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This article is about the learning activity. For other uses, see Reading (disambiguation).
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Reading
GENERAL INFORMATION

Literacy • Illiteracy
Family literacy • Functional illiteracy
Braille
TYPES

Close reading • Proofreading
Skimming • Slow reading
Speed reading • Subvocalized
LEARNING TO READ

Reading readiness
Reading acquisition • Comprehension
Dyslexia • Reading disability
National Reading Panel • Spelling
READING INSTRUCTION

Reading education • Phonics
Alphabetic principle
Basal reader • Decodable text
Research-based reading instruction
Whole language • Methodology debate
LISTS

Assessments • Publications
Topics • Treatments
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Reading is the cognitive process of deriving meaning from written or printed text. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, Family literacy is a method of Education. Relatively new family literacy is currently being put into practice in the United States and in South Africa Functional illiteracy refers to the inability of an individual to use reading, Writing, and Computational skills efficiently in everyday life situations The Braille system is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write In Literary criticism, close reading describes the careful sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text Proofreading traditionally means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors Skimming is a high speed reading process and involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to meaning Slow reading refers to practices that deliberately reduce the rate of Reading to increase comprehension or pleasure Speed reading is a collection of reading methods which attempt to increase rates of reading without greatly reducing comprehension or retention Subvocalization, or silent speech, is defined as the internal speech made when reading a Word, thus allowing the reader to imagine the Reading readiness has been defined as the point at which a person is ready to learn to read and the time during which a person transitions from being a non-reader into a reader Reading skills acquisition is the process of acquiring the basic skills necessary for learning to read that is the ability to acquire meaning from print Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a writing Dyslexia is considered to be a Learning disability. It manifests primarily as a difficulty with written language particularly with Reading and Spelling A reading disability is a condition in which a sufferer displays difficulty reading resulting primarily from neurological factors The National Reading Panel (NRP was a United States government body Spelling is the Writing of a Word or words with the necessary letters and Diacritics present in an accepted standard order Reading education is the process by which individuals are taught to derive meaning from text Phonics refers to an instructional method for teaching children to read English. The alphabetic principle is the understanding that letters are used to represent speech sounds and that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken "Reader (book" redirects here Basal readers are Textbooks used to teach reading and associated skills to schoolchildren Decodable text is a type of text often used in beginning reading instruction Whole language describes a literacy instructional philosophy which emphasizes that children should focus on meaning and moderates skill instruction "Whole language" is a method of teaching reading that emphasizes literature and text comprehension Because dyslexia's most salient symptom is childhood difficulty with learning to read the most common form of treatment is through specialized tutoring or teaching tailored to meet the particular Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press

It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. One hotly debated issue is whether the biological contribution includes capacities specific to language acquisition often referred to as Universal grammar. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings Effective readers use decoding skills (to translate printed text into the sounds of language), use morpheme, semantics, syntax and context cues to identify the meaning of unknown words, activate prior knowledge (schemata theory), use comprehension, and demonstrate fluency during reading. In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the A schema (pl schemata) in Psychology and Cognitive science, is a mental structure that represents some aspect of the world Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a writing Fluency (also called volubility and loquaciousness) is the property of a Person or of a System that delivers Information quickly and

Other types of reading may not be text-based, such as music notation or pictograms. By analogy, in computer science, reading is acquiring of data from some sort of computer storage. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their Debt AIDS Trade in Africa (or DATA) is a Multinational non-government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 's

Although reading print text is now an important way for the general population to access information, this has not always been the case. With some exceptions, only a small percentage of the population in many countries were considered literate before the Industrial Revolution. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the

Contents

Reading skills

Skill development

Main article: Reading education

Other methods of teaching and learning to read have developed, and become somewhat controversial [1]:

Learning to read in a second language, especially in adulthood, may be a different process than learning to read a native language in childhood.

There are cases of very young children learning to read without having been taught. [2] Such was the case with Truman Capote who reportedly taught himself to read and write at the age of 5. Truman Capote (ˈtruːmən kəˈpoʊti ( 30 September, 1924, New Orleans Louisiana – 25 August, 1984, Los Angeles There are accounts of people who taught themselves to read by comparing street signs or Biblical passages to speech, as well as many mentions of Lincoln teaching himself. The novelist Nicholas Delbanco taught himself to read at age six by studying a book about boats during a transatlantic crossing.

Methods

In order to understand the reading process it is necessary to understand the basics of visual perception, especially the fact how little can actually be seen during one eye-stop.
In order to understand the reading process it is necessary to understand the basics of visual perception, especially the fact how little can actually be seen during one eye-stop[3]. In Psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret information from Visible light reaching the Eyes The resulting Perception is also

There are several types and methods of reading, with differing rates that can be attained for each, for different kinds of material and purposes:

Reading assessment

Reading rate

Further information: Speed reading, English language learning and teaching, and Proofreading
Average reading rate in words per minute (wpm) depending on age and measured with different tests in English, French and German. The data from Taylor (English) and Landerl (German) are based on texts with increasing difficulty. The other data were obtained when all age groups were reading the same text.
Average reading rate in words per minute (wpm) depending on age and measured with different tests in English, French and German. Speed reading is a collection of reading methods which attempt to increase rates of reading without greatly reducing comprehension or retention Proofreading traditionally means reading a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors The data from Taylor (English) and Landerl (German) are based on texts with increasing difficulty. The other data were obtained when all age groups were reading the same text.

Rates of reading include reading for memorization (under 100 words per minute (wpm)), reading for learning (100–200 wpm), reading for comprehension (200–400 wpm), and skimming (400–700 wpm). Words per minute, commonly abbreviated wpm, is a measure of input or output speed Skimming is a high speed reading process and involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to meaning Reading for comprehension is the essence of most people’s daily reading. Skimming is sometimes useful for processing larger quantities of text superficially at a much lower level of comprehension (below 50%).


Advice for the appropriate choice of reading rate includes reading flexibly, slowing down when the concepts are closer together or when the material is unfamiliar, and speeding up when the material is familiar and the material is not concept rich. Speed reading courses and books often encourage the reader to continually speed up; comprehension tests lead the reader to believe their comprehension is constantly improving. Speed reading is a collection of reading methods which attempt to increase rates of reading without greatly reducing comprehension or retention However, competence in reading involves the understanding that skimming is dangerous as a default habit. Habits are habituated routines of behavior that are repeated regularly tend to occur Subconsciously and tend to occur without directly thinking consciously

The table to the left shows how reading rate varies with age [4] , probably regardless of time period (1965 to 2005) and language (English, French German). The values of Taylor are probably higher because he discarded students who failed the comprehension test.

The test of the french psychologist Pierre Lefavrais ("L'alouette", published in 1967) asked for reading out aloud with a penalty for errors and could therefore not be much faster than 150 wpm.

Types of reading tests

Some tests incorporate several of the above components at once. For instance, the Nelson-Denny Reading Test scores readers both on the speed with which they can read a passage, and also their ability to accurately answer questions about this passage. The Nelson-Denny Reading Test was created in 1929 by MS Nelson and E

Effects

Intelligence

Studies have shown that American children who learn to read by the third grade are less likely to end up in prison, drop out of school, or take drugs. Adults who read literature on a regular basis are nearly three times as likely to attend a performing arts event, almost four times as likely to visit an art museum, more than two-and-a-half times as likely to do volunteer or charity work, and over one-and-a-half times as likely to participate in sporting activities. [5] Literacy rates in the United States are also more highly correlated to weekly earnings than IQ. A graph showing this relationship is shown here. Reading books is generally regarded as being a relaxing past-time, while at the same time requiring the brain to process text so it can be stimulated. Because of this it is sometimes considered to cause at least a temporary increase in one's mental faculties.

Lighting

Reading requires more lighting than many other activities. Lighting includes both artificial Light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of interiors from Daylight. Therefore, the possibility of comfortable reading in cafés, restaurants, buses, at bus stops or in parks greatly varies depending on available lighting and time of day. A restaurant is a retail establishment that serves prepared Food to Customers. A bus stop is a designated place where a Public transport Bus stops for the purpose of allowing passengers to board or leave a bus A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Starting in the 1950s, many offices and classrooms were over-illuminated. Over-illumination is the presence of lighting intensity ( Illuminance) beyond that required for a specified activity Since about 1990, there has been a movement to create reading environments with appropriate lighting levels (approximately 600 to 800 lux). LUX is the principal centre for the promotion and distribution of experimental Film and Video works in the UK.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Dina Feitelson (1988). Facts and fads in beginning reading: a cross-language perspective. Norwood, N. J: Ablex Pub. Corp. ISBN 0-89391-507-6.  
  2. ^ Stainthorp, Rhona and Diana Hughes. Learning From Children Who Read at an Early Age, Routledge, 1999.
  3. ^ Hans-Werner Hunziker, (2006) Im Auge des Lesers foveale und periphere Wahrnehmung: vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude ISBN 978-3-7266-0068-6
  4. ^ Hans-Werner Hunziker, Im Auge des Lesers, foveale und periphere Wahrnehmung: vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude, page 117, Transmedia Zurich (2006) ISBN-13: 978-3-7266-0068-6
  5. ^ Promote Reading: Share Books. Charity Guide. Jamie Littlefield

Bibliography

See also

External links

Readability tests, readability formulas, or readability metrics are formulae for evaluating the Readability of text usually by counting Syllables Reading skills acquisition is the process of acquiring the basic skills necessary for learning to read that is the ability to acquire meaning from print Skimming is a high speed reading process and involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to meaning Slow reading refers to practices that deliberately reduce the rate of Reading to increase comprehension or pleasure Speed reading is a collection of reading methods which attempt to increase rates of reading without greatly reducing comprehension or retention Subvocalization, or silent speech, is defined as the internal speech made when reading a Word, thus allowing the reader to imagine the The Time Reading Program, often abbreviated to TRP, was a book club by Time from 1961 through 1966 Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Vision span or perceptual span is the angular span (vertically and horizontally within which the human Eye has sharp enough vision to read text Word guessing refers to a method of Reading where a beginner reader doesn't know what a word is in a Sentence, so he/she guesses what the word is and reads the

Dictionary

reading

-verb

  1. Present participle of read.

-noun

  1. The process of interpreting written language.
  2. The process of interpreting a symbol, a sign or a measuring device.
  3. A value indicated by a measuring device.
  4. Written material that is read aloud.
  5. An interpretation.

-adjective

  1. Made or used for reading.

Reading

-proper noun

  1. A town in Berkshire, England.
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