kryten and Lister versus Rimmer and Cat, although Cat quickly departs to be replaced by alter ego Duane Dibbley) were challenged to make the best chicken vindaloo. This is a list of characters from the TV Sitcom Red Dwarf. Major characters David Lister See also Dave Lister The term Vindaloo, derivative of the Portuguese "vinha d'alhos" and also called Vindalho or Vindallo, refers to a popular Indian dish ^[87]

After a compilation bloopers show, featuring out-takes, the next programme was Universe Challenge, a spoof of University Challenge. A blooper usually describes a short sequence of a film or video production which contains a mistake made by a member of the cast or crew University Challenge is a long-running British television quiz show, licensed and produced by Granada Television. Hosted by original University Challenge presenter Bamber Gascoigne. Bamber Gascoigne (born 24 January 1935 in London) is a British Television presenter and Author. The show had a team of knowledgeable Dwarf fans square up against a team consisting of Chris Barrie, Craig Charles, Robert Llewellyn, Chloe Annett and Danny John Jules. ^[87] This was followed by The Red Dwarf A-Z, a half-hour documentary that chose a different aspect of the show to focus on for each letter of the alphabet. Talking heads on the episode included Stephen Hawking, Terry Pratchett, original producer Paul Jackson, and Patrick Stewart. Stephen William Hawking CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942 is a British theoretical physicist. Terence David John Pratchett, OBE (born 28 April 1948 is an English fantasy, Science fiction, and children's author. Kevin Paul Jackson (born 2 October 1947) credited as Paul Jackson; sometimes as K Finally, the night ended with a showing of the Emmy award-winning episode from 1993, "Gunmen of the Apocalypse". ^[87]

See also

• British sitcom
• Britain's Best Sitcom
• List of television series that include time travel
• Hyperdrive

Notes

References

• Dessau, Bruce (1992). The Official Red Dwarf Companion. Titan. ISBN 1-85286-456-7.  
• Howarth, Chris; Steve Lyons (1993). Red Dwarf Programme Guide. Virgin. ISBN 0-86369-682-1.  
• Red Dwarf Smegazine, (March 1992 - January 1994), Fleetway Editions Ltd, ISSN 0965-5603

Further reading

• Alexander, Paul (1995). Red Dwarf Log No. 1996. William Heineman Ltd. ISBN 0-434-00370-0.  
• Burnett, Sharon; Nicky Hooks (1997). A Question of Smeg. Penguin. ISBN 0-140-27070-1.  
• Charles, Craig; Russell Bell (1997). The Log: A Dwarfer's Guide to Everything. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-026862-6.  
• Grant; Naylor (1993). Primordial Soup: The Least Worst Scripts. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-017886-4.  
• Grant; Naylor (1996). Son Of Soup. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-025363-7.  
• Grant; Naylor (1996). Scenes from the Dwarf. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-600243-1.  
• Hooks, Nicky; Sharon Burnett (1994). The Red Dwarf Quiz Book. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023662-7.  
• Llewellyn, Robert (1994). The Man in the Rubber Mask. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023575-2.  
• Naylor, Doug; Paul Alexander (1996). The Space Corps Survival Manual. Mandarin. ISBN 0-7493-2374-4.  
• Naylor, Doug; Paul Alexander (2000). Red Dwarf VIII Scriptbook. Virgin. ISBN 1-85227-872-2.  
• Nazzaro, Joe (1994). The Making of Red Dwarf. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023206-0.  

External links

• Red Dwarf at the Internet Movie Database
• The Official Red Dwarf Website
• The Official Red Dwarf Fan Club
• "Tongue Tied" Wiki
• Red Dwarf classic clips on Youtube uploaded by the BBC

Cast links

• Website of Chris Barrie (Rimmer)
• Website of Robert Llewellyn (Kryten)
• Website of Norman Lovett (Holly)
• Robert Llewellyn's frequently updated YouTube channel

Fan sites

• Blue Dwarf RPG - Continuing fanfiction
• Ganymede & Titan - News, features, analysis and community
• Smegoo! - The Original Un-Official Red Dwarf Search Engine