Rear-wheel drive (or RWD for short) is a common engine/transmission layout used in automobiles. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a RWD typically places the engine in the front of the vehicle, but the front mid-engine, rear mid-engine and rear engine layouts are also used. In Automotive design, a FMR, or Front Mid-engine, Rear-wheel drive layout is one that places the engine in the front as in the In Automotive design, a RMR or Rear Mid-engine, Rear-wheel drive layout is one in which the rear wheels are driven by an engine placed just In Automotive design, a RR, or Rear-engine, Rear-wheel drive layout is one which places both the engine and drive wheels at the rear
Rear-wheel drive is used almost universally for driving motorcycles, whether by driveshaft, chain, or belt. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another A Belt is a looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating shafts
The vast majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinally-mounted engine in the front of the vehicle, driving the rear wheels via a driveshaft linked via a differential between the rear axles. In Automotive engineering, a longitudinal engine, also sometimes known as a north-south engine, is an Internal combustion engine in which the Crankshaft This article deals with the concept of a differential in mechanical engineering. Some FR layout vehicles place the transmission at the rear, though most attach it to the engine at the front.
Rear wheel drive has fallen out of favor in passenger cars since the late 1980s. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. This was most often due to higher manufacturing costs. Some automobile brands, including Lincoln, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Lexus, Holden Tomcar, Porsche, and latest, Hyundai retain rear wheel drive platforms. Lincoln is an American Luxury car manufacturer operated under the Ford Motor Company. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 is the Luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. GM Holden Ltd is an Australian automaker based in Port Melbourne Victoria. Tomcar 02jpg|thumb|300px]]The Tomcar is a type of Off-road utility vehicle Porsche SE or Porsche ( German, ˈpɔɹʃə is a German manufacturer of automobiles which is majority-owned by the Porsche and Piëch Hyundai refers to a group of companies and related organizations founded by Chung Ju-yung in South Korea. Rear wheel drive is the preferred two-wheel drive choice for high performance automobiles because powerful front wheel drive cars understeer[1] more severely, and the ability to fit a large engine in a front-wheel drive layout while maintaining good fore and aft weight distribution is limited. A sports car is a term used to describe a class of Automobile. Understeer is a term for a Car handling condition in which during cornering the circular path of the Vehicle 's motion is of a greater radius than the circle indicated The limit of controllable power for a front wheel drive car is generally placed between 230 and 300 horsepower.
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Advantages
- Even weight distribution - The layout of a rear wheel drive car is much closer to an even fore and aft weight distribution than a front wheel drive car, as more of the engine can lie between the front and rear wheels (in the case of a mid engine layout, the entire engine), and the transmission is moved much farther back. A mid-engine layout describes the placement of an Automobile engine between the rear and front axles [2]
- Weight transfer during acceleration - During heavy acceleration, weight is placed on the rear, or driving wheels, which improves traction. In Automobiles weight transfer (often confused with Load transfer) refers to the redistribution of weight supported by each Tire during Acceleration
- No torque steer[1] (unless it's an all wheel steer with an offset differential). Torque steering is the influence of the engine torque on the Steering for some Front-wheel drive vehicles
- Steering radius - As no complicated drive shaft joints are required at the front wheels, it is possible to turn them further than would be possible using front wheel drive, resulting in a smaller steering radius for a given wheelbase.
- Better handling in dry conditions - the more even weight distribution and weight transfer improve the handling of the car. Car handling and vehicle handling is a description of the way wheeled vehicles perform transverse to their direction of motion particularly during cornering and swerving The front and rear tires are placed under more even loads, which allows for more grip while cornering. [3]
- Better braking - the more even weight distribution helps prevent lockup from wheels becoming unloaded under heavy braking. [3]
- Towing - Rear wheel drive puts the wheels which are pulling the load closer to the point where a trailer articulates, helping steering, especially for large loads. [4]
- Serviceability - Drivetrain components on a rear-wheel drive vehicle are modular and do not involve packing as many parts into as small a space as does front wheel drive, thus requiring less disassembly or specialized tools in order to service the vehicle.
