A recording studio is a facility for sound recording. Ideally, the space is specially designed by an acoustician to achieve the desired acoustic properties (sound diffusion, low level of reflections, adequate reverberation time for the size of the ambient, etc. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of Sound, Ultrasound and Infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids ). Different types of studios record bands and artists, voiceovers and music for television shows, movies, cartoons, and commercials, and/or even record a full orchestra. The term voice-over refers to a production technique where a non-diagetic voice is broadcast live or pre-recorded in Radio, Television, Film, The typical recording studio consists of a room called the "studio", where instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the "control room", which houses the equipment for recording, routing and manipulating the sound. Often, there will be smaller rooms called "isolation booths" present to accommodate loud instruments such as drums or electric guitar, to keep these sounds from being audible to the microphones that are capturing the sounds from other instruments or vocalists.
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Design and equipment
Recording studios generally consist of three rooms: the studio itself, where the sound for the recording is created (often referred to as the "live room"), the control room, where the sound from the studio is recorded and manipulated, and the machine room, where noisier equipment that may interfere with the recording process is kept. Recording studios are carefully designed around the principles of room acoustics to create a set of spaces with the acoustical properties required for recording sound with precision and accuracy. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of Sound, Ultrasound and Infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids This will consist of both room treatment (through the use of absorption and diffusion materials on the surfaces of the room, and also consideration of the physical dimensions of the room itself in order to make the room respond to sound in a desired way) and soundproofing (to provide sonic isolation between the rooms). Absorption refers to the absorption of sound waves by a material A sound diffuser is not to be mixed up with sound absorber While a sound absorber absorbs the audio-waves the sound diffuser sends the audio-waves in many different directions Soundproofing is any means of reducing the intensity of Sound with respect to a specified source and receptor A recording studio may also include additional rooms, such as a vocal booth - a small room designed for voice recording, as well as one or more extra control rooms.
Equipment found in a recording studio commonly includes:
- Mixing console
- Multitrack recorder
- Microphones
- Reference monitors, which are loudspeakers with a flat frequency response
Equipment may also include:
- Digital Audio Workstation
- Music workstation
- Outboard Effects, such as compressors, reverbs, or equalizers
Digital audio workstations
General purpose computers have rapidly assumed a large role in the recording process, being able to replace the mixing consoles, recorders, synthesizers, samplers and sound effects devices. In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board or soundboard, is an electronic device for combining Multitrack recording ('multitracking' or just 'tracking' for short is a method of Sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources to create Studio monitors, also called reference monitors, are Loudspeakers specifically designed for audio production applications such as recording, film For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical Frequency response is the measure of any system's spectrum response at the output to a signal of varying Frequency (but constant amplitude at its input A digital audio workstation (DAW is an electronic system designed to record, edit and play back digital audio A music workstation is piece of electronic musical equipment providing the facilities of a Sound module, a Music sequencer Dynamic range compression, also called DRC (often seen in DVD player settings or simply compression, is a process that reduces the Dynamic range of Reverberation is the persistence of Sound in a particular space after the original sound is removed Equalization (or equalisation, EQ) is the process of changing the frequency envelope of a sound in Audio processing. In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board or soundboard, is an electronic device for combining Multitrack recording ('multitracking' or just 'tracking' for short is a method of Sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources to create A sampler is an electronic musical instrument closely related to a Synthesizer. A computer thus outfitted is called a Digital Audio Workstation, or DAW. A digital audio workstation (DAW is an electronic system designed to record, edit and play back digital audio Popular audio-recording software includes Digidesign Pro Tools, Cubase and Nuendo also by Steinberg, MOTU Digital Performer, Ableton Live, Cakewalk SONAR, ACID Pro and Apple Logic Pro. Digidesign is an American Digital audio technology company It was founded in 1984 by Peter Gotcher and Evan Brooks Pro Tools is a Digital Audio Workstation platform for Mac OS and Microsoft Windows operating systems developed and manufactured by Digidesign Cubase is a computer