Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Red-tailed Hawk

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Falconiformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Buteo
Species: B. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future Least Concern ( LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The order Falconiformes is a group of about 290 Species of Birds that include the diurnal birds of prey. The Accipitridae is one of the two major families within the order Falconiformes (the diurnal birds of prey) Buteo ( Etymology: Buteo is the Latin name of the Common Buzzard) is a Genus of medium-sized wide-ranging raptors jamaicensis
Binomial name
Buteo jamaicensis
(Gmelin, 1788)
Synonyms

Buteo borealis
Buteo broealis (lapsus)

The Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) is a medium-sized bird of prey, one of three species colloquially known in the United States as the "chickenhawk. Johann Friedrich Gmelin ( August 8, 1748 – November 1, 1804) was a German naturalist, Botanist and Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. Lapsus is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking Birds of prey are Birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing using their keen senses especially vision The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In the US a Chickenhawk or Chicken Hawk is an unofficial designation for three species of North American Hawks the Cooper's Hawk, the Sharp-shinned " It breeds almost throughout North America from western Alaska and northern Canada to as far south as Panama and the West Indies, and is one of the most common buteos in North America. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting There are fourteen recognized subspecies, which vary in appearance and range. It is one of the largest members of the genus Buteo in North America, weighing from 690 to 1600 grams (1. Buteo ( Etymology: Buteo is the Latin name of the Common Buzzard) is a Genus of medium-sized wide-ranging raptors 5 to 3. 5 pounds) and measuring 45–65 cm (18 to 26 in) in length, with a wingspan from 110 to 145 cm (43 to 57 in). The Red-tailed Hawk displays sexual dimorphism in size, as females are about 25% heavier than males. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species.

The Red-tailed Hawk occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes, including deserts, grasslands, coniferous and deciduous forests, tropical rainforests, agricultural fields and urban areas. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central It lives throughout the North American continent, except in areas of unbroken forest or the high arctic. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. It is legally protected in Canada, Mexico and the U.S. by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Under United States Code Title 16 Chapter 7 Subchapter II the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 is the United States legislation implementing the convention between the U

Because they are so common and easily trained as capable hunters, the majority of hawks captured for falconry in the United States are Red-tails. Falconers are permitted to take only hawks in their first year. Adults, which may be bred, are not permitted to be taken for falconry. Falconers prefer to train first year hawks, which have not been locked into uncooperative adult behaviors.

The Red-tailed Hawk also has significance in Native American culture. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Its feathers are considered sacred by some tribes, and are used in religious ceremonies.

Contents

Description

Close-up, North Carolina
Close-up, North Carolina

A male Red-tailed Hawk may weigh from 690 to 1300 grams (1. 5 to 2. 9 pounds) and measure 45–56 cm (18 to 22 in), while a female can weigh between 900 and 2000 grams (2 and 4. 4 pounds) and measure 50–65 cm (20 to 26 in) in length. As is the case with many raptors the Red-tailed Hawk displays sexual dimorphism in size, as females are 25% larger than males. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. The wingspan is from 110 to 145 cm (43 to 57 in). [2]

Red-tailed Hawk plumage can be variable, depending on the subspecies and the region. Plumage refers both to the layer of Feathers that cover a Bird and the pattern colour and arrangement of those feathers In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. These color variations are morphs, and are not related to molting. Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different Phenotypes exist in the same population of a species — in other words the occurrence of more than one In Biology, moulting (or molting, also known as shedding or for some species Ecdysis) signifies the manner in which an animal routinely

The western North American population, B. j. calurus, is the most variable subspecies and has three color morphs: light, dark, and intermediate or rufous. The dark and intermediate morphs constitute 10–20% of the population. [3]

Though the markings and hue vary, the basic appearance of the Red-tailed Hawk is consistent. The underbelly is lighter than the back and a dark brown band across the belly, formed by vertical streaks in feather patterning, is present in most color variations. Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering or Plumage, on Birds They are considered the most complex integumentary structures The red tail, which gives this species its name, is uniformly brick-red above and pink below. [4] The bill is short and dark, in the hooked shape characteristic of raptors. Anatomy Stegosaurus --> Beaks can vary significantly in size and shape from species to species Birds of prey are Birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing using their keen senses especially vision [4] The cere, the legs, and the feet of the Red-tailed Hawk are all yellow. Anatomy Stegosaurus --> Beaks can vary significantly in size and shape from species to species [2]

