Contents 1 History 1.1 1940s-1950s 1.2 1960s-1970s 1.3 1980s-1990s 2 2000s 3 Types of reality TV 3.1 Documentary-style 3.2 Elimination/Game shows 3.3 Self-improvement/makeover 3.4 Renovation 3.5 Dating shows 3.6 Talk shows 3.7 Hidden cameras 3.8 Hoaxes 4 Analysis and criticism 4.1 Instant celebrity 4.2 Is "reality" a misnomer? 4.3 As spectacle of humiliation 4.4 Political impact 4.5 As substitute for scripted drama 5 Prior elements in popular culture 6 Pop culture references 7 Other influences on popular culture 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links 11.1 UK 11.2 US

Reality Television is a genre of television programming which presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary people instead of professional actors. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term reality television is most commonly used to describe programs of this genre produced since 2000. Documentaries and nonfictional programming such as news and sports shows are usually not classified as reality shows. Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality

Reality television covers a wide range of programming formats, from game or quiz shows which resemble the frantic, often demeaning shows produced in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s (a modern example is Gaki no tsukai), to surveillance- or voyeurism-focused productions such as Big Brother (TV series). is a Japanese variety show hosted by the popular Japanese Owarai duo Downtown. Big Brother is a Reality television show where in each series a group of people live together in the Big Brother House isolated from the outside world but continuously

Such shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes coached to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers, and with events on screen sometimes manipulated through editing and other post-production techniques. Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist"

History

1940s-1950s

Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the 1940s. Debuting in 1948, Allen Funt's Candid Camera, (based on his previous 1947 radio show, Candid Microphone), broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. Allen Funt ( September 16, 1914 &ndash September 5 1999) was an American producer-director best known as the creator and host of Candid Camera was a Television series created and produced by Allen Funt, which initially began on Radio as Candid Microphone Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. It has been called the "granddaddy of the reality TV genre. "^[1] Debuting in the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Beat The Clock is also a song by Ghostface Killah from his album The Pretty Toney Album Beat the Clock is a Goodson-Todman Productions Truth or Consequences was an American quiz show, originally hosted on NBC Radio by Ralph Edwards (1940-57 and later on television

In 1948, talent search shows Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors and audience voting. Ted Mack ( February 12, 1904, Greeley Colorado - July 12, 1976, North Tarrytown New York) born William Edward Maguiness The Original Amateur Hour was an American Radio and Television program Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts (also known as Talent Scouts) was a radio and Television Variety show which ran on CBS from The Miss America Pageant, first broadcast in 1954, was a competition where the winner achieved status as a national celebrity. The Miss America pageant is a long-standing competition which awards scholarships to young women from the 50 states plus the District of Columbia and the US Virgin Islands ^[2]

The radio series Nightwatch (1954-1955), which tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, California police officers, also helped pave the way for reality television. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Culver City is a city in western Los Angeles County California. The series You Asked For It (1950-1959), in which viewer requests dictated content, was an antecedent of today's audience-participation reality TV elements, in which viewers cast votes to help determine the course of events. You Asked For It is a popular human-interest show created and hosted by Art Baker.

1960s-1970s

First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television series Seven Up!, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary seven-year olds from a broad cross section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Granada Television is the United Kingdom ITV contractor for North West England. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals in the intervening years, titled 7 Plus Seven, 21 Up, etc. The series was structured simply as a series of interviews with no element of plot. However, it did have the then-new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities.

Andy Warhol's 1966 film Chelsea Girls showed various of Warhol's acquaintances being filmed by a camera with no direction given; the Radio Times Guide to Film 2007 stated that the film was "to blame for reality television. For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol Chelsea Girls is a 1966 film directed by Paul Morrissey and Andy Warhol. "^[3]

The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family, which showed a nuclear family going through a divorce. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the An American Family was a documentary shot in 1971 and first aired in the United States on PBS in early 1973 The term nuclear family developed in the Western world to distinguish the Family group consisting of parents most commonly a Father and Mother Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. In 1974 a counterpart program, The Family, was made in the UK, following the working class Wilkins family of Reading. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Reading (ˈrɛdɪŋ as Redding) is a town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, midway between Another forebear of modern reality television were the late 1970s productions of Chuck Barris: The Dating Game, The Newlywed Game, and The Gong Show, all of which featured participants who were eager to sacrifice some of their privacy and dignity in a televised competition. Chuck Barris (born Charles Hirsch Barris on June 3, 1929) is an American Game show producer and presenter who was responsible for many of The Dating Game is an ABC television show that first aired on December 20, 1965 and was the first of many shows created and packaged by The Newlywed Game was an American television Game show where newly-married couples answered questions to find out how well the husband and wife knew This article is about the show which aired in the 1970s and 1980s [1]

1980s-1990s

Reality television as it is currently understood can be traced directly to several television shows that began in the late 1980s and early 1990s. COPS, which first aired in the spring of 1989 and came about partly due to the need for new programming during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike,^[4] showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals; it introduced the camcorder look and cinéma vérité feel of much of later reality television. COPS is an American Documentary television series that follows Police officers and Sheriff 's deputies during patrols and other police The 1988 Writers Guild of America strike was a Strike action taken by members of both the Writers Guild of America East (WGAE and the Writers Guild of America A camcorder is a portable Consumer electronics device for recording Video and audio using a built-in recorder unit Cinéma Vérité is the first Album by an Alternative rock group Dramarama, released in November 1985 The series Nummer 28, which aired on Dutch television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in the same environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued. Nummer 28 was a Dutch Reality soap, directed by Joost Tholens and produced by Today TV, shown as part of the youth show "1-4-U" of public broadcaster Nummer 28 also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including a heavy use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact "confessionals" recorded by cast members, that serve as narration. One year later, the same concept was used by MTV in their new series The Real World and Nummer 28 creator Erik Latour has long claimed that The Real World was directly inspired by his show. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. The Real World is a Reality television program on MTV originally executive produced by Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray. ^[5] However, the producers of The Real World have stated that their direct inspiration was An American Family. ^[6]

According to television commentator Charlie Brooker, this type of reality television was enabled by the advent of computer-based non-linear editing systems for video (such as those produced by Avid Technology) in 1989. Charlton Brooker, commonly known as Charlie Brooker, (born 3 March 1971 Reading, Berkshire) is a British Comedy writer, Cartoonist "NLE" redirects here For the standardized test see National Latin Examination. Avid Technology Inc ( is an American company specializing in video and audio production technology specifically digital non-linear editing (NLE These systems made it easy to quickly edit hours of video footage into a usable form, something that had been very difficult to do before. (Film, which was easy to edit, was too expensive to shoot enough hours of footage with on a regular basis. )^[7]

The Swedish TV show Expedition Robinson, created by TV producer Charlie Parsons, which first aired in 1997 (and was later produced in a large number of other countries as Survivor), added to the Nummer 28/Real World template the idea of competition and elimination, in which cast members/contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Expedition Robinson was a popular Swedish Reality television program that debuted in 1997 Survivor is a popular Reality television Game show format produced in many countries throughout the world (These shows are now sometimes called elimination shows. )

Changing Rooms, a British TV show that began in 1996, showed couples redecorating each others' houses, and was the first reality show with a self-improvement or makeover theme. Changing Rooms was a British television entertainment DIY show broadcast on the BBC. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Self-help or self-improvement refers to self-guided improvement—economically intellectually or emotionally—most frequently with a substantial psychological or spiritual A makeover is a term applied to changing one's appearance, sometimes through Cosmetics.