program for music production/recording The program offers recording producing and mixing of sounds in order to make music production for distribution on CDs or the Steinberg is a German Musical equipment and Software company It mainly produces MIDI Music sequencer software Steinberg is a German Musical equipment and Software company It mainly produces MIDI Music sequencer software This is about the professional audio company For other uses see Motu MOTU ( Mark of the Unicorn) is a Music -related Digital Performer is a full-featured Digital Audio Workstation / Sequencer Software package published by Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU of Ableton Live is a professional loop -based software Music sequencer for Mac OS and Windows by Ableton. Cakewalk is a company based in Boston Massachusetts that develops music production Software. Sony ACID Pro is a professional Digital Audio Workstation (DAW software program originally published by Sonic Foundry, now owned and run by Sony. Logic Pro is a Digital Audio Workstation and MIDI sequencer software application for the Mac OS X platform
Current software applications are more reliant on the audio recording hardware than the computer they are running on, therefore typical high-end computer hardware is less of a priority. While Apple Macintosh is common for studio work, there is a breadth of software available for Microsoft Windows and Linux. Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Linux (commonly pronounced ˈlɪnəks A sizeable portion of both commercial and home studios can be seen running PC-based multitrack audio software. Multitrack recording ('multitracking' or just 'tracking' for short is a method of Sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources to create
If no mixing console is used and all mixing is done using only a keyboard and mouse, this is referred to as mixing in the box. In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board or soundboard, is an electronic device for combining There are also dedicated machines which integrate a recorder, preamps, effects, and a mixing console; these devices are frequently referred to as DAW's, generally in advertising. A preamplifier (preamp or control amp in some parts of the world is an Electronic amplifier which precedes another amplifier to prepare an electronic
Project studios
A small, personal recording studio is sometimes called a project studio or home studio. Such studios often cater to specific needs of an individual artist, or are used as a non-commercial hobby. The first modern project studios came into being during the late 1980s, with the advent of affordable multitrack recorders, synthesizers and microphones. Multitrack recording ('multitracking' or just 'tracking' for short is a method of Sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources to create The phenomenon has flourished with falling prices of MIDI equipment and accessories, as well as inexpensive digital hard-disk recording products. MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface, ˈmɪdi is an industry-standard protocol that enables Electronic musical instruments Computers A hard disk recorder is a type of recording system that utilizes a high-capacity Hard disk to record Digital audio or Digital video.
Recording drums and electric guitar in a home studio is challenging, because they are usually the loudest instruments. Conventional drums require soundproofing in this scenario, unlike electronic or sampled drums. Getting an authentic electric guitar amp sound including power-tube distortion requires a power attenuator (either power-soak or power-supply based) or an isolation box or booth. A convenient compromise is amp simulation, whether a modelling amp, preamp/processor, or software-based guitar amp simulator. Sometimes, musicians replace loud, inconvenient instruments such as drums, with keyboards, which today often provide highly realistic sampling. Sample-based synthesis is a form of audio synthesis that can be contrasted to either Subtractive synthesis or Additive synthesis.
Isolation booth
An isolation booth is a standard small room in a recording studio, which is both soundproofed to keep out external sounds and keep in the internal sounds and like all the other recording rooms in sound industry it is designed for having a lesser amount of deffused reflections from walls to make a good sounding room. A drummer, vocalist, or guitar speaker cabinet, along with microphones, is acoustically isolated in the room. A professional recording studio has a control room, a large live room, and one or more small isolation booths. All rooms are soundproofed such as with double-layer walls with dead space and insulation in-between the two walls, forming a room-within-a-room.
There are variations of the same concept, including a portable standalone isolation booth, a compact guitar speaker isolation cabinet, or a larger guitar speaker cabinet isolation box.
A gobo panel achieves the same idea to a much more moderate extent; for example, a drum kit that is too loud in the live room or on stage can have acrylic glass see-through gobo panels placed around it to deflect the sound and keep it from bleeding into the other microphones, allowing more independent control of each instrument channel at the mixing board. Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic.
All rooms in a recording studio may have a reconfigurable combination of reflective and non-reflective surfaces, to control the amount of reverberation.