Immature birds can be readily identified at close range by their yellowish irises. The iris consists of Pigmented Fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. As the bird attains full maturity over the course of 3–4 years, the iris slowly darkens into a reddish-brown hue. In both the light and dark morphs, the tail of the immature Red-tailed Hawk are patterned with numerous darker bars. [4]

Taxonomy

Red-tailed hawk in flight showing the red tail
Red-tailed hawk in flight showing the red tail

The Red-Tailed Hawk is a member of the genus Buteo, a group of medium-sized raptors with robust bodies and broad wings. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Buteo ( Etymology: Buteo is the Latin name of the Common Buzzard) is a Genus of medium-sized wide-ranging raptors Members of this genus are known as buzzards in Europe, but hawks in North America. [5]

There are at least 14 recognized subspecies of Buteo jamaicensis, which vary in range and in coloration:

The four island forms, jamaicensis, solitudinus, socorroensis, and fumosus, do not overlap in range with any other subspecies.

Distribution and habitat

Bird in San Francisco
Bird in San Francisco

The Red-tailed Hawk is one of the most widely distributed hawks in the Americas. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America It breeds from central Alaska, the Yukon, and the Northwest Territories east to southern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces of Canada, and south to Florida, the West Indies, and Central America. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The winter range stretches from southern Canada south throughout the remainder of the breeding range. [6]

Its preferred habitat is mixed forest and field, with high bluffs or trees that may be used as perch sites. It occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes, including deserts, grasslands, coniferous and deciduous woodlands, tropical rainforests, agricultural fields and urban areas. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central In Agriculture, a field refers generally to an area of Land enclosed or otherwise and used for agricultural purposes such as Cultivating crops [1] It is second only to the Peregrine Falcon in the use of diverse habitats in North America. The Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus) also known simply as the Peregrine, and historically as the "Duck Hawk" in North America is a [8] It lives throughout the North American continent, except in areas of unbroken forest or the high Arctic. [3]

The Red-tailed Hawk is widespread in North America,[8] partially due to historic settlement patterns, which have benefited it. The clearing of forests in the Northeast created hunting areas, while the preservation of woodlots left nest sites. A woodlot is term used in North America to refer to a segment of a Woodland or Forest capable of small-scale production of forest products such as The planting of trees in the west allowed the Red-tailed Hawk to expand its range by creating nest sites where there had been none. The construction of highways with utility poles alongside treeless medians provided perfect habitat for perch-hunting. A utility pole, telegraph pole, telephone pole, power (electricity pole, or telegraph post is a Pole used to support overhead The Red-tailed Hawk can also be found in cities. [9] The non-fiction book Red-Tails in Love: A Wildlife Drama in Central Park by Marie Winn made Pale Male, a Red-tailed Hawk in New York, the most famous urban Red-tailed Hawk. Marie Winn a journalist author and birdwatcher is known for her books and articles on the birds of Central Park her Wall Street Journal ornithology column and Pale Male (born 1991) is a male Red-tailed Hawk who has made his home since the early 1990s in New York City, where he has attracted the widespread attention The City of New York [10]

Behavior

Red-tailed Hawk screaming
Red-tailed Hawk screaming

In flight, this hawk soars with wings in a slight dihedral, flapping as little as possible to conserve energy. Dihedral is the upward angle from horizontal of the wings or tailpane of a Fixed-wing aircraft or the wing of a Bird. Active flight is slow and deliberate, with deep wing beats. In wind, it occasionally hovers on beating wings and remains stationary above the ground. [3] When soaring or flapping its wings, it typically travels from 20 to 40 mph, but when diving may exceed 120 mph. [11] When the Red-tailed Hawk walks, its steps are slow and awkward.