2000s

Reality television saw an explosion of global popularity starting in the early 2000s. Big Brother set a trend for reality television in the UK and across the world. The series spawned a huge desire for reality television, with series such as Shipwrecked and Im a Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here becoming hugely popular series. Two other reality series - Survivor and American Idol - have been the top-rated series on American television for an entire season. Survivor led the ratings in 2001-02, and Idol has topped the ratings three consecutive years (2004-05, 2005-06, and 2006-07). The year 2002 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2002. The year 2005 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2005. The year 2006 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2006. The year 2007 in television involves some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2007.

Currently there are at least two television channels devoted exclusively to reality television: Fox Reality in the United States, launched in 2005, and Zone Reality in the UK, launched in 2002. Fox Reality Channel is an all-reality television channel available on cable and Satellite television in the United States Zone Reality (formerly Reality TV) is a European Reality television channel In addition, several other cable channels, such as Viacom's MTV and NBC's Bravo, feature original reality programming as a mainstay. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. Bravo is a Cable television network owned by NBC Universal. It is currently seen in more than 80 million homes and was the first service dedicated to film drama ^[8] Mike Darnell, head of reality TV for the US Fox network, says that the broadcast networks (NBC, CBS, ABC and Fox) "might as well plan three or four [reality shows] each season because we're going to have them, anyway. "^[9]

During the early part of the 2000s, U. S. and foreign network executives expressed concern that reality-television programming was limited in its appeal for DVD reissue and syndication, but in fact DVDs for reality shows have sold briskly; Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, The Amazing Race, Project Runway, and America's Next Top Model have all ranked in the top DVDs sold on Amazon.com. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is In Broadcasting, syndication is the sale of the right to broadcast Radio shows and Television shows to multiple individual stations without going through Laguna Beach The Real Orange County (often referred to as Laguna Beach) was an MTV reality show documenting the lives of The Amazing Race, sometimes referred to as TAR, is a Reality television Game show in which teams of two people (with one exception Project Runway is a Peabody Award -winning American Reality television series on the Bravo network which focuses on Fashion design. America's Next Top Model (often shortened to Top Model or abbreviated as ANTM) is a Reality television show in which a number of women compete Amazoncom Inc ( is an American electronic commerce ( E-commerce) company in Seattle Washington. DVDs of The Simple Life have outranked scripted shows like The O.C. and Desperate Housewives; additionally, many reality shows have been successfully syndicated, including Fear Factor, The Amazing Race, Survivor and America's Next Top Model. The Simple Life was a Television series broadcast from December 2, 2003 to August 5, 2007. This article is about the FOX television series For the location from which the series derives its name see Orange County California. Desperate Housewives is an American Television Dramedy series created by Marc Cherry, who also serves as Show runner, and produced The fear factor in occupational terminology refers to the increased per-worker productivity resulting from the threat of impending layoffs. The Amazing Race, sometimes referred to as TAR, is a Reality television Game show in which teams of two people (with one exception America's Next Top Model (often shortened to Top Model or abbreviated as ANTM) is a Reality television show in which a number of women compete COPS has had huge success in syndication, direct response sales and DVD. A FOX staple since 1989, COPS is, as of 2008, in its 21st season, having outlasted all competing scripted police shows.

In 2007, according to the Learning and Skills Council, one in seven UK teenagers hopes to gain fame by appearing on reality television. The Learning and Skills Council is a Non-departmental public body jointly sponsored by the Department for Innovation Universities and Skills and Department of Children ^[10]

In April 2008, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences announced it will give its very first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality Show or Reality Competition on September 21. The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS) is the Los Angeles - organization which awards the Primetime Emmys. The Primetime Emmy Awards are awards presented by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in recognition of excellence in American Primetime Television "Reality television has become such an integral part of television and our culture, so it only made sense for us to creat this new highly competitive category," TV academy Chairmen and CEO John Shaffner said in the announcement.

Types of reality TV

There are a number of sub-categories of reality television:

Documentary-style

In many reality television shows, the viewer and the camera are passive observers following people going about their daily personal and professional activities; this style of filming is often referred to as "fly on the wall" or "Factual television". Fly on the wall is a style of documentary -making used in Film and Television. Factual Television is a genre of Television programming which documents actual events and people Often "plots" are constructed via editing or planned situations, with the results resembling soap operas — hence the term docusoap or docudrama. A soap opera is an ongoing episodic work of Fiction, usually broadcast on Television or Radio. In other shows, a cinéma vérité style is adopted, where the filmmaker is more than a passive observer—their presence and influence is greatly manifest. Cinéma Vérité is the first Album by an Alternative rock group Dramarama, released in November 1985

Within documentary-style reality television are several subcategories or variants:

Special living environment

Some documentary-style programs place cast members, who in most cases previously did not know each other, in artificial living environments; The Real World is the originator of this style. The Real World is a Reality television program on MTV originally executive produced by Mary-Ellis Bunim and Jonathan Murray. In almost every other such show, cast members are given a specific challenge or obstacle to overcome. Road Rules, which started in 1995 as a spinoff of The Real World, started this pattern: the cast traveled across the country guided by clues and performing tasks. For the general usage see Rules of the road Road Rules, MTV 's second reality show debuted on July 19, 1995

Big Brother is probably the best known program of this type in the world with different versions produced in many countries around the globe. Big Brother is a Reality television show where in each series a group of people live together in the Big Brother House isolated from the outside world but continuously Another example of a show in this category The 1900 House, involves historical re-enactment with cast members forced to live and work as people of a specific time and place. The 1900 House is a Historical Reality television programme made by Wall to Wall / Channel 4 in 1999. "Reenactment" redirects here For the 1968 Romanian film see The Reenactment. 2001's Temptation Island achieved some notoriety by placing several couples on an island surrounded by single people in order to test the couples' commitment to each other. Temptation Island was a US Reality television program broadcast on Fox in which several couples agreed to live with a group of singles U8TV: The Lofters combined the "special living environment" format with the "professional activity" format noted below; in addition to living together in a loft, each member of the show's cast was hired to host a television program for a Canadian cable channel. U8TV The Lofters was a Canadian reality Television series, which aired on the Life Network and online through its website Loft mainly refers to two different types of rooms It typically refers to an upper story or Attic in a Building, directly under the Roof

Celebrities

Another subset of fly-on-the-wall-style shows involves celebrities. Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life: examples include The Anna Nicole Show, The Osbournes, Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica, Hey Paula! and Hogan Knows Best. The Anna Nicole Show was a reality Sitcom, starring former model and Playboy Playmate Anna Nicole Smith, which The Osbournes was an Emmy Award -winning American Reality television program broadcast by MTV in the U Newlyweds Nick and Jessica (often written Newlyweds Nick & Jessica) was a Reality television show that was produced and aired by MTV Hogan Knows Best was an American Television show centered around the family life of Professional wrestling legend Hulk Hogan In other shows, celebrities are put on location and given a specific task or task; these include The Simple Life, Tommy Lee Goes to College and The Surreal Life. The Simple Life was a Television series broadcast from December 2, 2003 to August 5, 2007. Tommy Lee Goes to College is an NBC Reality television show that began broadcasting on Tuesday August 16, 2005 and on VH1 The Surreal Life is a Reality television series that sets a select group of past-their-prime celebrities and records them as they live together in a mansion in VH1 has created an entire block of shows dedicated to celebrity reality, known as "Celebreality". VH1 (known as VH-1 Video Hits One from 1985 to 1994 and VH1 Music First until 2003) is an American Cable television

Professional activities

Some documentary-style shows portray professionals either going about day-to-day business or performing an entire project over the course of a series. No outside experts are brought in (at least, none appear on screen) to either provide help or to judge results. The earliest example (and the longest running reality show of any genre) is COPS which has been airing since 1989, preceding by many years the current reality show phenomenon. COPS is an American Documentary television series that follows Police officers and Sheriff 's deputies during patrols and other police

