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Coordinates: 14°N 107°E / 14, 107

Ratanakiri (រតនគីរី)
Province
none Road in rural Ratanakiri
Road in rural Ratanakiri
Name origin: Khmer: រតន (gem) + គីរី (mountain)
Country Cambodia
Capital Banlung
 - coordinates 13°44′49″N 107°00′16″E / 13.746804, 107.004519
Area 10,782 km² (4,163 sq mi)
Population 118,000 (2004 est. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. There are several types of administrative divisions of Cambodia. Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Banlung ( Khmer: បានលុង is the Capital of Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. )
Density 9. 1 /km² (24 /sq mi)
Founded 1959
Timezone Cambodia time (UTC+7)
Governor Muong Poy
Ratanakiri in Cambodia
Ratanakiri in Cambodia
Image:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg This article contains Indic text. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. UTC+7 is a Time zone used in Laos Thailand Cambodia Vietnam The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia,
Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated

Ratanakiri is a province in northeastern Cambodia that borders Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east, Mondulkiri Province to the south, and Stung Treng Province to the west. There are several types of administrative divisions of Cambodia. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Mondulkiri is an eastern province of Cambodia. It is the most sparsely populated province in the country although being the largest province in Cambodia Stung Treng is a northern province of Cambodia. Formerly called Xieng Teng, it was a part of the Khmer Empire, then the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang Ratanakiri has long been occupied by the highland Khmer Loeu, who are a minority elsewhere in Cambodia. The Khmer Loeu are the non- Khmer highland tribes in Cambodia. During the region's early history, its Khmer Loeu inhabitants were exploited as slaves by the Khmer, Lao, and Thai empires who controlled the region. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history The slave trade economy ended during the French colonial era, but a harsh Khmerization campaign after Cambodia's independence again threatened Khmer Loeu ways of life. In 1863 Cambodia under king Norodom became a protectorate of France The Khmer Rouge built its headquarters in the province in the 1960s, and bombing during the Vietnam War devastated the region. The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Today, rapid development in the province is altering traditional ways of life.

Ratanakiri is known for its lush forests; the hilly basalt plateau between Ratanakiri's two major rivers is home to most of the province's population. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Ratanakiri is sparsely populated; its 118,000 residents make up less than 1% of the country's total population. Residents generally live in villages of 100 to 300 people, though the provincial capital of Banlung (by far Ratanakiri's largest settlement) has a population of 17,000. Banlung ( Khmer: បានលុង is the Capital of Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia.

Ratanakiri is among the least developed provinces of Cambodia. Its infrastructure is poor, and the local government is weak. The vast majority of Ratanakiri's population engages in subsistence shifting agriculture. For methods see Slash and burn Shifting cultivation is an Agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily then abandoned Health indicators in Ratanakiri are extremely poor, with nearly one in four children dying before age five. Education levels are also low; three quarters of the population is illiterate.

Contents

History

Shouldered stone axes and earthenware ceramics found in Ratanakiri suggest that the region has been occupied at least as early as the stone or bronze age. The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for [1] Since at least the 4th century A. D. , the highlanders of present-day northeast Cambodia traded with towns along the Gulf of Thailand. The Gulf of Thailand (or Gulf of Siam) is a gulf that borders but is not part of the South China Sea ( Pacific Ocean) [2] The region was invaded by the Cham, Khmer, Thais, and Annamites during its early history, but no empire ever brought the area under centralized control. [3] From the 13th century or earlier until the 19th century, highland villages were often raided by Khmer, Lao, and Thai slave traders. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history [2][3] The region was conquered by local Laotian rulers in the 18th century and then by the Thai in the 19th century. [4] The area was incorporated into French Indochina in 1893, and colonial rule replaced slave trading. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit [2] The French built huge rubber plantations, especially in Labansiek (present-day Banlung); indigenous workers were used for construction and rubber harvesting. [3] While under French control, the land comprising present-day Ratanakiri was transferred from Siam (Thailand) to Laos and then to Cambodia. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj [4][5] Though highland groups initially resisted their colonial rulers, by the end of the colonial era in 1953 they had been subdued. [2]

Ratanakiri Province was created in 1959 from land that had been the eastern area of Stung Treng Province. Stung Treng is a northern province of Cambodia. Formerly called Xieng Teng, it was a part of the Khmer Empire, then the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang [3] The name Ratanakiri (រតនគីរី) is formed from the Khmer words រតន (ratana, gem) and គីរី (kiri, mountain), describing two features for which the province is known. Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. [6][7] During the 1950s and 1960s, the Norodom Sihanouk regime instituted a development and Khmerization campaign in northeast Cambodia that was designed to bring villages under government control, limit the influence of insurgents in the area, and "modernize" indigenous communities. Names and titles Since his abdication Sihanouk's official Cambodian title (short version the most-widely used is Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preahmâhaviraksat [2][8][9] Some Khmer Loeu were forcibly moved to the lowlands to be educated in Khmer language and culture, ethnic Khmer from elsewhere in Cambodia were moved into the province, and roads and large rubber plantations were built. The Khmer Loeu are the non- Khmer highland tribes in Cambodia. The Khmer people are the predominant Ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 14 [2][8][10] After facing with harsh working conditions and sometimes involuntary labor on the plantations, many Khmer Loeu left their traditional homes and moved farther from provincial towns. [8] In 1968, tensions led to an uprising by the Brao in which several Khmer were killed. [11][12][13] The government responded harshly, torching settlements and killing hundreds of villagers. [11][13][12]