The Red-tailed Hawk is generally non-aggressive toward people and toward other birds. It is commonly harassed by crows, magpies, owls, other hawks, and even songbirds over territorial disputes, though it is generally not injured. Magpies are Passerine Birds of the Crow family, Corvidae. The names ' Jay ' and 'magpie' are to a certain extent interchangeable When threatened by a human intruder, a Red-tailed Hawk will generally flee rather than defend its nest.

The cry of the Red-tailed Hawk is a two to three second hoarse, rasping scream, described as kree-eee-ar,[9] which begins at a high pitch and slurs downward[11] This cry is often described as sounding similar to a steam whistle. [2] It frequently vocalizes while hunting or soaring, but vocalizes loudest in annoyance or anger, in response to a predator or a rival hawk's intrusion into its territory. [9] At close range, it makes a croaking "guh-runk". [12] Young hawks may utter a wailing klee-uk food cry when parents leave the nest. [13]

Because of its robust crispness, a certain recording of the cry of the Red-tailed Hawk is a cliché cinematic sound effect. For the album by The Jam see Sound Affects. Sound effects or audio effects are artificially created or enhanced Sounds This high, piercing scream is often featured in the background of adventure movies to give a sense of wilderness to the scene. However, the cry is sometimes inaccurately used for the Bald Eagle, whose own vocalizations are quite different and less robust. The Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a Bird of prey found in North America that is most recognizable as the national bird and

Diet

Juvenile eating a vole
Juvenile eating a vole

The Red-tailed Hawk is carnivorous, and an opportunistic feeder. A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting Its diet is mainly small mammals, but it also includes birds and reptiles. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Prey varies with regional and seasonal availability, but usually centers on small rodents. Additional prey include rabbits, snakes, waterfowl, bats, shrews, crustaceans, insects, rodents, and fish. See also UK Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust USA Ducks Unlimited Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must

The Red-tailed Hawk hunts primarily from an elevated perch site, swooping down from a perch to seize prey, catching birds while flying, or pursuing prey on the ground from a low flight.

Prey range in size from beetles to White-tailed Jackrabbits, which are double the weight of most Red-tails. Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. The White-tailed Jackrabbit ( Lepus townsendii) also known as the Prairie Hare and the White Jack, is a Hare found in western North In captivity in winter, an average Red-tail will eat about 135 g (4-5 oz) daily. [13] The Great Horned Owl occupies a similar ecological niche nocturnally, taking similar prey. The Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus, is a large owl native to North and South America In Ecology, a niche (pronounced nich nēsh or nish A shorthand definition of niche is how an organism makes a living Competition may occur between the Red-tailed Hawk and the Great Horned Owl during twilight. The Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus, is a large owl native to North and South America

Reproduction

Parent in nest with chicks
Parent in nest with chicks

The Red-tailed Hawk reaches sexual maturity at two years of age. Sexual maturity is the age or stage when an Organism can reproduce. It is monogamous, mating with the same individual for many years. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. In general, the Red-tailed Hawk will only take a new mate when its original mate dies. [14] The same nesting territory may be defended by the pair for years. During courtship, the male and female fly in wide circles while uttering shrill cries. The male performs aerial displays, diving steeply, then climbing again. After repeating this display several times, he sometimes grasps her talons briefly with his own. Courtship flights can last 10 minutes or more. Copulation often follows courtship flight sequences, although copulation frequently occurs in the absence of courtship flights.

In copulation, the female, when perched, tilts forward, allowing the male to land with his feet lodged on her horizontal back. The female twists and moves her tail feathers to one side, while the mounted male twists his cloacal opening around the to the female's cloaca. Copulation lasts 5 to 10 seconds and during pre-nesting courtship in late winter or early spring can occur numerous times each day. [15]

In the same period, the pair constructs a stick nest in a large tree 4 to 21 m off the ground or on a cliff ledge 35 m (115 ft) or higher above the ground, or may nest on man-made structures. A bird nest is the spot in which a Bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young The nest is generally 71 to 97 cm (28 to 38 inches) in diameter and can be up to 90 cm (3 feet) tall. The nest is constructed of twigs, and lined with bark, pine needles, corn cobs, husks, stalks, aspen catkins, or other plant lining matter. Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists A corncob is the central core of a Maize (Zea mays ssp mays L Aspens are Trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the Poplar genus Populus sect