Other examples of this type of reality show include the American shows Miami Ink, American Chopper and Deadliest Catch, the British show Airport, the Australian shows Border Security and Bondi Rescue, and the New Zealand show Motorway Patrol. Miami Ink is a Reality show on TLC that follows the events that take place at Love Hate a Tattoo shop in Miami Beach Florida American Chopper The Series is a Learning Channel Reality television series produced by Pilgrim Films & Television Inc Deadliest Catch is a documentary television series produced by Original Productions of Burbank California for the Discovery Channel Airport is a British documentary television series based at London Heathrow Airport, the world's busiest international airport broadcast by the BBC For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Border Security Australia's Front Line is an Australian television program that airs on the Seven Network. Bondi Rescue is an Australian Reality television program which is broadcast on Channel Ten. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Motorway Patrol is a televised New Zealand police show Police pull over suspects on the Motorways of Auckland, New Zealand for all sorts The US cable networks TLC and A&E in particular show a number of this type of reality show. TLC (generally called as The Learning Channel) is a cable TV network in the US and Canada, that carries a variety of informational and A&E is a cable and Satellite television network with headquarters in Manhattan and offices in Stamford, Atlanta,

VH1's 2001 show Bands on the Run was a notable early hybrid, in that the show featured four unsigned bands touring and making music as a professional activity, but also pitted the bands against one another in game show fashion to see which band could make the most money. VH1 (known as VH-1 Video Hits One from 1985 to 1994 and VH1 Music First until 2003) is an American Cable television An unsigned band is a band that has not been signed to a Record label.

Elimination/Game shows

Another type of reality TV is "reality-competition", or so-called "reality game shows", in which participants are filmed competing to win a prize, often while living together in a confined environment. In many cases, participants are removed until only one person or team remains, who/which is then declared the winner. Usually this is done by eliminating participants one at a time, in balloon debate style, through either disapproval voting or by voting for the most popular choice to win. A balloon debate is a Debate in which a number of speakers attempt to win the approval of an audience Disapproval voting is any Voting system that allows many voters to express formal disapproval simultaneously in a system where they all share some power Voting is done by either the viewing audience, the show's own participants, a panel of judges, or some combination of the three. (These programs have also been called "game operas," a term coined by Steve Beverly, a college professor in Tennessee and webmaster of TVGameShows.net. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The webmaster (feminine webmistress) also called the Web architect, the Web developer, the site author, or the website )

A well-known example of a reality-competition show is the globally-syndicated Big Brother, in which cast members live together in the same house, with participants removed at regular intervals by either the viewing audience or, in the case of the American version, by the participants themselves. Big Brother is a Reality television show where in each series a group of people live together in the Big Brother House isolated from the outside world but continuously

There remains some disagreement over whether talent-search shows such as the Idol series, America's Got Talent, Dancing with the Stars, and Celebrity Duets are truly reality television, or just newer incarnations of shows such as Star Search. The British talent search television series Pop Idol has spawned spin-offs in 40 territories, in what is now referred to as the "Idols" format America's Got Talent is an American Dancing with the Stars is the name of a group of international Television series based on the format of the British series Strictly This article is about the original TV series for the Philippine edition see Celebrity Duets Philippine Edition. Star Search is a Television show that was produced from 1983 to 1995 and hosted by Ed McMahon. Although the shows involve a traditional talent search, the shows follow the reality-competition conventions of removing one or more contestants per episode and allowing the public to vote on who is removed; the Idol series also require the contestants to live together during the run of the show (though their daily life is never shown onscreen). Additionally, there is a good deal of interaction shown between contestants and judges. As a result, such shows are often considered reality television, and the American Primetime Emmy Awards have nominated both American Idol and Dancing with the Stars for the Outstanding Reality-Competition Program Emmy. The Primetime Emmy Awards are awards presented by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in recognition of excellence in American Primetime Television American Idol, with the full title American Idol The Search for a Superstar for the first season only is an American reality-competition Outstanding Reality-Competition Program is a Primetime Emmy Award given out during the primetime telecast since 2003

Modern game shows like Weakest Link, Greed, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, American Gladiators, Dog Eat Dog and Deal or No Deal also lie in a gray area: like traditional game shows, the action takes place in an enclosed TV studio over a short period of time; however, they have higher production values, more dramatic background music, and higher stakes than traditional shows (done either through putting contestants into physical danger or offering large cash prizes). The Weakest Link is a television Game show which first appeared in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on 14 August, 2000 Greed (or Greed The Series) was a Television Game show where a team of contestants answered a series of multiple-choice Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? is a Television Game show which offers very large Cash prizes for correctly answering successive multiple-choice American Gladiators (2008 TV series American Gladiators (1989-1996 was an American competition Television program that matched a cast of Dog Eat Dog was a Saturday night British Game show on BBC One hosted by Ulrika Jonsson, which ran from 14 April, Deal or No Deal is the name of several closely related Television Game shows, the first of which (launching the format was produced by Dutch producer In addition, there is more interaction between contestants and hosts, and in some cases they feature reality-style contestant competition and/or elimination as well. These factors, as well as these shows' rise in global popularity at the same time as the arrival of the reality craze, lead many people to group them under the reality TV umbrella instead of the traditional game show one. ^[11]

There are various hybrid reality-competition shows, like the worldwide-syndicated Star Academy, which combines the Big Brother and Pop Idol formats, The Biggest Loser and The Pick-up Artist which combine competition with the self-improvement format, and American Inventor, which uses the Pop Idol format for products instead of people. Star Academy is a highly successful television show format produced by Endemol, that has been broadcast in over 50 countries The Biggest Loser is an American Reality television show that began broadcasting on the NBC network on October 19, 2004 The Pick-up Artist is an American Reality show on VH1 which focuses on a group of eight male contestants who have historically been American Inventor is a Reality television series based on a search for America's best Inventor. Some shows, such as Making the Band and Project Greenlight, devote the first part of the season to selecting a winner, and the second part to showing that person or group of people working on a project. Making the Band is an ABC / MTV Reality television series that exists in separate iterations each iteration focusing on a specific music act Project Greenlight was a contest and documentary series and money making venture focusing on amateur filmmaking

Popular variants of the competition-based format include the following:

Dating-based competition

Dating-based competition shows follow a contestant choosing one out of a group of suitors. Over the course of either a single episode or an entire season, suitors are eliminated until only the contestant and the final suitor remains. For a time, in 2001-2003, this type of reality show dominated the other genres on the major US networks. Shows that aired included The Bachelor, its spinoff The Bachelorette, as well as For Love or Money, Boy Meets Boy, Average Joe and Farmer Wants a Wife. For the 1999 movie The Bachelor starring Chris O'Donnell, see The Bachelor (film. A spin-off (or spinoff) is a new Organization or Entity formed by a split from a larger one such as a Television series based on a pre-existing The Bachelorette is a Spin-off of the American competitive reality Dating game show, The Bachelor. For Love or Money is a Reality television show initially broadcast on NBC in 2003. Boy Meets Boy is American reality Television show in which a gay man meets and chooses a mate from a group of 15 potential male suitors Average Joe was an American Reality television show broadcast on the NBC beginning in 2003 Farmer Wants a Wife is a Reality television series developed by Fremantle Media. More recent such shows include Flavor of Love and its spinoffs I Love New York and Rock of Love. Flavor of Love is an American Reality television Dating game show starring Flavor Flav of the rap group Public Enemy. The Logo for the I Love New York Advertising many campaigns is a Rebus created by Milton Glaser consisting of the capital letter Rock of Love is an American Reality television Dating game show.