U.S. president Richard Nixon (shown here discussing Cambodia at a 1970 press conference) authorized the covert 1969–1970 bombing of Vietnamese targets in Ratanakiri.
U. S. president Richard Nixon (shown here discussing Cambodia at a 1970 press conference) authorized the covert 1969–1970 bombing of Vietnamese targets in Ratanakiri. [14]

In the 1960s, the ascendant Khmer Rouge forged an alliance with ethnic minorities in Ratanakiri, exploiting Khmer Loeu resentment of the central government. The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed [11][15][16] The Communist Party of Kampuchea headquarters was moved to Ratanakiri in 1966, and hundreds of Khmer Loeu joined CPK units. The Communist Party of Kampuchea was a Communist party in Cambodia. [17][18] During this period, there was also extensive Vietnamese activity in Ratanakiri. [19] Vietnamese communists had operated in Ratanakiri since the 1940s;[19] at a June 1969 press conference, Sihanouk said that Ratanakiri was "practically North Vietnamese territory". [20] Between March 1969 and May 1970, the United States undertook a massive covert bombing campaign in the region, aiming to disrupt sanctuaries for communist Vietnamese troops. Operation Menu was the codename of a covert US Strategic Air Command (SAC bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 Villagers were forced outside of main towns to escape the bombings, foraging for food and living on the run with the Khmer Rouge. [8][21][22] In June 1970, the central government withdrew its troops from Ratanakiri, abandoning the area to Khmer Rouge control. [2][8] The Khmer Rouge regime, which had not initially been harsh in Ratanakiri, became increasingly oppressive. [2][23] The Khmer Loeu were forbidden from speaking their native languages or practicing their traditional customs and religion, which were seen as incompatible with communism; communal living became compulsory, and the province's few schools were closed. [8][24] Purges of ethnic minorities increased in frequency,[25] and thousands of refugees fled to Vietnam and Laos. [21] Preliminary studies indicate that bodies accounting for approximately 5% of Ratanakiri's residents were deposited in mass graves, a significantly lower rate than elsewhere in Cambodia. [26]

After the Vietnamese defeated the Khmer Rouge in 1979, government policy toward Ratanakiri became one of benign neglect. [8] The Khmer Loeu were permitted to return to their traditional livelihoods, but the government provided little infrastructure in the province. [8] Under the Vietnamese, there was little contact between the provincial government and many local communities. [27] Long after the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime, however, Khmer Rouge rebels remained in the forests of Ratanakiri. [28][29] Rebels largely surrendered their arms in the 1990s, though attacks along provincial roads continued until 2002. [29][28]

Ratanakiri's recent history has been characterized by development and attendant challenges to traditional ways of life. [30][31] The national government has built roads, encouraged tourism and agriculture, and facilitated rapid immigration of lowland Khmers into Ratanakiri. [30][32][33] Road improvements and political stability have increased land prices, and many Khmer Loeu villagers have been dispossessed of their land. [30][31] (For more information, see Land tenure, below. Ratanakiri is a province in northeastern Cambodia that borders Laos to the north Vietnam to the east Mondulkiri Province to the ) In the 2000s, Ratanakiri also received hundreds of Degar (Montagnard) refugees fleeing unrest in neighboring Vietnam; the Cambodian government was criticized for its forced repatriation of many refugees. More than 1000 Degar (Montagnard refugees have entered Ratanakiri and Mondulkiri, Cambodia, since 2001 raising issues of Cambodia's international law [34]

Geography and climate

Aerial view of Yak Loum Lake, a crater lake near Banlung
Aerial view of Yak Loum Lake, a crater lake near Banlung