Great Horned Owls compete with the Red-tailed Hawk for nest sites. Each species has been known to kill the young and destroy the eggs of the other, but in general, both species nest in adjacent or confluent territories without conflict. Great Horned Owls are incapable of constructing nests and typically expropriate existing Red-tail nests. Great Horned Owls begin nesting behaviors much earlier than Red-tails, often as early as December. Red-tails are therefore adapted to constructing new nests when a previous year's nest has been overtaken by owls or otherwise lost. New nests are typically within a kilometer or less of the previous nest. Often, a new nest is only a few hundred meters or less from a previous one.

A clutch of 1 to 3 eggs is laid in March or April, depending upon latitute. In most Birds and Reptiles an egg ( Latin ovum) is the Zygote, resulting from Fertilization of the Ovum. Clutch size depends almost exclusively on the availability of prey for the adults. Eggs are laid approximately every other day. The eggs are usually about 60 x 47 mm (2. 4 x 1. 9 in). They are incubated primarily by female, with the male substituting when the female leaves to hunt or merely stretch her wings. The male brings most food to the female while she incubates. After 28 to 35 days, the eggs hatch over 2 to 4 days; the nestlings are altricial at hatching. Altricial means "requiring nourishment" and refers to a pattern of growth and development in organisms which are incapable of moving around on their own soon after hatching or The female broods them while the male provides most of the food to the female and the young, which are known as eyasses (pronounced "EYE-ess-ess"). The female feeds the eyasses after tearing the food into small pieces. After 42 to 46 days, the eyasses begin to leave the nest on short flights. The fledging period lasts up to 10 weeks, during which the young learn to fly and hunt. Fledge is the stage in a young Bird 's life when the feathers and wing muscles are sufficiently developed for flight [2]

Relationship with humans

The Red-tailed Hawk has a complex history with humans. The name "chickenhawk" was applied to the Red-tailed Hawk in earlier times, when free-ranging chickens and other domestic fowl were occasionally taken by these birds. First-year Red-tails, usually in late summer or early fall, were the most guilty of such predation. After mid-summer, adults seldom provide food for newly-hunting young Red-tails, and easily-captured, flightless chickens at a farmstead were frequent targets. Today, Red-tails and other hawks are universally protected by state, provincial, and federal bird protection laws.

Use in falconry

The Red-tailed Hawk is a popular bird in falconry, particularly in America where the sport of falconry is tightly regulated at the federal and state levels. Falconry or hawking is an Art or Sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey to hunt or pursue game for humans The United States of America —commonly referred to as the There are fewer than 4,000 falconers in the United States, therefore any effect on the Red-tailed Hawk population, estimated to be approximately one million in the United States, is statistically insignificant. [16]

The Red-tailed Hawk is adaptable and useful in modern falconry. It is a powerful and sturdy falconry bird best flown at larger ground quarry such as squirrels, rabbits, and jackrabbits. A squirrel is one of the many small or medium-sized Rodents in the family Sciuridae. Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world Hares and jackrabbits are Leporids belonging to the Genus Lepus. Occasionally, the Red-tailed Hawk may even take a pigeon, crow, or duck,

Red-tailed Hawk on show at a falconry display in England
Red-tailed Hawk on show at a falconry display in England

In the course of a hunt, a falconer using a Red-tailed Hawk most commonly releases the hawk and allows it to perch in a tree or other high vantage point. The true crows are large Passerine Birds that comprise the Genus Corvus in the family Corvidae. For duck as a food see Duck (food; for other meanings see Duck (disambiguation. Falconry or hawking is an Art or Sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey to hunt or pursue game for humans England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The falconer, who may be aided by a dog, then attempts to flush prey by stirring up ground cover. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. A well-trained Red-tailed Hawk will follow the falconer and dog, realizing that their activities produce opportunities to catch game. Once a raptor catches game, it does not bring it back to the falconer. Instead, the falconer must locate the bird, "make in," and trade the bird its kill in exchange for a piece of ready-to-eat meat, which is generally from a previous kill. [17]