Job search

In this category, the competition revolves around a skill that contestants were pre-screened for. Competitors perform a variety of tasks based around that skill, are judged, and are then kept or removed by a single expert or a panel of experts. The show is usually presented as a job search of some kind, in which the prize for the winner includes a contract to perform that kind of work. If one considers the Idol series a reality-television show, it was the first such "job search" show; Pop Idol premiered in October 2001. The British talent search television series Pop Idol has spawned spin-offs in 40 territories, in what is now referred to as the "Idols" format Pop Idol was a British Television series which debuted on ITV on October 5 2001; the show was a talent contest to decide The first job-search show which showed dramatic, unscripted situations may have been America's Next Top Model, which premiered in May 2003. America's Next Top Model (often shortened to Top Model or abbreviated as ANTM) is a Reality television show in which a number of women compete Other examples include The Apprentice (which judges business skills), Hell's Kitchen (for chefs), Project Runway (for clothing design), Top Design (for interior design), Last Comic Standing (for comedians), The Starlet (for actresses), On the Lot (for filmmakers), The Shot (for photographers), So You Think You Can Dance (for dancers) and the MuchMusic VJ Search (for television hosts). The Apprentice is a television franchise that originated in 2004 in the United States. Hell's Kitchen is an American reality-television cooking competition based on a series of the same name, broadcast in the UK. Project Runway is a Peabody Award -winning American Reality television series on the Bravo network which focuses on Fashion design. Top Design is an American Reality television series that airs on Bravo. Last Comic Standing is an American Reality television Talent show that premiered in 2003 The Starlet was a Reality television program on The WB. Ten young actresses live together in On the Lot was a short-lived Reality show competition produced by Steven Spielberg and Mark Burnett. The Shot was a reality television show produced by VH1 in 2007 So You Think You Can Dance is an American Dance Reality show and competition that is broadcast on the Fox Network in the U VJ Search is the title of a Reality television program aired on Canadian music video TV station MuchMusic. Some shows use the same format with celebrities: in this case, there is no expectation that the winner will continue this line of work, and prize winnings often go to charity. Examples include Deadline and The Celebrity Apprentice. Deadline was a Reality television series aired on ITV2 during April and May 2007. The Celebrity Apprentice (also known as The Apprentice 7) is the seventh installment of the United States version of the Reality television

Fear-centric

Possibly introduced in the mid 1990s with Australia's Who Dares Wins, then in the US with MTV's Fear in 2000, fear-centric shows place people in situations or locations aimed at generating emotions of fright, panic, or revulsion. For the UK game show see Who Dares Wins (UK game show. Who Dares Wins was an Australian adventure Game show that MTV's Fear was an MTV Reality show in 2000, that placed a group of 5 or more contestants in an allegedly haunted location and led them on Shows in the genre include Fear Factor, Scare Tactics and Celebrity Paranormal Project. The fear factor in occupational terminology refers to the increased per-worker productivity resulting from the threat of impending layoffs. For the 1990s comic book series published by DC Comics see Scare Tactics (comics Scare Tactics is a reality show on the Celebrity Paranormal Project, (sometimes abbreviated as CPP) is a Reality show which debuted on VH1 on October 22 2006 and was last aired

Sports

These programs create a sporting competition among athletes attempting to establish their name in that sport. The Club, in 2002, was one of the first shows to immerse sport with reality TV, based around a fabricated club competing against real clubs in the sport of Australian rules football; the audience helped select which players played each week by voting for their favourites. The Club was an Australian Reality television show about an Australian rules football Sporting side the Hammerheads, which Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players The Big Break was a reality show in which aspiring golf players competed against one another and were eliminated. For the BBC snooker game show see Big Break. For the Soviet TV miniseries see Big School-Break The Contender, a boxing show, unfortunately became the first American reality show in which a contestant committed suicide after being eliminated from the show. The Contender is a Reality television series that follows a group of Boxers as they compete with one another in an elimination-style competition Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, In The Ultimate Fighter participants have voluntarily withdrawn or expressed the desire to withdraw from the show due to competitive pressure. The Ultimate Fighter is a Reality television series and Mixed martial arts (MMA competition originating from United States and produced by Spike

In sports shows, sometimes just appearing on the show, not necessarily winning, can get a contestant the job. The owner of UFC declared that the final match of the first season of Ultimate Fighter was so good, both contestants were offered a contract, and in addition, many non-winning "TUF Alumni" have prospered in the UFC. Many of the losers from World Wrestling Entertainment's Tough Enough and Diva Search shows have been picked up by the company. World Wrestling Entertainment Inc ( WWE) is a publicly traded privately controlled integrated media (focusing in Television, Internet, WWE Tough Enough (originally known as WWF Tough Enough) was a Reality television show produced by World Wrestling Entertainment The WWE Diva Search is a former talent competition held by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE

Self-improvement/makeover

Some reality television shows cover a person or group of people improving their lives. Sometimes the same group of people are covered over an entire season (as in The Swan and Celebrity Fit Club), but usually there is a new target for improvement in each episode. The Swan was a 2004 US Reality television program broadcast on Fox in which average-looking women were given "extreme Celebrity Fit Club is a Reality television series which follows eight overweight celebrities as they try to lose weight Despite differences in the content, the format is usually the same: first the show introduces the subjects in their current, less-than-ideal environment. Then the subjects meet with a group of experts, who give the subjects instructions on how to improve things; they offer aid and encouragement along the way. Finally, the subjects are placed back in their environment and they, along with their friends and family and the experts, appraise the changes that have occurred. Other self-improvement or makeover shows include The Biggest Loser (which covers weight loss), Extreme Makeover (entire physical appearance), Queer Eye For The Straight Guy (style and grooming), Supernanny (child-rearing), Made (attaining difficult goals), What Not to Wear (fashion and grooming), Trinny & Susannah Undress (fashion makeover and marriage), The Bad Girls Club (lifestyles and actions), and Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School (manners). The Biggest Loser is an American Reality television show that began broadcasting on the NBC network on October 19, 2004 Extreme Makeover was a Television program from ABC in which individuals volunteer to receive an extensive Makeover in Hollywood. Queer Eye is an Emmy award-winning American Reality television series that premiered on the Bravo cable television network on July 15 Supernanny is a British reality Television programme about helping parents with misbehaving children MTV's MADE is a two-time Daytime Emmy Award -winning self-improvement reality television series broadcast on MTV. What Not to Wear is a BAFTA Award -nominated Makeover Reality Television show currently presented by Lisa Butcher and Trinny & Susannah Undress is a British reality Makeover and fashion-themed Television programme on ITV featuring fashion The Bad Girls Club is a reality-based series from the Oxygen Network. Flavor of Love Girls Charm School is the first season of the VH1 Reality show Charm School.