History
1890s to 1930s
In the era of acoustical recordings (prior to the introduction of microphones, electrical recording and amplification) the earliest recording studios were very basic facilities, being essentially soundproof rooms that isolated the performers from outside noise. During this era it was not uncommon for recordings to be made in any available location, such as a local ballroom, using portable acoustic recording equipment.
In this period, master recordings were made by a direct-to-disc cutting process -- performers were typically grouped around a large acoustic horn (an enlarged version of the familiar phonograph horn) and the acoustic energy from the voices and/or instruments was channeled through the horn's diaphragm to a mechanical cutting lathe located in the next room, which inscribed the signal as a modulated groove directly onto the surface of the master cylinder or disc. The phonograph, or gramophone, was the most common device for playing recorded Sound from the 1870s through the 1980s
Following the invention and commercial introduction of the microphone, the electronic amplifier, the mixing desk and the loudspeaker, the recording industry gradually converted to electric recording and this technology had replaced mechanical acoustic recording methods in 1925 for major labels like RCA Victor and Columbia, and by 1933 acoustic recording was completely disused. Generally an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes usually increases the amplitude of a signal. In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board or soundboard, is an electronic device for combining For the Marty Friedman album see Loudspeaker (album A loudspeaker, speaker, or speaker system is an electroacoustical RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Columbia Records is an American Record label founded in 1888 Columbia is the oldest surviving Brand name in pre-recorded sound being the first record company
1940s to 1970s
Electrical recording was common by the early 1930s, and mastering lathes were now electrically powered, but master recordings still had to be cut direct-to-disc. In line with the prevailing musical trends, studios in this period were primarily designed for the live recording of symphony orchestras and other large instrumental ensembles. Engineers soon found that large, reverberant spaces like concert halls created a vibrant acoustic signature that greatly enhanced the sound of the recording, and in this period large, acoustically "live" halls were favored, than the acoustically "dead" booths and studio rooms that became common after the 1960s.
Because of the limits of the recording technology, studios of the mid-20th century were designed around the concept of grouping musicians and singers, rather than separating them, and placing the performers and the microphones strategically to capture the complex acoustic and harmonic interplay that emerged during the performance. Modern sound stages still sometimes use this approach for large film scoring projects today. A sound stage is a soundproof Hangar -like structure building or room used for the production of theatrical motion pictures and Television shows A film score is a broad term referring to the music in a film which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film
Because of their superb acoustics, many of the larger studios were converted churches. Examples include George Martin's AIR Studios in London, the famed Columbia Records 30th Street Studio in New York City (a converted Armenian church, with a ceiling over 100 feet high), and the equally famous Decca Records Pythian Temple studio in New York (where artists like Louis Jordan, Bill Haley and Buddy Holly were recorded) which was also a large converted church that featured a high, domed ceiling in the center of the hall. Sir George Henry Martin CBE (3 January 1926 is a British record producer arranger and Composer. Associated Independent Recording (AIR, an independent recording company was founded in London in 1965 by Beatles producer George Martin and his partner Decca Records is a British Record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Louis Jordan ( July 8, 1908 – February 4, 1975) was a pioneering American Jazz, Blues and Rhythm & blues This article is specifically about the singer For detailed information about his rock and roll group see Bill Haley & His Comets. Charles Hardin "Buddy" Holley (September 7 1936 – February 3 1959 was an American Singer-songwriter and a pioneer of Rock and roll.
Electric recording studios in the mid-20th century often lacked isolation booths, baffles, and sometimes even speakers, and it was not until the 1960s, with the introduction of the high-fidelity headphones that it became common practice for performers to use headsets to monitor their performance during recording and listen to playbacks. Headphones (also known as earphones, earbuds, stereophones, headsets) are a pair of small Loudspeakers or less commonly a single
It was difficult to isolate all the performers -- a major reason that this practice was not used was simply because recordings were usually made as live ensemble 'takes' and all the performers needed to be able to see each other and the ensemble leader while playing. The recording engineers who trained in this period learned to take advantage of the complex acoustic effects that could be created though "leakage" between different microphones and groups of instruments, and these technicians became extremely skilled at capturing the unique acoustic properties of their studios and the musicians in performance.
