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This article is about raw food consumption by humans. For a raw diet for cats or dogs, see Raw feeding. Raw feeding is the practice of feeding domestic Dogs and Cats a diet primarily of un cooked meat edible bones and organs
A raw tomato sauce with olives, celery, spinach and walnuts on courgette (zucchini) 'pasta' noodles.
A raw tomato sauce with olives, celery, spinach and walnuts on courgette (zucchini) 'pasta' noodles.

Raw foodism (or 'rawism') is a lifestyle promoting the consumption of uncooked, unprocessed, and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet. This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. Depending on the type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selectıon of raw fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds (including sprouted whole grains), eggs, fish, meat, and unpasteurized dairy products (such as raw milk, cheese and yogurt). The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Nut is a general term for the large dry oily Seeds or Fruit of some Plants. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Whole grains are cereal grains that Bran and germ as well as the Endosperm, in contrast to Refined grains, which retain only An egg is a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals consisting of an Ovum surrounded by layers of Membranes and an outer casing which acts to nourish Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Raw milk is Milk that has not been Pasteurized or Homogenized. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a A raw foodist (or 'rawist') is a person who consumes primarily raw food, or all raw food, depending on how strict the diet is. Raw foodists typically believe that the greater the percentage of raw food in the diet, the greater the health benefits.

Members of the raw food community claim that raw food encourages weight loss and prevents and/or heals many forms of sickness and many chronic diseases. In Medicine, a chronic disease is a Disease that is long-lasting or recurrent Critics of this nutritional approach argue that archaeological and anthropological evidence as well as medical research suggest that cooking is obligatory for humans. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) in general simply known as medical research, is the Basic research or Applied research conducted [1][2][3]

Contents

Background

History

The consumption of raw food is a practice among animal species. Archaeological evidence suggests that the controlled use of fire pre-dates the modern human and was first used by Homo erectus or Homo ergaster. Homo erectus ( Latin: "upright man" is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin Homo ergaster ("working man" is an extinct Hominid Species (or subspecies according to some authorities which lived throughout eastern [4]

Raw foods gained prominence throughout the 1900s, as proponents such as Ann Wigmore and Herbert Shelton claimed that a diet of raw fruits and vegetables is the ideal diet for humans. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Ann Wigmore (1909-1994 was a Holistic health practitioner nutritionist Whole foods advocate and a doctor of Divinity Herbert Macgolfin Shelton ( 6 October 1895 –1985 was a prominent American health educator pacifist, Vegetarian, and advocate of The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Interest in the "Raw Foods Movement" continues to grow today, and especially prevalent in the Western United States, like California where many resources are available for one to learn more about and practice a raw foods lifestyle.

Artturi Virtanen (1895-1973), showed that enzymes in uncooked foods are released in the mouth when vegetables are chewed. Artturi Ilmari Virtanen ( pronounced) ( January 15, 1895 &ndash November 11, 1973) was a Finnish chemist and recipient Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins It is believed that these enzymes interact with other substances, notably the enzymes produced by the body itself, to aid the digestion process.

Francis M. Pottenger, Jr.'s laboratory work with generations of cats fed on either cooked or raw foods concluded that a diet exclusively of raw milk and meat was the only adequate intake of nutrition which insured the maintenance of optimal health for the cats. Francis M Pottenger Jr (1901 - 1967 was the son of Francis M Pottenger Sr

Leslie Kenton's book, The New Raw Energy, in 1984 popularized food such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices, which have become staples in many different food cultures. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) The book brought together research into raw foodism and its support of health, citing examples such as the sprouted seed enriched diets of the long lived Hunza people, as well as Max Gerson's claim of a raw juice-based cancer cure. The Burusho or Brusho people live in the Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin valleys of northern Pakistan Max Gerson ( 18 October, 1881 - 8 March, 1959) was the developer of the Gerson therapy an alternative therapy claimed to treat Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food in order to prevent degenerative diseases, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance.

Restaurants catering to a raw food diet have opened in large cities,[5] and numerous all-raw cookbooks have been published. [6]

Currently, there exist many proponents of the Raw Foods lifestyle, that have resources available on proper nutrition and transitional lifestyle diet changes. Among them, include Matt Monarch, Angela Stokes, David Jubb Ph. D. , Norman Walker Ph. D. , Douglas Graham Ph. D. , David Wolfe, Alissa Cohen, and Paul Nison. Vast resources, including forums, recipes, personal testimony, nutritional guides, medical information, and products exist online as well and are available for anyone interested in researching Raw Foods.