Renovation

Some shows make over part or all of a person's living space, work space, or vehicle. The British show Changing Rooms, which began in 1996 (later remade in the U. Changing Rooms was a British television entertainment DIY show broadcast on the BBC. S. as Trading Spaces) was the first such show. Trading Spaces is an hour-long US television reality program that has aired since 2000 on the cable channels TLC and Discovery Home Other shows in this category include Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, Debbie Travis' Facelift, Designed to Sell, While You Were Out, and Holmes on Homes. Extreme Makeover Home Edition, sometimes shortened EMHE, is an Emmy Award -winning Reality television series providing Home renovations Debbie Travis' Facelift is a Home improvement reality Television show that ran from 2003 to 2006 Designed to Sell is an HGTV American Reality television show hosted by Clive Pearse, Shane Tallant, Michael Johnson While You Were Out is an hour-long American television reality program that aired episodes on the cable channel TLC. Holmes on Homes is a Canadian Television series airing on Home & Garden Television in Canada and also on several other Alliance Atlantis Pimp My Ride and Overhaulin' show vehicles being rebuilt. Pimp My Ride is a TV show produced by MTV. Each episode consists of taking one car in poor condition and restoring it as well as customizing Overhaulin was an Automotive Reality TV show produced for the TLC Network. Some shows, such as Restaurant Makeover and Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares, show both the decor and the menu of a failing restaurant being remade. Restaurant Makeover is a television series which airs on Food Network Canada and HGTV Canada, as well as the Fine Living channel and Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares is a critically-acclaimed Television programme featuring British Celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay

As with game shows, a gray area exists between such reality TV shows and more conventional formats. Some argue the key difference is the emphasis of the human story and conflicts of reality shows, versus the emphasis on process and information in more traditional format shows. The show This Old House, which began in 1979, shows people renovating a house; media critic Jeff Jarvis has speculated that it is "the original reality TV show. This Old House is an American Home improvement Magazine and Television series which is aired on the American public Jeff Jarvis (born September 12, 1954) is an American journalist. "^[12]

Dating shows

Unlike the aforementioned dating competition shows, some shows feature all new contestants each episode. This format was first used in the 1960s show The Dating Game. The Dating Game is an ABC television show that first aired on December 20, 1965 and was the first of many shows created and packaged by Modern examples include Blind Date, Room Raiders and Parental Control. Blind Date was a United States Reality show. It was first broadcast on first-run Television syndication in 1999 and was distributed by Universal Room Raiders is a dating / reality series on MTV. Premise On the show three single men or women have their rooms inspected Parental Control is a television program produced by MTV The two directors Brendon Carter and Bruce Klassen have also created other MTV shows

Talk shows

Though the traditional format of a talk show is that of a host interviewing a featured guest or discussing a chosen topic with a guest or panel of guests, the advent of trash TV shows has often made people group the entire category in with reality television. Tabloid talk shows are a genre of American television talk-shows that achieved peak viewership during the late 20th century Programs like Ricki Lake, The Jerry Springer Show and others generally recruit guests by advertising a potential topic for a future program. Ricki Lake was a daytime Tabloid talk show hosted by US actress Ricki Lake. The Jerry Springer Show is a television Tabloid talk show hosted by Jerry Springer, a former politician broadcast in the United States and other Topics are frequently outrageous and are chosen in the interest of creating on-screen drama, tension or outrageous behaviour. Though not explicitly reality television by traditional standards, this (allegedly) real depiction of someone's life, even if only in a brief interview format, is frequently considered akin to broader-scale reality TV programming.

Hidden cameras

Another type of reality programming features hidden cameras rolling when random passers-by encounter a staged situation. A hidden camera is a still or Video camera used to film people without their knowledge Candid Camera, which first aired on television in 1948, pioneered the format. Candid Camera was a Television series created and produced by Allen Funt, which initially began on Radio as Candid Microphone Modern variants of this type of production include Punk'd and Trigger Happy TV. Punk'd is an American Hidden camera Practical joke Television series on MTV, produced and hosted by Ashton Kutcher Trigger Happy TV is a Hidden camera Comedy Television programme The series Scare Tactics and Room 401 is a hidden-camera program in which the goal is to frighten contestants rather than just befuddle or amuse them. For the 1990s comic book series published by DC Comics see Scare Tactics (comics Scare Tactics is a reality show on the Room 401 is a Television series on MTV, executive produced by Ashton Kutcher and Jason Goldberg.

Hoaxes

In hoax reality shows, the entire show is a prank played on one or more of the cast members, who think they are appearing in a legitimate reality show; the rest of the cast are actors who are in on the joke. Like hidden camera shows, these shows focus on pranks, although in these shows the hoax is more elaborate (lasting an entire season), the participants know they are appearing in a TV show (it is the true nature of the show that is kept secret from them), and the cameras are out in the open. Also, the point of such shows often is to parody the conventions of the reality TV genre. The first such show was 2003's The Joe Schmo Show. The Joe Schmo Show was a Reality TV show parody which aired on the American cable network Spike TV starting in September 2003. Other examples are My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss (modelled after The Apprentice), My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance, Space Cadets (which convinced the hoax targets that they were being flown into space), The $25 Million Hoax (where a woman convinced her friends and family that she had won the lottery) and Invasion Iowa (in which a town was convinced that William Shatner was filming a movie there). My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss was a television show on the Fox Network that was filmed in July 2004 and aired in 2004-2005 My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance is a one-shot television Reality show on the Fox Network during the 2003-2004 season Space Cadets was a British Television program made by Zeppotron (a division of Endemol UK) for Channel 4. Invasion Iowa is a television mini-series that aired on Spike TV beginning on March 29, 2005, on ITV4 beginning on 3 November William Alan Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian double Emmy - Golden Globe - and Saturn Award -winning

Other shows, though not entirely hoax shows, have offered misleading information to some cast members in order to add a wrinkle to the competition. Examples include Boy Meets Boy and Joe Millionaire. Boy Meets Boy is American reality Television show in which a gay man meets and chooses a mate from a group of 15 potential male suitors Joe Millionaire was an American Reality television show broadcast on Fox beginning in January 2003

Analysis and criticism

Instant celebrity

Reality television has the potential to turn its participants into national celebrities, at least for a short period. A celebrity is a widely-recognized or famous person who commands a high degree of public and media attention This is most notable in talent-search programs such as the Idol series, which has spawned music stars in many of the countries in which it has aired. Many other shows, however, such as Survivor and Big Brother, have made at least temporary celebrities out of their participants; some participants have then been able to parlay this fame into media careers. For example, Elisabeth Hasselbeck, a contestant on Survivor: The Australian Outback, later became a host on morning talk show The View; and Kristin Cavallari, who appeared on Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, has gone on to become a television host and actress. Elisabeth Hasselbeck (née Filarski; born May 28 1977 is an American former Reality show contestant of Survivor The Australian Outback Survivor The Australian Outback was the second installment of the popular United States Reality show Survivor. The View is an Emmy Award -winning American Talk show created by Barbara Walters and Bill Geddie and broadcast on Kristin Elizabeth Cavallari (born January 14, 1987) is an American Reality show star and has appeared on United States Reality Laguna Beach The Real Orange County (often referred to as Laguna Beach) was an MTV reality show documenting the lives of Tiffany Pollard, originally a contestant on Flavor of Love, soon afterwards got her own series, the successful I Love New York and I Love New York 2. Tiffany "New York" Pollard (born January 6, 1982) is a Reality television Contestant, best known for VH1 's Flavor Flavor of Love is an American Reality television Dating game show starring Flavor Flav of the rap group Public Enemy. Main Articles I Love New York 1 & I Love New York 2 I Love New York is a reality television series on VH1. Main Articles I Love New York 1 & I Love New York 2 I Love New York is a reality television series on VH1. In Britain, Jade Goody became famous after appearing on Big Brother 3 in 2002. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Jade Cerisa Lorraine Goody (born 5 June 1981 is a British Television Celebrity. Big Brother 3 was the third series of Big Brother UK. The series started on 24 May 2002 and ended on 26 July 2002 She has since appeared on many other reality programs, and has launched bestselling books and a top-selling perfume line, among others.

Reality TV contestants are sometimes derided as "Z-list celebrities", who have done nothing to warrant their newfound fame.

Is "reality" a misnomer?

Some commentators have said that the name "reality television" is an inaccurate description for several styles of program included in the genre. In competition-based programs such as Big Brother and Survivor, and other special living environment shows like The Real World, the producers design the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities and the environment, creating a completely fabricated world in which the competition plays out. Producers specifically select the participants and use carefully designed scenarios, challenges, events, and settings to encourage particular behaviors and conflicts. Mark Burnett, creator of Survivor and other reality shows, has agreed with this assessment, and avoids the word "reality" to describe his shows; he has said, "I tell good stories. Mark Burnett (born 17 July, 1960) is a British Television producer. It really is not reality TV. It really is unscripted drama. "^[13]

Even in docusoap series following people in their daily life, producers may be highly deliberate in their editing strategies, able to portray certain participants as heroes or villains, and may guide the drama through altered chronology and selective presentation of events. A Season 3 episode of Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe included a segment on the ways in which selective editing can be used to this end. Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe is a British television review programme broadcast on BBC Four by Charlie Brooker. ^[14] Some participants of reality shows have also stated afterwards that they altered their behavior to appear more crazy or emotional in order to get more camera time.

Several former reality show participants have spoken publicly about their experiences and the strategies used on reality shows. Irene McGee from The Real World Seattle has done public speaking tours about the negative and misleading aspects of reality TV. Irene McGee is a radio DJ and host of No One's Listening, a radio Podcast program about the mass media The Real World Seattle is the seventh season of MTV 's popular Reality television series The Real World, which focuses on seven diverse In 2004, VH1 aired a program called Reality TV Secrets Revealed, which detailed various misleading tricks of reality TV producers. VH1 (known as VH-1 Video Hits One from 1985 to 1994 and VH1 Music First until 2003) is an American Cable television ^[15] Among other things, it revealed that The Restaurant and Survivor had at times recreated incidents that had actually occurred but were not properly recorded by cameras to the required technical standard, or had not been recorded at all. The Restaurant is a Reality television series that aired on NBC in 2003, with a second season broadcasting in 2004. Survivor is a popular Reality television Game show format produced in many countries throughout the world In order to get the footage, the event was restaged for the cameras. Other shows (most notably Joe Millionaire) combined audio and video from different times, or from different sets of footage, to make it look like participants were doing something they were not. Joe Millionaire was an American Reality television show broadcast on Fox beginning in January 2003

Some shows have faced speculation that the participants themselves are involved in fakery, acting out storylines that have been planned in advance by producers. The Hills is one notable example; the show has long faced allegations that its plots are scripted ahead of time. With Hell's Kitchen, it has been speculated that the customers eating meals prepared by the contestants are in fact paid actors. Hell's Kitchen is an American reality-television cooking competition based on a series of the same name, broadcast in the UK. ^[16] Even the premise of shows has been called into question: during the airing of the show A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila, in which a group of both men and women vied for the heart of Tila Tequila, there were rumors that its star was not only stricly heterosexual but had a boyfriend already. For the second season see A Shot at Love II with Tila Tequila A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila is an American Reality television Tila Nguyen (legal name Thien Thanh Thi Nguyen, born October 24 1981 better known by her Stage name Tila Tequila, is an American ^[17] The show's winner, Bobby Banhart, claimed that he never saw Ms. Tequila again after the show finished taping, and that he was never even given her phone number. ^[18] Nevertheless, there has been no direct evidence presented yet that any such program has been scripted or "rigged," as with the 1950s television quiz show scandals. The American quiz show scandals of the 1950s were the result of the revelation that contestants of several popular Television Quiz shows were secretly

The newly launched TruTV in the US promotes "actuality" as opposed to usual reality shows. truTV is an American Cable Television network owned by Time Warner through its subsidiary Turner Broadcasting.

As spectacle of humiliation

Some have claimed that the success of reality television is due to its ability to provide schadenfreude, by satisfying the desire of viewers to see others humiliated. Schadenfreude (ˈʃaːdənˌfʁɔʏ̯də) is enjoyment taken from the misfortune of someone else Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Do we watch reality television for precious insight into the human condition? Please. Entertainment Weekly (sometimes abbreviated as EW) is a Magazine published by Time Inc We watch for those awkward scenes that make us feel a smidge better about our own little unfilmed lives. "^[19] Media analyst Tom Alderman wrote, "There is a sub-set of Reality TV that can only be described as Shame TV because it uses humiliation as its core appeal. "^[20]

Political impact

Reality television's global success has been, in the eyes of some analysts, an important political phenomenon. In some authoritarian countries, reality television voting represents the first time many citizens have voted in any free and fair wide-scale elections. Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union In addition, the frankness of the settings on some reality shows present situations that were formerly taboo in certain orthodox cultures, like the pan-Arab version of Big Brother, which shows men and women living together. Big Brother is a Reality television show where in each series a group of people live together in the Big Brother House isolated from the outside world but continuously ^[21] Journalist Matt Labash, noting both of these issues, wrote that "the best hope of little Americas developing in the Middle East could be Arab-produced reality TV. "^[22] Similarly, in China, after the finale of the 2005 season of Super Girl (the local version of Pop Idol) drew an audience of around 400 million people, and 8 million text message votes, the state-run English-language newspaper Beijing Today ran the front-page headline "Is Super Girl a Force for Democracy?"^[23] The Chinese government criticized the show, citing both its democratic nature and its excessive vulgarity, or "worldliness",^[24] and in 2006 banned it outright. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Super Girl or Super Voice Girls ( literally "Super Female Voice" was an annual national singing contest in People's Republic of China Pop Idol was a British Television series which debuted on ITV on October 5 2001; the show was a talent contest to decide Text messaging, or texting is the common term for the sending of "short" (160 characters or fewer including spaces text messages from Mobile phones The China Youth Daily ( Chinese:中国青年报 Pinyin:Zhōngguó Qīngnián Bào) is a popular official daily Newspaper and the first independently ^[25]

As substitute for scripted drama

Screenwriter Sheryl Longin, who describes herself as "a reality show addict", has written that based on her experiences, "we may be approaching the death of drama. " This is because, she says, seeing real people act naturally matches viewers' expectations of human body language in a way that not even the most talented actors can achieve: "Not even Sir Alec Guinness could give us the richness of body language and facial cues emanating from eliminated contestant 'Organic Josh' on this season’s Design Star. Sir Alec Guinness, CH, CBE (2 April 1914 &ndash 5 August 2000 was an English Actor. HGTV Design Star is an American reality competition show that airs on the Cable television network HGTV. The difference to the brain between watching reality television and scripted drama is like the difference to our vision between High Definition television and 1970’s quality video. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition "^[26] VH1 executive vice president Michael Hirschorn wrote that the plots and subject matters on reality television are also more authentic and more engaging than in scripted dramas, writing that scripted network television "remains dominated by variants on the police procedural. . . in which a stock group of characters (ethnically, sexually, and generationally diverse) grapples with endless versions of the same dilemma. The episodes have all the ritual predictability of Japanese Noh theater," while reality TV is "the liveliest genre on the set right now. or is a major form of classic Japanese musical Drama that has been performed since the 14th century It has engaged hot-button cultural issues—class, sex, race—that respectable television. . . rarely touches. " ^[27]

Prior elements in popular culture

A number of fictional works since the 1930s have contained elements similar to elements of reality television. They tended to be set in a dystopian future, with subjects being recorded against their will, and often involved violence. A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- and τόπος alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti-utopia) is the vision of a society