- Robustness - due to geometry and packaging constraints, the CV joints attached to the wheel hub have a tendency to wear out much earlier than the universal joints typically used in their rear-wheel drive counterparts. Constant-velocity joints (aka homokinetic or CV joints) allow a rotating shaft to transmit power through A universal joint, U joint, Cardan joint, Hardy- Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint is a The significantly shorter drive axles on a front-wheel drive car causes the joint to flex through a much wider degree of motion, compounded by additional stress and angles of steering, while the CV joints of a rear wheel drive car regularly see angles and wear of less than half that of front wheel drive vehicles.
Disadvantages
- Under heavy acceleration Oversteer and the related problem of fishtailing. Oversteer is a phenomenon that can occur in an Automobile which is attempting to turn Fishtailing (also called " tank slapping " is a car handling problem which occurs in Rear wheel drive vehicles when too much power is applied for the driving
- On snow, ice and sand, rear-wheel drive loses its traction advantage to front or all-wheel drive vehicles which have greater weight on the driven wheels. Rear wheel drive cars with rear engine or mid engine configuration do not suffer from this, although fishtailing remains an issue. In Automobile design, a rear-engine design layout places the Engine at the rear of the vehicle A mid-engine layout describes the placement of an Automobile engine between the rear and front axles Fishtailing (also called " tank slapping " is a car handling problem which occurs in Rear wheel drive vehicles when too much power is applied for the driving
- Some rear engine cars (e. g. Porsche 911) can suffer from reduced steering ability under heavy acceleration, because the engine is outside the wheelbase and at the opposite end of the car from the wheels doing the steering although the engine weight over the rear wheels provides outstanding traction and grip during acceleration. The Porsche 911 (pronounced as Nine Eleven, Neunelfer is a Sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany
- Decreased interior space - Though individual designs vary greatly, rear wheel drive vehicles may have: Less front leg room as the transmission tunnel takes up a space between the driver and front passenger, less leg room for center rear passengers (due to the tunnel needed for the drive shaft), and sometimes less trunk space (since there is also more hardware that must be placed underneath the trunk). Rear engine designs (such as the Porsche 911 and Volkswagen Beetle) do not inherently take away interior space. In Automobile design, a rear-engine design layout places the Engine at the rear of the vehicle The Porsche 911 (pronounced as Nine Eleven, Neunelfer is a Sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany The Volkswagen Beetle, officially known as the type 1 and originally called ‘Käfer’ is an Economy car produced by the German auto maker Volkswagen
- Increased weight - The components of a rear wheel drive vehicle's power train are less complex, but they are larger. The driveshaft adds weight. There is extra sheet metal to form the transmission tunnel. There is a rear axle or rear half-shafts, which are typically longer than those in a front-wheel drive car. An axle is a central shaft for a rotating Wheel or Gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or Bushing A rear wheel drive car will weigh slightly more than a comparable front wheel drive car (but less than four wheel drive).
- Improper weight distribution when loaded - A rear wheel drive car's center of gravity is shifted rearward when heavily loaded with passengers or cargo, which may cause unpredictable handling behavior. [5]
- Higher initial purchase price - Modern rear wheel drive vehicles are typically slightly more expensive to purchase than comparable front wheel drive vehicles. Although the complex assembly (the powertrain is not one compact unit) and added cost of materials, this cost difference is more probably explained by production volumes and the fact that the majority of rear-wheel cars are in the sports/performance/luxury categories. For the UK engine manufacturer see Powertrain Ltd. In a Motor vehicle, the term drivetrain, powertrain or powerplant Few modern "family" sedans have rear-wheel drive, so a cost comparison is not necessarily possible.
- The possibility of a slight loss in the mechanical efficiency of the drivetrain (approximately 17% coastdown losses between engine flywheel and road wheels compared to 15% for front wheel drive - however these losses are highly dependent on the individual transmission). Cars with rear engine or mid engine configuration and a transverse engine layout do not suffer from this. In Automobile design, a rear-engine design layout places the Engine at the rear of the vehicle A mid-engine layout describes the placement of an Automobile engine between the rear and front axles
- The long driveshaft (on front engine cars) adds to drivetrain elasticity. [5] The driveshaft must also be extended for cars with a stretched wheelbase (e. g. limousines, minivans).
Current or recent rear wheel drive cars to 2006
While the popularity of rear wheel drive has declined since the early 1980s, it is still relatively common, and has been making something of a resurgence. Here is a list of current or recent rear wheel drive vehicles.
- Nearly all two-wheel drive trucks and most sport utility vehicles are rear wheel drive. Two wheel drive or 2WD describes vehicles with a Drivetrain that allows two Wheels to receive power from the Engine simultaneously This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis
- Alfa Romeo - Alfa 8C
- Aston Martin - All models
- Bentley - Arnage, Azure
- BMW - All models except the MINI, and all-wheel drive variants
- Cadillac - All models except DTS, BLS and all-wheel drive variants
- Chevrolet - Corvette, Camaro
- Chrysler - 300, Crossfire
- Dodge - Viper, Charger, Magnum, Challenger,Durango
- Ferrari - All models
- FIAT - 126p, 131,
- Ford - Crown Victoria, Falcon (Australia), Fairlane (Australia), Mustang, Thunderbird, Sierra, Scorpio
- FSO - Polonez
- GMC - All models except Acadia and four-wheel drive variants
- Holden - Commodore (all models), Statesman / Caprice, Monaro, HSV Clubsport R8
- Honda - S2000, NSX, Beat,
- Hyundai- Genesis, Genesis Coupe
- Infiniti - All models except all-wheel drive variants, I30, I35 and G20
- Jaguar - All except X-Type
- Jeep - All models except Compass and four-wheel drive variants
- Lexus - All cars except ES, RX, and all-wheel drive variants
- Lincoln - Town Car, LS
- Lotus - All cars except Elan M100
- Maserati - All models
- Mazda - MX-5 Miata, RX-7, RX-8, 929
- Mercedes-Benz - All cars except A-Class, B-Class and all-wheel drive models
- Mercury - Grand Marquis, Marauder
- MG - MG F, MG TF, MG ZT (260+), MG XPower SV
- Morgan - All models
- Nissan - 350Z, Cefiro (except 4WD models), Skyline (except 4WD models),Silvia, 180SX, 200SX, 240SX, 300ZX
- Peugeot ROA
- Pontiac - GTO, Solstice, G8, Firebird, Trans Am
- Porsche - All cars except the four-wheel drive 911 Carrera 4, 911 Turbo and Cayenne
- Saturn - Sky
- Smart - Fortwo, Roadster
- Tata - Nano
- Tesla Motors - Tesla Roadster
- Tofaş - Şahin, Doğan, Kartal, Serçe
- Toyota - Altezza, Crown, Hilux (RWD and 4WD), Mark X, MR2, Supra, Tacoma (RWD and 4WD)
- TVR - All models
- Vauxhall - Vauxhall VXR8, Vauxhall Omega
References
- ^ a b Che Chou. Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 The Alfa Romeo Competizione is a Sports car produced by Italian automaker Alfa Romeo. Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a British manufacturer of luxury performance cars, whose headquarters are at Gaydon, England. Bentley Motors Limited is an English manufacturer of luxury Automobiles and Grand Tourers Bentley Motors was founded in England The Bentley Arnage is a Luxury car produced by Bentley Motors in Crewe, England. The Bentley Azure is a large four seater convertible built by Bentley Motors Limited at their factory in Crewe, England. ( BMW) (Bavarian Motor Works is an independent German automobile manufacturer founded in 1916 Mini (styled as MINI) is a British automotive brand owned by the German BMW Group that has produced a redesign of the traditional Mini Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to Cadillac is a Brand of Luxury vehicles owned by General Motors. The Cadillac DTS (DeVille Touring Sedan is a Full-size luxury sedan from the Cadillac luxury division of General Motors. The Cadillac BLS is a Compact executive car designed specifically for the European market by the Cadillac marque of General Motors. Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM The Chevrolet Corvette is a Sports car that has been manufactured by General Motors since 1953 The Chevrolet Camaro is a " Pony car " made in North America by the Chevrolet Motor Division of General Motors. Chrysler LLC is an American Automobile manufacturer that has been producing Automobiles since 1925 The Chrysler 300 is a Full-size car designed by Haitian-Canadian Ralph Gilles. The Chrysler Crossfire is a Rear-wheel drive, Sports car marketed by Chrysler as both coupé and roadster and built for Chrysler Dodge is a United States -based brand of Automobiles Sport utility vehicles and Trucks manufactured and marketed by Chrysler LLC The Dodge Viper is a V10 -powered Sports car manufactured by the Dodge division of Chrysler LLC. The Dodge Charger, is a Rear-wheel drive Full-size Automobile built by Chrysler LLC for its North American Dodge brand The Dodge Magnum name has been used on a number of different Automobiles The most recent is a large Rear-wheel drive Station wagon introduced in 2004 Dodge Challenger is the name of three different Automobile models marketed by the Dodge division of Chrysler LLC since 1970 The Dodge Durango is a full-size SUV from Chrysler 's Dodge brand Ferrari SpA is an Italian Sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer The Fiat 126 was a City car introduced in 1972 as a replacement for the Fiat 500. The Fiat 131, additionally called "Mirafiori" is a small/medium Family car produced by the Italian car manufacturer, Fiat from Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following The Ford Crown Victoria is the current model name Ford uses for the Rear-wheel drive full-size car first produced by the Ford Motor Company for The Ford Falcon is a Full-size car which has been manufactured by Ford Australia since 1960 See also Ford Fairlane (North American The Ford Fairlane is a large luxury Automobile which was built by Ford Australia The Ford Mustang sports coupe, manufactured by the Ford Motor Company, was initially based on the Ford Falcon The Thunderbird is an automobile manufactured by Ford in the United States from 1955 through 2005 &mdash through thirteen generations and various The Ford Sierra is a Large family car built by Ford Europe from 1982 until 1993 The Ford Scorpio was an Executive car produced by the Ford Motor Company at its factory in Cologne, Germany between 1985 and 1998 Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych ( FSO) (literally translated as Factory of Passenger Cars) is a Polish automobile manufacturer located in Warsaw GMC, formerly known as GMC Truck, is a Brand name used on Trucks Vans and SUVs marketed in North America and the The GMC Acadia is a Crossover SUV from GM The GMC Acadia Buick Enclave and Saturn Outlook share the new GM Lambda platform. Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to GM Holden Ltd is an Australian automaker based in Port Melbourne Victoria. The Holden Commodore is an Automobile manufactured by the Holden division of General Motors (GM in Australia and formerly in New Zealand The Holden Statesman and Caprice are a series of full-size Luxury vehicles produced by the Australian General Motors division of Holden The Monaro is an Automobile which was produced by Holden, the Australian branch of General Motors from 1968 to 1977 and then re-introduced The HSV Clubsport is a Full-size car produced by Holden Special Vehicles in Australia since 1990 () is a Multinational corporation, engine Manufacturer and engineering corporation headquartered in Japan. The Honda S2000 is a Roadster manufactured by the Japanese automaker Honda Motor Company. Development In 1984 Honda commissioned Pininfarina to design the HP-X ( H onda P ininfarina X perimental which had a mid-mounted 2 The Honda Beat is a mid-engined two-seat Roadster Kei car produced from in May 1991 to February 1996 Hyundai refers to a group of companies and related organizations founded by Chung Ju-yung in South Korea. The Hyundai Genesis (현대 제네시스 is a Rear-wheel drive, Full-size car introduced initially as a