In the documentary film "Supercharge Me!" an overweight woman filmed her experience of eating exclusively raw fruits and vegetables for 30 days to show the results, taking the opposite approach of, "Super Size Me. Supercharge Me! 30 Days Raw (2007 is a feature length Documentary film about the Raw foods diet, made by Jenna Norwood an independent filmmaker Super Size Me is a 2004 Documentary film written produced directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock, an American independent "


Beliefs

Common beliefs held by raw foodists:

Research

Early 20th century

A 1933 paper by E. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. B. Forbes says, "Cooking renders food pasty, so that it sticks to the teeth, and undergoes acid fermentation. Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions Furthermore, the cooking of food greatly diminishes the need for use of the teeth; and thus tends to diminish the circulation of blood to the jaws and teeth, and to produce under-development of the maxillary and contiguous bones—thus leading to contracted dental arches, and to malocclusion and impaction of the teeth, with complications of great seriousness. The superior dental arch is larger than the inferior so that in the normal condition the teeth in the Maxillae slightly overlap those of the Mandible both in front Impaction, from the Latin impingere, is a Medical term used to describe several different types of blockage "[9]

In a 1936 work entitled Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, dentist Weston A. Price observed dental degeneration in the first generation who abandoned traditional nutrient dense foods which included unprocessed raw foods e. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Weston A Price DDS (1870-1948 was a Dentist and Nutritionist. g. un-pasteurised milk products, fruit and dried meats. Price claimed that the parents of such first generation children had excellent jaw development and dental health, while their children had malocclusion and tooth decay and attributed this to their new modern insufficient nutrient diet (which would have included a proportion of raw food).

Dr. Edward Howell, an Illinois physician, wrote Food Enzymes for Health & Longevity in 1941. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Forty years later he published Enzyme Nutrition And "Eat Me Raw", Two books which claimed that the pancreas is forced to work harder on a diet of cooked foods, and that food enzymes are just as essential to digestion as the body's self-generated enzymes, claims which have not been verified. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. The book was based largely on ideas from his previous book, and ideas derived from flawed enzyme research from the 1930s before it was established that enzymes were proteins.

Recent research

Researchers at the University of Toronto and another published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute suggest that ingesting uncooked or unpasteurized dairy products may reduce the risk of colon cancer. This article is about the University of Toronto's St George Campus A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and Mice and rats fed uncooked sucrose, casein, and beef tallow had one third to one fifth the incidence of microadenomas as the mice and rats fed the same ingredients cooked. An adenoma is a collection of growths (-oma of glandular origin [10][11]

Several studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking muscle meat creates heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Researchers at the National Cancer Institute published results of a study which found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done. [12] While eating muscle meat raw may be the only way to avoid HCAs fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below 212 °F (100 °C) creates "negligible amounts" of HCAs. The National Cancer Institute (NCI is part of the United States Federal government's National Institutes of Health. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Also, microwaving meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90%. A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. [12]

German research in 2003 showed significant benefits in reducing breast cancer risk when large amounts of raw vegetable matter are included in the diet. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men The authors attribute some of this effect to heat-labile phytonutrients. Phytochemicals are plant-derived chemical compounds under scientific research for their potential health-promoting properties but with unproved benefits [13]

Raw food diets

The following popular diets include only raw foods:

Diet Raw foods included in the diet Notable adherents
Instinctive eating
(anopsology)		 fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and meat–typically excludes dairy Guy-Claude Burger, Bruno Comby, Renato F. Anopsology is a Raw food diet created by Guy-Claude Burger. It is also called instinctive eating or anosology Sison, M. D. , Severen L. Schaeffer.
Fruitarianism fruit, nuts and seeds, and sometimes greens, sprouted grains & legumes Morris Krok
Primal diet fatty meats, dairy and vegetable juices[14] Aajonus Vonderplanitz
Raw foodism Food from all food groups (unheated or warmed to a temp less than 105 degrees)
Raw veganism fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and sprouted grains and legumes David Wolfe, Dr. Fruitarianism is a form of Veganism that is limited to eating the ripe fruits of plants and trees Vegetable juice is a popular drink all over the world Vegetable juice is an alternative to Fruit juice. Raw veganism is a diet which combines Veganism and Raw foodism. Gabriel Cousens,
Low-fat 80 10 10 diet raw veganism fruit, vegetables, limited amounts of nuts and seeds (if any)
Raw vegetarianism fruit, vegetables, sprouts, nuts, seeds, grains, legumes, dairy, eggs and honey
Raw Paleolithic Diet Meat, organ-meats, fruit, vegetables, honey, nuts, fish, shellfish, eggs - excludes dairy, grains,legumes and vegetable juices[15]
Wai diet fruit, nuts, fish, and eggs[16]
The Garden Diet fruit, vegetables, sea vegetables, sprouts, nuts, seeds, honey, Celtic sea salt, olive and flax seed oils[17]

Food preparation

Many foods in raw food diets are simple to prepare, such as fruits, salads, meat, and dairy. Raw veganism is a diet which combines Veganism and Raw foodism. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea The dietary regimen known as the Paleolithic diet (abbreviated paleo diet or paleodiet) also popularly called the caveman diet, Linseed oil, also known as flax seed oil or simply flax oil, is a clear to yellowish Drying oil derived from the dried ripe seeds of the Flax Other foods can require considerable advanced planning to prepare for eating. Rice and some other grains, for example, require sprouting or overnight soaking to become digestible. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Sprouting is the practice of soaking draining and then rinsing seeds at regular intervals until they Germinate, or sprout Many raw foodists believe it is best to soak nuts before eating them, in order to activate their enzymes, and deactivate enzyme inhibitors. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins

Preparation of gourmet raw food recipes usually call for a blender, food processor, juicer, and dehydrator. A blender, or liquidiser in British English, is a Kitchen appliance used to mix ingredients or Puree food A food processor is a kitchen appliance used to facilitate various repetitive tasks in the process of preparation of Food. A juicer is a tool for extracting juice from Fruits or Vegetables. A food dehydrator is an appliance that uses warm air to reduce the water content of foods Depending on the recipe, some food (such as crackers, breads and cookies) may need to be dehydrated. These processes, which produce foods with the taste and texture of cooked food, are lengthy. Some raw foodists dispense with these foods, feeling that there is no need to emulate the other non-raw diets.

Care may be required in planning a raw food diet, especially for children. There is little research on how to plan a nutritionally adequate raw food diet; however, nutritionists and raw M. D. s are usually willing to provide professional advice. Raw foodists claim that with sufficient food energy, essential fatty acids, variety and density, people of all ages can be successful at eating raw foods, although whether the diet works for any one person depends on their unique metabolism. Food energy is the amount of Energy in food that is available through Digestion. In 2007, Tonya Kay's raw vegan diet was nutritionally analyzed and published in an eBook entitled "Raw Nutritional Analysis - A month on Tonya Kay's autumn diet". Tonya Kay, is an Film actress, Television personality, Professional dancer and danger artist On average, her vitamin and nutrient intake was found to be superior to the FDA requirements. [18]

Avoiding poisoning

As the consumption of raw foods gains popularity, some unsafe foods have re-entered the diets of humans. The following should be consumed with caution:

Raw food movement

Early proponents include Johnny Love-Wisdom, Ann Wigmore and Viktoras Kulvinskas (co-founders of the Hippocrates Health Institute),[25] Arnold Ehret (author and advocate of fasting), A Hovannessian and Norman W. Walker (who advocated the consumption of juices, living up to the age of 99 years). Johnny Lovewisdom ( July 23 1919 &ndash October 12 2000) was the author of The Buddhist Essene Gospel of Jesus. Ann Wigmore (1909-1994 was a Holistic health practitioner nutritionist Whole foods advocate and a doctor of Divinity Viktoras P Kulvinskas is a Holistic health practitioner nutritionist and Whole foods advocate Arnold Ehret (1866&ndash1922 is the author of several health and fitness books Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time Raw foodism (or rawism) is a lifestyle promoting the consumption of un- cooked, un- processed, and often Organic foods as a large percentage Norman Wardhaugh Walker ( January 4, 1886 — June 6, 1985) was an English-American businessman and pioneer in the field of vegetable juicing

Notable contemporary proponents include several published authors and lecturers such as David Wolfe, Dr. Gabriel Cousens, Victoria Boutenko and Sarma Melngailis.