• Brave New World (1932), a book by Aldous Huxley, depicted the minor character Darwin Bonaparte, a photographer who brings worldwide attention to John the Savage by spying upon him, causing a rush of tourists who press upon John's home in great numbers, eventually leading to John's lashing out and suicide at the end of the novel. Brave New World is a 1932 Novel by Aldous Huxley. Set in the London of AD 2540 (632 A Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 &ndash 22 November 1963 was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. This foresaw the documentary element of reality television.
• Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), a book by George Orwell, depicted a world in which two-way television screens are fitted in every room, so that people's actions are monitored at all times. Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984) by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair) is a 1949 English Novel Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer (The all-seeing authority figure in the book, "Big Brother", inspired the name of the pioneering reality series Big Brother. Big Brother is a Fictional character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the Big Brother is a Reality television show where in each series a group of people live together in the Big Brother House isolated from the outside world but continuously )
• "The Prize of Peril"^[28] (1958) was a short story by science fiction author Robert Sheckley about a television show in which a contestant volunteers to be hunted for a week by trained killers, with a large cash prize if he survives. Robert Sheckley ( July 16, 1928 &ndash December 9, 2005) was a Hugo and Nebula nominated American author It was adapted in 1970 as the German TV movie Das Millionenspiel,^[29] and again in 1983 as the French movie Le Prix du Danger. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Le Prix du Danger is a 1983 French - Serbian Science fiction movie directed by Yves Boisset.
• Survivor (1965), a science fiction story by Walter F. Moudy, depicted the 2050 "Olympic War Games" between Russia and the United States. The games are fought to show the world the futility of war and thus deter further conflict. Each side has one hundred soldiers who fight with rifles, mortars, and machine guns in a large natural arena. The goal is for one side to wipe out the other; the few who survive the battle become heroes. The games are televised, complete with color commentary discussing tactics, soldiers' personal backgrounds, and slow-motion replays of their deaths.
• Bread and Circuses (1968) was an episode of the TV show Star Trek in which the crew visits a planet resembling the Roman Empire, but with 20th century technology. " Bread and Circuses " is a second season episode of Star Trek The Original Series, broadcast on March 15, 1968. Star Trek is a Science fiction Television series created by Gene Roddenberry that aired from September 8, 1966 through The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The planet's "Empire TV" features regular gladiatorial games, with the announcer urging viewers at home to vote for their favorites, stating, "This is your program. Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought You pick the winner. " The show included several jabs at real-world television, such as a praetorian threatening, "You bring this network's ratings down, Flavius, and we'll do a special on you!"
• The Year of the Sex Olympics (1968) was a BBC television play in which a dissident in a dictatorship is forced onto a secluded island and taped for a reality show in order to keep the masses entertained. The Praetorian Guard ( Latin: PRÆTORIANI was a special force of Guards used by Roman Emperors Before being appropriated The Year of the Sex Olympics is a 1968 television play made by the BBC and first broadcast on BBC2 as part of its Theatre 625
• The Unsleeping Eye (1973), a novel by D.G. Compton (also published as The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe), was about a woman dying of cancer whose last days are recorded without her knowledge for a television show. The Unsleeping Eye is a 1973 Science fiction Novel by DG Compton. David Guy Compton (b London, Great Britain August 9 1930) is a science fiction author who publishes under the name D It was later adapted as the 1980 French movie Death Watch. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. For the beetle see Death watch beetle Death Watch (La Mort en direct is a 1980 French Science fiction
• Network (1976) was a film predictive of a number of trends in broadcast television, including reality programming. Network is a 1976 New Hollywood drama film about a fictional Television network, Union Broadcasting System (UBS and its struggle One subplot featured network executives negotiating with an urban terrorist group for the production of a weekly series, each episode of which was to feature an act of terrorism.
• "Ladies And Gentlemen, This Is Your Crisis" (1976) was a short story by science fiction author Kate Wilhelm about a television show in which contestants (including a B-list actress who is hoping to revitalize her career) attempt to make their way to a checkpoint after being dropped off in the Alaskan wilderness, while being filmed and broadcast around the clock through an entire weekend. Kate Wilhelm (neé Katie Gertrude Meredith born June 8, 1928 in Toledo, Ohio, is a writer whose works include Science fiction, The story focuses primarily on the show's effect on a couple whose domestic tensions and eventual reconciliation parallel the dangers faced by the contestants.
• The Running Man (1982) was a book by Stephen King depicting a game show in which a contestant flees around the world from "hunters" trying to chase him down and kill him; it has been speculated that the book was inspired by Robert Sheckley's The Prize of Peril. For the movie with the same name please see The Running Man (film The Running Man is a Science fiction Novel by Stephen Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Musician, Columnist, Robert Sheckley ( July 16, 1928 &ndash December 9, 2005) was a Hugo and Nebula nominated American author The book was loosely adapted as a 1987 movie of the same name. The Running Man is a 1987 Film adaptation loosely based on the Stephen King novel of the same name. The movie removed most of the reality-TV element of the book: its competition now took place entirely within a large TV studio, and more closely resembled an athletic competition (though a deadly one).
• Vengeance on Varos (1985) was an episode of the TV show Doctor Who in which the population of a planet watches live TV broadcasts of the torture and executions of those who oppose the government. Vengeance on Varos is a serial in the British Science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The planet's political system is based on the leaders themselves facing disintegration if the population votes 'no' to their propositions. This episode is often credited as the origins of "voting someone off".
• The film 20 Minutes into the Future (1985), and the spinoff TV show Max Headroom, revolved around television mainly based on live, often candid, broadcasts. Max Headroom 20 Minutes into the Future was a 1985 Cyberpunk Television movie created by Chrysalis Visual Programming Ltd Max Headroom (1987 – 1988 was a short-lived but ground-breaking American Science fiction Television series which aired on ABC.

Pop culture references

Some scripted works have used reality television as a plot device:

• Real Life (1979) is a comedic film about the creation of a show similar to An American Family gone horribly wrong. Real Life is a 1979 Comedy film. It is Albert Brooks 's first feature film An American Family was a documentary shot in 1971 and first aired in the United States on PBS in early 1973
• Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves (1994) [2] is a Québécois film about a man who signs up to star in a 24-hour-a-day reality TV show. A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the
• The Truman Show (1998) is a film about a man who discovers that his entire life is being staged and filmed for a 24-hour-a-day reality TV show. The Truman Show is a 1998 fantasy Comedy-drama film directed by Peter Weir and written by Andrew Niccol.
• EDtv (1999) was a remake of Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves. EDtv is a Comedy film directed by Ron Howard released in 1999.
• Series 7: The Contenders (2001) is a film about a reality show in which contestants have to kill each other to win. Series 7 The Contenders is a 2001 Film directed by Daniel Minahan.
• Dead Famous (2001) is a comedy/whodunit novel by Ben Elton in which a contestant is murdered while on a Big Brother-like show. Dead Famous is a comedy/ Whodunit novel by Ben Elton in which ratings for a reality TV show, very similar to Big Brother A whodunit or whodunnit (for "Who done it?" is a complex plot-driven variety of the detective story in which the puzzle is the main feature of interest Benjamin Charles Elton (born 3 May 1959 is an English Comedian, writer and director.
• "Helter Shelter" (2002) is an episode of The Simpsons in which the family become contestants in "The 1895 Challenge," living for several weeks in a Victorian style house with antique furniture and no electricity. " Helter Shelter " is the fifth episode from the fourteenth season of The Simpsons that aired December 1, 2002. To boost the ratings, they soon find themselves being abused and humiliated by the show's director, who states that he created the show "by watching Dutch television and tweaking the title. " The Simpsons has also repeatedly spoofed reality TV and made reference to fictitious reality shows, with such titles as "Tied To A Bear," "Sucker Punch," "Mystery Injection," "Animal Survivor," and "No-Pants Island. "
• Tomb of the Werewolf (2004) is a film about a man searching for treasure while being followed by a reality show film crew, who encounters a werewolf and a vampire instead. Tomb of the Werewolf is a 2004 horror film that is the twelfth in a long series about the Werewolf Count Waldemar Daninsky played by Paul Naschy See also Lycanthropy (disambiguation Werewolves, also known as lycanthropes, are mythological or folkloric humans with the ability to Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living
• "Bad Wolf" (2005) is an episode of the TV show Doctor Who in which the characters find themselves trapped in various real-life reality television shows. This article is about the Doctor Who episode For the folk tale character see Big Bad Wolf. Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC.
• The Comeback (2005) satirizes the indignity of reality TV by presenting itself as "raw footage" of a new reality show documenting the attempted comeback of has-been star Valerie Cherish. The Comeback was a television series produced by HBO that starred actress Lisa Kudrow as sitcom actress Valerie Cherish in modern-day Los
• American Dreamz (2006) is a film set partially on an American Idol-like show. American Dreamz is a 2006 comedy / parody film that satirizes both American Politics and Popular entertainment American Idol, with the full title American Idol The Search for a Superstar for the first season only is an American reality-competition
• Chart Throb (2006) is a comic novel, also by Ben Elton, that parodies The X Factor and The Osbournes, among other reality shows. Chart Throb is a 2006 novel by the author/comedian/director Ben Elton. For versions in other countries see The X Factor (TV series. The X Factor is a British Television The Osbournes was an Emmy Award -winning American Reality television program broadcast by MTV in the U
• In Stereo Where Available (2007), a novel by Becky Anderson, satirizes shows such as The Bachelor and Survivor, focusing on two teams of women who ruthlessly compete to "win" either of two male contestants. For the 1999 movie The Bachelor starring Chris O'Donnell, see The Bachelor (film. Survivor is a popular Reality television Game show format produced in many countries throughout the world
• Total Drama Island (2007) is a Canadian animated series about teenagers on a Survivor-like show. Total Drama Island is a Canadian Animated television series which lampoons the conventions commonly found in Reality shows It premiered on the