Concept car in the 2007 New York International The Hyundai Genesis Coupe is a Rear-wheel drive Sports coupe from Hyundai Motor Company, which has started preorders for the Korean Infiniti is the luxury car division of Japanese automaker Nissan Motor Co Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to The Infiniti I30 and I35 were Mid-size Luxury cars sold under Nissan 's Infiniti Marque in North American The Infiniti I30 and I35 were Mid-size Luxury cars sold under Nissan 's Infiniti Marque in North American The Infiniti G20 was Infiniti 's Entry-level luxury car in the United States during most of the 1990s and into the 2000s Jaguar Cars Limited is a luxury car manufacturer based in Coventry, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar Land Rover business The X-Type is a Compact executive car produced by the British luxury Automaker Jaguar since 2001 Jeep is an Automobile Marque (and registered trademark of Chrysler. The Jeep Compass (MK49 is a compact Crossover SUV introduced for the 2007 Model year. Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to is the Luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. The Lexus ES series is a family of Mid-size luxury sedans produced by the Lexus division of Toyota since 1989 The Lexus RX is a Mid-size luxury crossover SUV produced by Toyota Motor Corporation. Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to Lincoln is an American Luxury car manufacturer operated under the Ford Motor Company. The Lincoln Town Car is a Full-size, Rear-wheel drive luxury sedan sold by Ford's upscale Lincoln brand The Lincoln LS (for "Luxury Sport" was a Mid-size, Rear wheel drive entry-level Luxury car from Lincoln. Lotus Cars is a British manufacturer of sports and racing cars based at Hethel, Norfolk, England. Lotus Elan is the name of two Convertible Cars and one fixed head Coupé produced by Lotus Cars. Maserati is an Italian manufacturer of racing cars and Sports cars established on December 1, 1914, in Bologna. ( is a Japanese automotive manufacturer based in Hiroshima, Japan. Generations and overview Now in its third generation the MX5's first generation the NA, sold over 400000 units from 1989 to 1997 &mdash with a Straight-4 The Mazda RX-7 is a Sports car produced by the Japanese automaker Mazda from 1978 to 2002 The Mazda RX-8 is a Sports car manufactured by Mazda Motor Corporation. The Mazda 929 (also sold as the Efini MS-9) was originally a Mid-size car from 1973-1987 and became a Full-size Luxury car after Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the The Mercedes-Benz A-Class is a Subcompact car produced by the German Automaker Mercedes-Benz. The Mercedes-Benz B-Class (codename W245 is a Compact MPV introduced by German automaker Mercedes-Benz in March 2005 Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to Mercury is an Automobile Marque of the Ford Motor Company founded in 1939 by Edsel Ford, son of Henry Ford, to market entry-level-luxury The Mercury Grand Marquis is a Full-size Rear-wheel drive sedan sold by the Mercury division of the Ford Motor Company. The Mercury Marauder was the name of different automobiles made by the Mercury division of Ford Motor Company. MG is a British Sports car brand founded in 1924 MG is best known for two-seat open sports cars but MG also produced saloons and Coupés The MG F, later the MG TF, is a mid-engined rear wheel drive Roadster originally launched in 1995 The MG ZT is a high-performance version of the Rover 75 Executive car, produced by MG at their Longbridge site in Birmingham. Production After acquiring Qvale Automotive Srl of Italy MG Rover set up MG X80 Ltd The Morgan Motor Company is a British motor car manufacturer The company was founded in 1909 by H The Nissan 350Z is a two seat Sports car manufactured by Nissan Motor Co LTD. The Nissan Cefiro was an intermediate-size Automobile range sold in Japan and other countries Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to Nissan Skyline GT-RThe Nissan Skyline is a Mid-size car originally produced by the Japanese automaker Prince Motor Company starting in 1957 and later by Nissan Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to The Original Silvia The Nissan Silvia CSP311 made its public debut at the Tokyo Motor Showin September 1964 First generation / S13 (1989-1994 The first generation of the 240SX can be divided into two distinct variants Zenki ("early period" in Japanese The Nissan 300ZX, also known as the Nissan Fairlady Z, is a Sports car that was produced by Nissan. ROA is an Iranian made car (by Iran Khodro Co It is a developed version of Peugeot RD 1600 Pontiac is a Brand of Automobiles produced by General Motors that has been sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico The Pontiac GTO was an Automobile built by Pontiac from 1964 to 1974 and by General Motors Holden in Australia from 2004 to The Pontiac Solstice is a small sports car from the Pontiac division of General Motors. The Pontiac G8 is a Rear-wheel drive sedan produced by General Motors released for the 2008 model year (2009 in Canada) The Pontiac Firebird was a Pony car built by the Pontiac division of General Motors between 1967 and 2002 The Pontiac Firebird was a Pony car built by the Pontiac division of General Motors between 1967 and 2002 Porsche SE or Porsche ( German, ˈpɔɹʃə is a German manufacturer of automobiles which is majority-owned by the Porsche and Piëch The Porsche 911 (pronounced as Nine Eleven, Neunelfer is a Sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany The Porsche 911 (pronounced as Nine Eleven, Neunelfer is a Sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany The Porsche Cayenne is a five-seat mid-size Sport utility vehicle manufactured by the German automaker Porsche since 2002, with The Saturn Sky is the first ever Sports car from the Saturn Marque of American automaker General Motors. SMart is a British CBBC television programme based on the subject of Art, which began in 1994 The smart fortwo is a rear-engined two-seater It was first shown at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. The Smart Roadster is a two-door Microcar first introduced in 2003 by Smart GmbH. Tata Motors Limited', formerly known as TELCO (TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Mumbai The Tata Nano is a proposed City car &mdash a small affordable rear-engined four-passenger car aimed primarily at the Indian market &mdash first presented by The Tesla Roadster is a fully electric Sports car. It is the first car produced by electric car firm Tesla Motors. Tofaş (pronounced "toe-fush" is a Turkish Automaker, based in Istanbul, Turkey and with a plant in Bursa. The Tofaş Şahin Dogan and Kartal are Turkish versions of the old Fiat 131 automobile made in Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi A (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. The Toyota Crown is a line of full-size luxury sedans by Toyota. This article is about the pickup sold in North America until 1994 and other markets as of today The Toyota Mark X ( Japanese: トヨタ・マークX) is a full-size Automobile created by Toyota for the Japanese market The Toyota MR2 is a two-seat mid-engined, Rear wheel drive Sports car produced by Toyota from 1984 until July 2007 when production stopped in Mark I (1979-1981 1979 In 1978 Toyota began production of the Mark I Supra in Japan, as the Toyota Celica XX. The Toyota Tacoma is a compact Pickup truck manufactured by the Toyota Motor Company since 1995 TVR is an independent British manufacturer of Sports cars based in the English town of Blackpool, Lancashire. Vauxhall Motors is a British automobile company It is a subsidiary of General Motors Corporation (GM and is part of GM Europe. The HSV Clubsport is a Full-size car produced by Holden Special Vehicles in Australia since 1990 FWD vs. RWD. Forza Motorsport 2.
- ^ Jim Kerr. Front wheel drive vs rear wheel drive. Canadian Driver.
- ^ a b Front wheel drive, rear wheel drive, or all wheel drive?. The Family Car.
- ^ Michael Vatalaro. SUVs carry the load. Boat/US Magazine.
External links
- RearWheelDrive.org - An organization that is devoted to promote RWD
- "Why Front-Wheel Drive Sucks - And Why Rear-Wheel Drive is Coming Back" - A personal opinion
- What's It Like To Drive - Describes a test between two Dodge Daytonas, one FWD and one RWD
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