The principles of Natural hygiene promote a mainly raw vegan diet. Raw veganism is a diet which combines Veganism and Raw foodism. { Famous natural hygienists have included Herbert Shelton and Anthony Robbins. Herbert Macgolfin Shelton ( 6 October 1895 –1985 was a prominent American health educator pacifist, Vegetarian, and advocate of Anthony Robbins or Tony Robbins (born February 29 1960) is an American Self-help Writer, professional Speaker

Criticism and controversies

Advocates argue that nonhumans (that eat uncooked food) exhibit lower instances of degenerative diseases and therefore, if humans refrained from cooking their food, they wouldn't contract these diseases at current rates either. A degenerative disease is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over time whether due to normal However, animals in the wild have been shown to suffer from arthritis,[26] cancer,[27] liver and kidney diseases,[28]and degenerative brain diseases,[29], and it is not known if the rate of instances is lower than that in humans, nor if there is any correlation between these ailments and pollutants created by human presence. Furthermore, the great deal of resources humans devote to promoting their own health and eliminating early infectious and traumatic causes of death reshapes human mortality toward slower, more difficult to treat causes, associated with old age (i. e. degenerative diseases). Archaeological and anthropological evidence as well as medical research suggest that cooking is obligatory for humans. [1][2][3]

Food enzymes in the stomach

Some raw foodists claim that ingesting enzymes aids digestion in the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists These claims, however, go against well established knowledge regarding the function and biochemistry of enzymes in digestion. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Specific human digestive enzymes are secreted into the gastrointestinal tract, each catalyzing a specific reaction in the digestion of food from macromolecules to small molecules which can be absorbed over the epithelium of the small intestine by active transport. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst The term macromolecule by definition implies "large Molecule " In biology and medicine epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises Active transport is the mediated process of moving particles across Biological membrane against the concentration gradient Most plant enzymes will fulfill completely different roles important for metabolism in the plant; the majority will be denatured in passage through the acidic stomach; and others will lack required cofactors in the intestine, rendering them useless in digestion. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Accordingly, there is no evidence that ingestion of raw foods or plant enzymes aids digestion under normal conditions. Also, commonly enzymes are very sensitive to pH and their activity will be nullified outside a specific pH range. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. [30] The digestive enzymes produced by the stomach are active in the low pH (2-4) of the stomach, whereas enzymes found in most foods will be most active at cellular pH (approximately 7). [31]. Some enzymes found in acidic plant foods such as fruits are active at low pH similar to that of the human stomach, but there is no evidence that they participate in digestion.

Some fruitarians counter that dietary enzymes such as bromelain and a protected form of SOD have been shown to be absorbed through the intestines and into the bloodstream. Bromelain can refer to one of two Protease Enzymes extracted from the plant family Bromeliaceae, or it can refer to a combination of those enzymes along The enzyme superoxide dismutase ( SOD,) catalyzes the Dismutation of Superoxide into Oxygen and Hydrogen peroxide. This is a misunderstanding of the process of digestion: all ingested enzymes (including bromelain and SOD) are proteins themselves, and can be digested to free amino acids by human proteases and peptidase in the stomach and intestine - allowing the absorption of these (but no functional enzyme) into the bloodstream. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link

Dental malocclusion and cooked food

The earliest indisputable archaeological evidence for the use of fire to prepare food dates to approximately 350,000 years ago. [32] Other evidence traces cooking to more than 1. 5 million years ago, well before the emergence of modern humans. [33] Evolutionary evidence indicates that the musculature and bone structure of the jaw evolved away from forms most suited for eating tough raw foods. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the The jaw is either of the two opposable structures forming or near the entrance to the Mouth. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 [1]

Some critics believe that based on this evidence humans have evolved to eat cooked foods. Advocates counter that this is repudiated by the incidence of malocclusion found in cooked-food-eating populations. However, this claim is disputed by dentists who state that malocclusion tends to be an inherited trait. [34] Some research contradicts common opinion amongst dental practitioners and shows that malocclusion is essentially an acquired, and therefore avoidable, trait. [35]

Potential damage

A 2005 study has shown that a raw food vegetarian diet is associated with a lower bone density. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Bone density (or bone mineral density) is a medical term referring to the amount of matter per cubic centimeter of Bones It is measured by a procedure called [36] This may not be a problem however, as new research appears to indicate that high bone density early in life is associated with osteoporosis, regardless of genetic variation. Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. [37]

Douglas N. Graham (a raw foodism advocate) warns that most raw diets obtain a high percentage of daily calories from fats, by including significant amounts of avocado, nuts and seeds. According to him, these diets tend to be unsustainable since too much fat, even raw fat, causes health problems and results in the underconsumption of carbohydrates. He promotes a low-fat raw vegan diet which draws the great bulk of its daily calories from fruits, along with liberal amounts of vegetables and small amounts of nuts and seeds. [38]

One study of raw veganism shows amenorrhea and underweightness in women,[39] another one increased risk of dental erosion. Amenorrhoea ( BE) amenorrhea ( AmE) or amenorrhœa, is the absence of a Menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age The term underweight refers to a Human who is considered to be under a healthy Weight. Erosion, otherwise known as acid erosion, is the loss of tooth structure due to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacterial origin [40]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Wrangham R, Conklin-Brittain N. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling preparation, and storage of Food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. A healthy diet is one that is arrived at with the intent of improving or maintaining optimal Health. (2003 Sep). "Cooking as a biological trait". Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 136 (1): 35-46. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00020-5. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 14527628.  
  2. ^ a b Cromie, William J. Cooking up quite a story: Ape, human theory causes evolutionary indigestion, Harvard Gazette Archives
  3. ^ a b Lambert, Craig. "The Way We Eat Now", Harvard Magazine, May-June 2004.  
  4. ^ Rincon, Paul. "Early human fire skills revealed", BBC News Online, BBC, 2004-04-29. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.  
  5. ^ Live-Food.com: Locations
  6. ^ Raw and Live Food Vegetarian Books
  7. ^ Interview of David Wolfe, co-author of Nature's First Law: The Raw Food Diet, by Bob Avery.
  8. ^ An Invitation from Sergei. Raw Family Newsletter, June 2007. Statement on Wild Edibles
  9. ^ The Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. 33, No. 5 (September, 1933), 389-406
  10. ^ Promotion of colonic microadenoma growth in mice and rats fed cooked sugar or cooked casein and fat
  11. ^ Promotion of Aberrant Crypt Foci and Cancer in Rat Colon by Thermolyzed Protein
  12. ^ a b National Cancer Institute - Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats
  13. ^ Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(2):131-7
  14. ^ A critical review of "we want to live"
  15. ^ Raw Paleolithic Diet
  16. ^ WaiDiet|
  17. ^ The Garden Diet - Raw Food Family Site
  18. ^ www. kayosmarket. com
  19. ^ Arbour, Gilles (December 2004). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Are buckwheat greens toxic?. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. Find Articles. Retrieved on 2007-02-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons
  20. ^ "PDF Article by Gilles Arbour". Retrieved on 2004-06-15. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history  
  21. ^ N. D. Noah, A. E. Bender, G. B. Reaidi, and R. J. Gilbert. "Food poisoning from raw red kidney beans. " British Medical Journal 1980 July 19;281(6234):236-7. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic.
  22. ^ Raymond Tice
  23. ^ The University of Nebraska, Lincoln, “The Potato Education Guide: Greening” http://www.panhandle.unl.edu/potato/html/greening.htm
  24. ^ Food Science Australia, "Greening of Potatoes" http://www.foodscience.afisc.csiro.au/spuds.htm
  25. ^ more intelligent life, viewed 26 January 2007
  26. ^ J Zoo Wildl Med. 2001 Mar;32(1):58-64. Inflammatory arthritis in canids: spondyloarthropathy. PMID: 12790395 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  27. ^ J Vet Diagn Invest. 2003 Mar;15(2):162-5. A poorly differentiated pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma in a free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). PMID: 12661727 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  28. ^ Types of renal disease in avian species. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2006 Jan;9(1):97-106. PMID: 16407081 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
  29. ^ Chronic Wasting Disease, USDA Publications, viewed 16 August 2007
  30. ^ Creighton, T. E. Proteins - Structures and Molecular Properties ISBN 978-0716770305
  31. ^ Berg, J. M. ; Tymoczko, J. L. ; Stryer L. Biochemistry ISBN 978-0716767664
  32. ^ "Early Human Culture"
  33. ^ Rincon, Paul, "Early human fire mastery revealed"
  34. ^ Malocclusion of Teeth viewed August 5, 2006
  35. ^ Heritability of craniometric and occlusal variables: a longitudinal sib analysis.
  36. ^ Fontana L, Shew JL, Holloszy JO, Villareal DT. Low bone mass in subjects on a long-term raw vegetarian diet. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Mar 28;165(6):684-9. PMID 15795346
  37. ^ high calcium intake increases osteoporotic fracture risk in old age. .
  38. ^ foodnsport.com - Home
  39. ^ Koebnick C, Strassner C, Hoffmann I, Leitzmann C. Consequences of a long-term raw food diet on body weight and menstruation: results of a questionnaire survey. Ann Nutr Metab. 1999;43(2):69-79. PMID 10436305
  40. ^ Ganss C, Schlechtriemen M, Klimek J. Dental erosions in subjects living on a raw food diet. Caries Res. 1999;33(1):74-80. PMID 9831783

Further reading

Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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