Facilities like the Columbia Records 30th Street Studio in New York and EMI's Abbey Road Studio in London were renowned for their 'trademark' sound -- which was (and still is) easily identifiable by audio professionals -- and for the skill of their staff engineers. The EMI Group is a British music company comprising the major record company EMI Music – which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in Abbey Road Studios, established in November 1931 by EMI in London, England, is a Recording studio located at number 3 Abbey Road,
The use of different kinds of microphones and their placement around the studio was a crucial part of the recording process, and particular brands of microphone were used by engineers for their specific audio characteristics. The smooth-toned ribbon microphones developed by the RCA company in the 1930s were crucial to the 'crooning' style perfected by Bing Crosby, and the famous Neumann U47 condenser microphone was one of the most widely used from the 1950s. RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 Harry Lillis “Bing” Crosby ( May 3, 1903 &ndash October 14, 1977) was an Academy Award winning American Popular Georg Neumann GmbH ( Neumann) founded in 1928 and based in Berlin, Germany, is a prominent manufacturer of professional recording Microphones This model is still widely regarded by audio professionals as one of the best microphones of its type ever made.
Learning the correct placement of microphones was a major part of the training of young engineers, and many became extremely skilled in this craft. Well into the 1960s, in the classical field it was not uncommon for engineers to make high-quality orchestral recordings using only one or two microphones suspended above the orchestra.
In the 1960s, engineers began experimenting with placing microphones much closer to instruments than had previously been the norm. The distinctive rasping tone of the horn sections on the Beatles recordings "Good Morning Good Morning" and "Lady Madonna" were achieved by having the saxophone players position their instruments so that microphones were virtually inside the mouth of the horn. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 " Good Morning Good Morning " is a song composed by John Lennon (credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on the 1967 " Lady Madonna " is a song by The Beatles, written mostly by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon/McCartney.
The unique sonic characteristics of the major studios imparted a special character to many of the most famous popular recordings of the 1950s and 1960s, and the recording companies jealously guarded these facilities. According to sound historian David Simons, after Columbia took over the 30th Street Studios in the late 1940s, A&R manager Mitch Miller issued a standing order that the drapes and other fittings left by the previous occupants were not to be touched, and the cleaners had specific orders never to mop the bare wooden floor for fear it might alter the acoustic properties of the hall. Artists and Repertoire ( A&R) is the division of a Record label that is responsible for talent scouting and artist development Mitchell William Miller (born July 4, 1911) is an American Musician, Singer, conductor, Record producer,
There were several other features of studios in this period that contributed to their unique "sonic signatures". As well as the inherent sound of the large recording rooms, many of the best studios incorporated specially-designed echo chambers, purpose-built rooms which were often built beneath the main studio. When used literally the term echo chamber refers to a hollow enclosure used to produce echoing sounds usually for recording purposes
These were typically long, low rectangular spaces constructed from hard, sound-reflective materials like concrete, fitted with a loudspeaker at one end and one or more microphones at the other. During a recording session, a signal from one or more of the microphones in the studio could be routed to the loudspeaker in the echo chamber; the sound from the speaker reverberated through the chamber and the enhanced signal was picked up by the microphone at the other end. This echo-enhanced signal -- which was often used to 'sweeten' the sound of vocals -- could then be blended in with the primary signal from the microphone in the studio and mixed into the track as the master recording was being made.
Special equipment was another notable feature of the "classic" recording studio. The biggest studios were owned and operated by large media companies like RCA, Columbia and EMI, who typically had their own electronics research and development divisions that designed and built custom-made recording equipment and mixing consoles for their studios.
Likewise, the smaller independent studios were often owned by skilled electronics engineers who designed and built their own desks and other equipment. A good example of this is the famous Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles, the site of many famous American pop recordings of the 1960s. Gold Star Studios was a major independent recording studio located in Los Angeles California. Co-owner David S. Gold built the studio's main mixing desk and many additional pieces of equipment and he also designed the studio's unique trapezoidal echo chambers.