Feathers and Native American use

The feathers and other parts of the Red-tailed Hawk are considered sacred to many American indigenous people and, like the feathers of the Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle, are sometimes used in religious ceremonies and found adorning the regalia of many Native Americans in the United States; these parts, most especially their distinctive tail feathers, are a popular item in the Native American community. Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering or Plumage, on Birds They are considered the most complex integumentary structures SACRED was a Cubesat built by the Student Satellite Program of the University of Arizona. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical The Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a Bird of prey found in North America that is most recognizable as the national bird and The Golden Eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States [18] As with the other two species, the feathers and parts of the Red-tailed Hawk are regulated by the eagle feather law,[19] which governs the possession of feathers and parts of migratory birds. In the United States, there are a number of federal wildlife laws pertaining to Eagles and their feathers (e [20]

Gallery

Juvenile eastern race

Immature (facing camera) and adult western race (calurus) squabbling over a kill

Immature with a kill

Mature closeup with kill,

Hawk with squirrel

Immature Red-tail on typical roadside hunting perch.

Red-tailed hawk preening. jpg

Preening

Red Tailed Hawk spreading its wings in Manitoba, Canada

Red Tail Hawk in Tx. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America

References

  1. ^ a b Buteo jamaicensis. Retrieved on 20 June, 2007. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.
  2. ^ a b c d Dewey, T. and D. Arnold. Buteo jamaicensis. Retrieved on 5 June, 2007. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  3. ^ a b c Red-tailed Hawk. Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved on June 6, 2007. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  4. ^ a b c Buteo jamaicensis. U. S. Geological Survey. Retrieved on 5 June, 2007. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  5. ^ Buteo jamaicensis. ITIS. Retrieved on June 10, 2007. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Tesky, Julie L. . Buteo jamaicensis. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on June 10, 2007. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  7. ^ a b Howell, Steve N. G. ;Sophie Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.  
  8. ^ a b Garrigues, Jeff. Biogeography of Red-tailed hawk. San Francisco State University Department of Geography. Retrieved on 28 June, 2007. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
  9. ^ a b c Red-tailed Hawk. Sky-hunters. org. Retrieved on 16 June, 2007. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses.
  10. ^ Geist, Bill. In Love With A Hawk. CBS. Retrieved on 17 June, 2007. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
  11. ^ a b Day, Leslie. The City Naturalist - Red Tailed Hawk. 79th Street Boat Basin Flora and Fauna Society. Retrieved on 17 June, 2007. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat
  12. ^ Red-Tailed Hawk. Oregon Zoo. Retrieved on 16 June, 2007. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses.
  13. ^ a b Red-tailed Hawk - Buteo jamaicensis. The Hawk Conservancy Trust. Retrieved on 5 June, 2007. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
  14. ^ Terres, John K. (1980). John Kenneth Terres ( December 17, 1905 &ndash December 8, 2006) was an American Naturalist and Author. The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Knopf, 1109. ISBN 0394466519.  
  15. ^ Buteo jamaicensis. Oiseaux. net. Retrieved on 7 June, 2007. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
  16. ^ [http://www.fws.gov/policy/library/05-2378.html Migratory Bird Permits; Changes in the Regulations Governing Falconry; Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Assessment for Falconry and Raptor Propagation Activities; Proposed Rule and Notice]. Department of the Interior: Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved on 14 June, 2007. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
  17. ^ McGranaghan, Liam J. (2001). The Red-Tailed Hawk: A Complete Guide to Training and Hunting North America's Most Versatile Game Hawk. . Western Sporting Publications, 181. ISBN 0-9709571-0-6.  
  18. ^ Collier, Julie. The Sacred Messengers. Mashantucket Pequot Museum. Retrieved on 20 June, 2007. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.
  19. ^ TITLE 50--Wildlife and Fisheries. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). Retrieved on 20 June, 2007. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.
  20. ^ Cook, Stephen. Feather Law. Mashantucket Pequot Museum. Retrieved on 20 June, 2007. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun.

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic