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A recall election is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office. Along with the initiative, referendum, and direct primary, it was one of the major electoral reforms advocated by leaders of the Progressive movement in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, although it was initially proposed in William S. In Political science, the initiative (also known as popular or citizen's initiative) provides a means by which a Petition signed by a certain A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates Electoral reform is change in Electoral systems to improve how public desires are expressed in election results The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on U'Ren's Oregon newspaper. This movement was less than successful because in the United States recall elections are currently prohibited in the federal system. The majority of states allow recall elections in local jurisdictions, but only 18 states permit recall elections to remove statewide officers (as of 2006). [1]

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Representative recall in Canada

The Canadian province of British Columbia enacted representative recall in 1995. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C In that province, voters in a provincial riding can petition to have a sitting representative removed from office, even a Premier presently leading a government. An electoral district (also known as a Constituency or a riding in the Canadian English political Jargon) is a geographically-based If enough registered voters sign the petition, the Speaker of the legislature announces before the House that the member has been recalled and a by-election follows as soon as possible; it gives the opportunity to replace the politician in question. A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant In January 2003, a record 22 recall efforts had been launched. January 2003: ← - January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August No one has technically been recalled, however, Paul Reitsma resigned in 1998 when it looked like the attempt to recall him had enough signatures to spur a recall election. Paul Reitsma is a former member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada, for the electoral district of Parksville-Qualicum. During the secondary verification stage, Reitsma resigned and the recall count ended. In Canada, the Governor-General and Lieutenant-Governors can also theoretically call federal and/or provincial elections at will, but have never done so without the request of the corresponding first minister, except Lieutenant Governor Luc Letellier de Saint-Just in the Province of Quebec in 1878 and Governor General Lord Byng of Vimy in 1927. The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription A Lieutenant Governor is a high officer of state whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction

Recall in the Venezuelan constitution of 1999

Article 72 of the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela enables a recall of any elected representative, including the president, and has been used in the Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004, which attempted to remove President Hugo Chavez:

Article 72: All [. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The Venezuelan recall referendum of 15 August 2004 was a Referendum to determine whether Hugo Chávez, the current President of Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela. . . ] offices filled by popular vote are subject to revocation.
Once one-half of the term of office to which an official has been elected has elapsed, a number of voters representing at least 20% of the registered voters in the affected constituency may petition for the calling of a referendum to revoke that official's mandate.
When a number of voters equal to or greater than the number of those who elected the official vote in favour of the recall, provided that a number of voters equal to or greater than 25% of the total number of registered voters vote in the recall referendum, the official's mandate shall be deemed revoked and immediate action shall be taken to fill the permanent vacancy as provided for by this Constitution and by law.

Recall in the United States

In the fifteen[1] U. S. states that today allow the recall of state officials, only two Governors have ever been successfully recalled. In 1921, North Dakota's Lynn J. Frazier was recalled over a dispute about state-owned industries, and in 2003, California Governor Gray Davis was recalled over mismanagement of the state budget. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. Lynn Joseph Frazier ( December 21, 1874 January 11, 1947) was a U Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Joseph Graham Davis Jr (born December 26 1942 better known as Gray Davis, is an American politician who served as California 's 37th Governor

In Alaska, Georgia, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Rhode Island, and Washington, specific grounds are required for a recall. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Some form of malfeasance or misconduct while in office must be identified by the petitioner. The target may choose to dispute the validity of the grounds in court, and a court would then judge whether the allegations in the petition rise up to the level where a recall is necessary. In the other eleven states, no grounds are required and recalls may be circulated for any reason. However, the target is permitted to submit responses to the reasons for recall.

The minimum number of signatures and time limit to qualify a recall varies between states. In addition, the means of how recalls are handled once they qualify differ. In some states, a recall triggers a simultaneous special election, where the vote on the recall, as well as the replacement, should the recall succeed are on the same ballot. The 2003 California recall election is a good example of this, with over 100 candidates on the replacement portion of the ballot. The 2003 California recall election was a special Election permitted under California law In other states, a separate special election is held after the target is recalled, or a replacement is appointed by the Governor of the state or some other body.

List of recall elections

Unsuccessful attempts at recall

See also

Books and monographs

References

  1. ^ 6 September 2003 Bar News
  2. ^ Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series, Corrected List of Mayors, 1867-1996
  3. ^ Frank Church Chronology
  4. ^ Article in the Canadian Parliamentary Review, Vol 21, Number 3, 1998
  5. ^ Article, reported by The Pitch on January 6, 2005
Brazilian Portuguese ( Language code pt-BR Portuguese: português brasileiro or português do Brasil) is a group of Portuguese The Canadian Parliamentary Review, or the Review is a quarterly publication of the Canadian members of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. The Pitch is a free Alternative weekly Newspaper distributed in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, including Lawrence and
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