Other influences on popular culture

A number of scripted television shows have taken the form of documentary-type reality TV shows, in "mockumentary" style. Mockumentary (also known as a pseudo-documentary) a Portmanteau of Mock and documentary, is a film and TV Genre, or a single work The first such show was the BBC series Operation Good Guys, which premiered in 1997. Operation Good Guys ( OGG) is a 1997 British Mockumentary Other examples include People Like Us, Trailer Park Boys, The Office, Drawn Together and Reno 911!. People Like Us is a British comedy programme a spoof on-location documentary (or Mockumentary) written by John Morton, and starring Chris Trailer Park Boys is a popular Canadian Mockumentary Television series focusing on the misadventures of a group of Trailer park The Office is the title of multiple television Situation comedy shows Drawn Together is an American Animated television series, which ran on Comedy Central from October 27, 2004 to November Reno 911! is an American Comedy television series on Comedy Central that debuted in 2003.

Some feature films have been produced that use some of the conventions of reality television; such films are sometimes referred to as reality films, and sometimes simply as documentaries. Reality film or reality movie describes a genre of films that have resulted from Reality television, such as The Real Cancun, MTV 's Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality ^[30] Allen Funt's 1970 hidden camera movie What Do You Say to a Naked Lady? was based on his reality-television show Candid Camera. Allen Funt ( September 16, 1914 &ndash September 5 1999) was an American producer-director best known as the creator and host of What Do You Say to a Naked Lady? is a hidden-camera style documentary released in 1970 and directed by Candid Camera creator Allen The TV show Jackass spawned three films: Jackass: The Movie in 2001, Jackass: Number Two in 2006, and Jackass 2.5 in late 2007. Jackass is an American Television series, originally shown on MTV from 2000 to 2002 featuring people performing various dangerous crude ridiculous Jackass The Movie, is an American film directed by Jeff Tremaine and was released on October 25, 2002 with the tagline "Do not attempt Jackass Number Two is a 2006 Comedy film. It is the sequel to Jackass The Movie (2002 both based upon the MTV series Jackass Number Two is a 2006 Comedy film. It is the sequel to Jackass The Movie (2002 both based upon the MTV series A similar Finnish show, Extreme Duudsonit, was adapted for the film The Dudesons Movie [3] in 2006. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Dudesons is a Finnish television series which originally started in January 2001 under the Finnish name Extreme Duudsonit. The producers of The Real World created The Real Cancun in 2003. The Real Cancun is a 2003 American Reality film released on April 25, 2003 in the U Games People Play: New York [4] was released in 2004.

The mumblecore film genre, which began in the mid-2000s, and uses video cameras and relies heavily on improvisation and non-professional actors, has been described as influenced in part by what one critic called "the spring-break psychodrama of MTV's The Real World". Mumblecore is an American Independent film Movement that arose in the early 2000s Mumblecore director Joe Swanberg has said, "As annoying as reality TV is, it's been really good for filmmakers because it got mainstream audiences used to watching shaky camerawork and different kinds of situations. Joe Swanberg (born August 31, 1981 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American independent Filmmaker. "^[31]

See also

• List of reality television programs
• Factual television
• Bunim/Murray Productions
• Endemol
• John Langley
• Mark Burnett

Further reading

• Reality TV: the Big Brother phenomenon by Colin Sparks, in International Socialism journal
• Hill, Annette (2005). List of reality television series, by general type listed with the date of their premiere Factual Television is a genre of Television programming which documents actual events and people Bunim/Murray Productions is an entertainment production company based out of Van Nuys California, and is considered a pioneer in the Reality television genre Endemol is a television production company based in the Netherlands, with Subsidiaries and Joint ventures in 23 countries including the United John Langley, is an American Television and Film director, Writer, and producer who is best-known as the creator Mark Burnett (born 17 July, 1960) is a British Television producer. International Socialism (ISJ is a Quarterly Journal of Socialist Theory published by the Socialist Workers Party (Britain Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26152-X.
• Murray, Susan, and Laurie Ouellette, eds. (2004). Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5688-3
• Nichols, Bill (1994). Blurred Boundaries: Questions of Meaning in Contemporary Culture. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34064-0.
• Godard, Ellis (2004). "Reel Life: The Social Geometry of Reality Shows". pages 73-96 in Survivor Lessons, edited by Matthew J. Smith and Andrew F. Wood. Jefferson, N. C. : McFarland & Company, Inc.
• Lord of the fly-on-the-walls - Observer article: Paul Watson's UK & Australian docusoaps
• Big Brother - Why Bother? - Graham Barnfield's Spiked commentary
• Zeven werklozen samen op zoek naar een baan by Raymond van den Boogaard, NRC Handelsblad, September 28, 1996 (Dutch) - about Nummer 28 being the inspiration for The Real World

References

External links

UK

• Unreality TV - News, gossip and interviews on UK reality TV
• Available For Panto - Humorous look at reality TV
• Truth or Dare: The Reality of British Television, a panel of experts discuss Reality TV, BAFTA Webcast, January 2008

US

• Reality News Online - Recaps, Interviews and News
• Reality TV Magazine - Reports on US reality TV shows
• Reality Blurred: the reality TV news digest - Daily summaries of American reality TV news and gossip
• Reality TV World - Omnibus reality TV news site
• Reality Shack - Recaps, Interviews and News
• Reality TV Cafe - Forum and Chat on Reality TV Shows
• Reality Rehash - Blog with daily updates and discussions on Reality TV
• RealityBBQ - Reality TV blog and forum

Philadelphia Weekly (PW, is an award-winning alternative newspaper in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, published every Wednesday The New York Sun was a contemporary five-day Daily newspaper published in New York City from 2002 until 2008 The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA is a British charity that hosts annual awards shows for film television television craft video games and forms of animation

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