During the 1950s and 1960s the sound of pop recordings was further defined by the introduction of proprietary sound processing devices such as equalizers and compressors, which were manufactured by specialist electronics companies. One of the best known of these was the famous Pultec equalizer, which was used by almost all the major commercial studios of the time.
With the introduction of multi-track recording, it became possible to record instruments and singers separately and at different times on different tracks on tape, although it was not until the 1970s that the large recording companies began to adopt this practice widely, and throughout the Sixties many "pop" classics were still recorded live in a single take. Multitrack recording ('multitracking' or just 'tracking' for short is a method of Sound recording that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources to create
After the Sixties the emphasis shifted to isolation and sound-proofing, with treatments like echo and reverberation added separately during the mixing process, rather than being blended in during the recording. One regrettable outcome of this trend, which coincided with rising inner-city property values, was that many of the largest studios were either demolished or redeveloped for other uses.
In the 1960s, recordings were analog recordings made using ¼-inch or ½-inch two-track magnetic tape. Analog (or analogue) recording (Greek ana is "according to" and logos "relationship" is a technique used to store Magnetic tape is a medium for Magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of Plastic. By the early 1970s, the technology progressed to using various types of multi-track tape. The most common of which is the 2-inch analog tape, capable of containing up to 24 individual tracks. Generally after an audio mix is set up on a 24-track tape machine, the signal is played back and sent to a different machine which records the combined signals (called printing) to a ½-inch 2-track stereo tape, called a master.
Prior to digital recording, the total number of available tracks onto which one could record was measured in multiples of 24, based on the number of 24-track tape machines being used. Presently, most recording studios now use digital recording equipment which only limits the number of available tracks based on the capacity of the mixing console or computer hardware interface. In digital recording, the analog signal of Video or Sound is converted into a stream of Discrete numbers representing the changes in Air In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board or soundboard, is an electronic device for combining
Analog tape machines are still well sought after as some purists label digitally recorded audio as sounding too harsh, and the scarcity and age of analog tape machines greatly increases their value, as does the fact that many audio engineers still insist on recording only to analog tape. This harshness is widely attributed by them to the fact that digital recording will sample a sound wave many times per second allowing an illusion of solid sound waves to be created, where in contrast, analog tape captures a sound wave in its entirety.
However, others simply argue that the lack of high frequency noise and the higher fidelity of the digital medium make the recorded higher frequencies more prominent, which results in such perceived harshness in contrast to analog recording. Still others point to problems of early digital recordings caused by the inexperience of sound engineers with the new medium as the cause for critics to the digital systems. Finally, another possibly relevant effect derives from the fact that, since CD-quality audio uses a sampling rate of 44. Sampling theorem The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that perfect reconstruction 1 kHz, no frequencies above the Nyquist frequency of 22050 Hz are acceptable for recording, otherwise aliasing occurs. The Nyquist frequency, named after the Swedish-American engineer Harry Nyquist or the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, is half the Sampling frequency This article applies to signal processing including computer graphics Because of that, very steep low-pass filters are used on frequencies above 20 kHz (the theoretical limit for human hearing) that introduce slight distortions into the audible-range signal. A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low- Frequency signals but Attenuates (reduces the Amplitude of signals with frequencies This is one of the several reasons for the push on high-end equipment towards higher sampling rates, such as 48 kHz (used in video production), 88. Summary Professional Video production, or videography, is the Art and service of videotaping editing and distributing a finished 2 kHz, 96 kHz and even 192 kHz.
See also
- Audio engineering
- Isolation cabinet (guitar)
- Re-amp
- Room acoustics
- Sound recording
- Soundproofing
- Sound baffle
External links
Audio engineering is a part of audio science dealing with the recording and reproduction of Sound through mechanical and electronic means The characteristic sound of a tube Guitar amplifier as heard on the majority of professional recordings is achieved by playing the amplifier at high volumes and using one or Reamping is a process often used in Multitrack recording in which a recorded signal is routed back out of the editing environment and run through external processing or reverb Room acoustics describes how Sound behaves in an enclosed space Soundproofing is any means of reducing the intensity of Sound with respect to a specified source and receptor A sound baffle is a construction or device which reduces the strength (level of Airborne sound.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic