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Rebetiko, plural rebetika, (Greek ρεμπέτικο and ρεμπέτικα respectively), occasionally transliterated as Rembetiko, is the name for a type of urban Greek music. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία


The songs, often compared to genres like American blues, are full of grief, passion, romance, and bitterness. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression They are generally melancholic songs telling of the misfortunes of simple ordinary men. Many early rebetic songs were about drugs, especially hashish which led Rebetiko to be criminalized after the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas in 1936. Hashish (from Arabic: ar حشيش, lit "grass" also hash) is a preparation of cannabis composed of the compressed General Ioannis Metaxas (Ιωάννης Μεταξάς ( April 12, 1871 January 29, 1941) was a Greek General and Damianakos Stathis noted that the rebetic songs of the first period were mostly the singing expression of lumpenproletariat. Damianakos Stathis (1939-2003 is considered one of the most prominent researchers in the fields of Agriculture, ethnological and cultural Sociology in Greece Lumpenproletariat (a German word meaning "raggedy proletariat" is a term first defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in All the rebetika songs are for dancing, zeibekikos, aptalikos, chasapikos and servikos being very common but they also include tsifteteli, karsilamas, syrtos and other dance styles. Zeibekiko (or Zeybekiko Greek Ζεϊμπέκικο is considered an urban improvisational dance from Greece with a rhythmic pattern of 9/4 or else 9/8 (broken down as 1/8 Hasapiko (χασάπικο also transliterated hassapiko hasapika and hasapico is a Greek traditional dance Çiftetelli ( Greek: Τσιφτετέλι tsiftetelli; Turkish: Çiftetelli chiftetelli; Armenian: Ծիւտետեղի Karşılama (karşılama Greek:Καρσιλαμάς is a Turkish Dance of unsure origins found in the Balkans and Anatolia

Contents

History

See also: Timeline of Rebetika

Elias Petropoulos, one of the principal historians of the rebetic style, divides the history of the style into three periods:

Prehistory

The roots of rebetic song may be found in the music of the bigger greek cities, most of them coastal, in today's Greece and Asia Minor. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The cradles of rebetic song where the tavern, the ouzeri, the hashish den and also the prison. A tavern or pot-house is loosely a place of Business where people gather to drink Alcoholic beverages and more than likely also be served Food Hashish (from Arabic: ar حشيش, lit "grass" also hash) is a preparation of cannabis composed of the compressed A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of

The mastery period

1922 was the year of the Asia Minor Disaster, which was followed by population exchanges in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning Most Asia Minor Greek refugees were settled in the larger cites of Greece, among them many proffesional musicians bringing with them their music.

The "classical" period

Gradually the rebetiko variety acquired its own peculiar character. In 1932, the first recordings with bouzouki arrived, made by Markos Vamvakaris. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The bouzouki ( gr το μπουζούκι pl. τα μπουζούκια (plural sometimes transliterated as bouzoukia) is the mainstay of modern Markos Vamvakaris ( May 10, 1905 in Ano Chora in Syros - February 8, 1972) (Greek Μάρκος Βαμβακάρης was a In 1936 began the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas and with it, the onset of censorship. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor

Consequently the album was sanitized and the references to narcotics, opium, etc. vanished from the recordings. Yet the recording of illicit themes continued, for in that period a great number of Greeks emigrated to the United States, and with the emigrants went their rebetika. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Many noteworthy songs were recorded, by the likes of Spyros Peristeris, Panagiotis Tountas, Ioannis Papaioannou, Vassilis Tsitsanis, Manolis Hiotis and Stratos Pagioumtzis to name a few. Vassilis Tsitsanis ( Βασίλης Τσιτσάνης January 18, 1915 – January 18, 1984) was a Greek songwriter Manolis Chiotis (Greek Μανώλης Χιώτης was a famous Greek Rebetiko composer singer and Bouzouki player

Instruments

The basic instruments of the rebetic song are the bouzouki and the Guitar. The bouzouki ( gr το μπουζούκι pl. τα μπουζούκια (plural sometimes transliterated as bouzoukia) is the mainstay of modern The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles Additional instruments used include the Baglamas, tambourine, violin, accordion, finger-cymbals (comparable to castanets). The bağlama is a stringed Musical instrument shared by various Cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Central The tambourine or Marine is a Musical instrument of the percussion family consisting of a frame often of wood or plastic with pairs of small metal jingles The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The accordion is a portable box-shaped Musical instrument of the hand-held Bellows -driven free-reed aerophone family sometimes referred to as a Squeezebox Cymbals are a modern percussion instrument Cymbals consist of thin normally round plates of various Cymbal alloys; see Cymbal making for a discussion of their Castanets are Percussion instrument ( Idiophone) much used in Moorish, Ottoman, Ancient Roman, Italian, Spanish In a few older recordings, something like clattering glass may be heard. It is a matter of some debate whether the sound is produced by the striking of worry beads against a drinking glass. Kombologion is also a subgenus of the gastropod mollusc genus Calliostoma Komboloi, kompoloi (Greek κομπολόι komboˈloj Some manges are in the habit of making the sound in their music with that method, a practice which was passed on and occurs in some modern recordings.

Famous performers

Video Example

http://www.youtube.com/v/rAMNRp3DAsA

See also

Further reading

External links

Rembetiko  
Singers and Composers

Abatzi | Asikis | Batis | Bellou| Chiotis| Daralas | Eskenazi |Genitsaris | Hadjidakis | A. Katinaris | M. Katinari | Nikolaidis | Ninou | Papagika | Perpiniadis | Roukounas  | Tsaous | Tsitsanis | Skarvelis | Vamvakaris


Rebetiko, plural rebetika, ( Greek ρεμπέτικο and ρεμπέτικα respectively occasionally transliterated as Rembetiko Rita Abatzi (Greek Ρίτα Αμπατζή (1914 – June 17, 1969) was a Greek rebetiko musician who began her career in the first part of the 1930s Grigoris Asikis ( Greek:Γρηγόρης Ασίκης ( Constantinople 1890 - Athens 7 October 1966) was a Greek singer Yiorgos Batis (Greek Γιώργος Μπάτης also Giorgos Batis) ( 1885 - March 10, 1967) was one of the first Rebetes influential Sotiria Bellou (Σωτηρία Μπέλλου 1921&ndash1997 was a famous Greek singer and performer of the Greek Rebetiko type of music. Manolis Chiotis (Greek Μανώλης Χιώτης was a famous Greek Rebetiko composer singer and Bouzouki player Loukas Daralas (Λουκάς Νταράλας (1927-1977 was born in Athens and is perhaps best known as the father of contemporary singer George Dalaras (note the Roza Eskenazi (c 1890 – 2 December 1980, Ρόζα Εσκενάζυ was a famous Greek singer of traditional Greek music from Asia Minor and later Michalis Genitsaris ( 15 June, 1917 – 11 May, 2005) was a Greek singer and composer of the Rebetiko genre Manos Hadjidakis (Μάνος Χατζιδάκις ( October 23, 1925 &ndash June 15, 1994) was a popular Greek composer Antonios Katinaris (Αντώνιος Κατινάρης was born in Chania, Crete, the first son of a refugee family from Asia Minor. Marika Ninou (Greek Μαρίκα Νίνου) (1922 &ndash February 23, 1957) was an Armenian-Greek Rembetiko singer born Evangelia Atamian Marika Papagika (Μαρίκα Παπαγκίκα September 1, 1890 &ndash August 2, 1943) was a popular Greek singer in the early Stelios Perpiniadis ( Greek: Στέλιος Περπινιάδης 1899 - September 4, 1977) better known as Stellakis (Greek Στελλάκης Kostas Roukounas (Greek Κώστας Ρούκουνας( Samos 1903 - Athens, Greece, March 11, 1984) was a Greek singer Iovan Tsaous (1893 - 1942 Greek Γιοβάν Τσαούς was a Greek musician and composer of Rebetiko music Vassilis Tsitsanis ( Βασίλης Τσιτσάνης January 18, 1915 – January 18, 1984) was a Greek songwriter Kostas Skarvelis (Greek Κώστας Σκαρβέλης ( Constantinople, Ottoman Empire 1880 - Athens, Greece April 8, 1942 Markos Vamvakaris ( May 10, 1905 in Ano Chora in Syros - February 8, 1972) (Greek Μάρκος Βαμβακάρης was a
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