The geography of Ratanakiri Province is diverse, encompassing rolling hills, mountains, plateaus, lowland watersheds, crater lakes, and waterfalls. Yak Loum is a Lake and a popular tourist destination in the Ratanakiri province of northeastern Cambodia. Crater Lake is a Caldera Lake located in the US state of Oregon. Banlung ( Khmer: បានលុង is the Capital of Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, Crater Lake is a Caldera Lake located in the US state of Oregon. Two major rivers, Tonle San and Tonle Srepok, flow from east to west across the province. Not to be confused with Tonlé Sap. Tonlé San, also known as Tonlé Se San, is a River that flows through central Vietnam The Srepok River (Sông Serepôk is a major Tributary of the Mekong River The far north of the province encompasses mountains of the Annamite Range, with dense broadleaf evergreen forests, relatively poor lithosol soil, and abundant wildlife. The Annamite Range is a mountain range of eastern Indochina, which extends approximately 1100 km (700 miles through Laos, Vietnam, and a small area in The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group An evergreen forest is a Forest consisting entirely or mainly of Oaks trees that retain green foliage all year round In USA soil taxonomy, Entisols are defined as soils that do not show any profile development [35][7] South of the Srepok River is a flat area of tropical deciduous forests with clay and lithosol soils. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and [35][7][36] In the highlands between Tonle San and Tonle Srepok, the home of the vast majority of Ratanakiri's population, an hilly basalt plateau provides fertile red soils. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. [35][7][36] The area is characterized by secondary forest that has regrown after shifting cultivation or logging. Secondary, or second-growth, forest is a Forest or Woodland area which has re-grown after a major disturbance such as Fire, Insect For methods see Slash and burn Shifting cultivation is an Agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily then abandoned Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. [36] Along the eastern Vietnam border and western Stung Treng border are woodlands and mixed evergreen and deciduous forests. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Stung Treng is located in Stung Treng Province, Cambodia. Stung Treng is located on a high sandy bank overlooking [36]

Like other areas of Cambodia, Ratanakiri has a monsoonal climate with a rainy season from May to October and a dry season from November to April. Cambodia is a country in Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months [36] Ratanakiri tends to be cooler, drier, and sunnier than the rest of Cambodia. [36] The average daily high temperature in the province is 34. 0 °C (93. 2 °F), and the average daily low temperature is 22. 1 °C (71. 8 °F). [37] Annual precipitation is approximately 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in the highlands and 2,900 millimetres (110 in) elsewhere. [36] Flooding often occurs during the rainy season and has been exacerbated by the newly-built Yali Falls Dam. The Yali Falls Dam is the second largest Dam in Vietnam located in Gia Lai Kon Tum provinces [38][39][40]

Ka Choung falls
Ka Choung falls

Some of the most biologically diverse lowland tropical rainforest and montane forest ecosystems of mainland Southeast Asia are located in Ratanakiri. Ka Choung is a Waterfall in Ratanakiri province in Cambodia. [41] One 1996 survey of an area to the northwest of Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary recorded 44 mammals, 76 birds, and 9 reptile species. Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary is a heavily forested area straddling Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, and Kratie provinces in Cambodia set aside by the Cambodian [35] Wildlife in Ratanakiri includes Asian elephants, gaur, and monkeys. Ratanakiri Province is home to many species of animals One 1996 survey of an area to the northwest of Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary recorded 44 mammals 76 birds and 9 reptile The Asian or Asiatic Elephant ( Elephas maximus) sometimes known by the name of one of its subspecies &ndash the Indian Elephant, is one of The gaur (ˈɡaʊɚ ( Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large dark-coated bovine animal of South Asia and Southeast Asia. [35] Ratanakiri is an important site for the conservation of endangered birds, including the giant ibis and the greater adjutant. The Giant Ibis Thaumatibis gigantea, the only species in the Monotypic Genus Thaumatibis, is a wading Bird of the Ibis The Greater Adjutant, Leptoptilos dubius is a large wading Bird in the Stork family Ciconiidae. [35] The province's forests contain a wide variety of flora; one half-hectare forest inventory identified 189 species of trees and 320 species of ground flora and saplings. [35]

Nearly half of Ratanakiri has been set aside in protected areas,[42][43] which include Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary and Virachey National Park. Virachey National Park is a National park in north-eastern Cambodia. Though the province has been known for its relatively pristine environment, recent development has spawned numerous environmental problems. [44] Land use patterns are changing as population growth has accelerated and agriculture and logging have intensified. [45] Soil erosion is increasing, and microclimates are being altered. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the Climate differs from the surrounding area [45] Habitat loss and unsustainable hunting have contributed to the province's decreasing biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. [46][43] The province's abundant monsoonal rains, and hence its water supplies, have become less certain. [45]

Government and administrative divisions

Government in Ratanakiri is weak, due largely to the province's remoteness, ethnic diversity, and recent history of Khmer Rouge dominance. [47][48] The provincial legal framework is poor, and the rule of law is even weaker in Ratanakiri than elsewhere in Cambodia. [47] Furthermore, government services are ineffective and insufficient to meet the needs of the province. [46] The Cambodian government has traditionally accepted substantial support from NGOs in the region. [49][46]

Muong Poy, a member of the Cambodian People's Party (CPP),[50] is the provincial governor. Cambodian People's Party ( Cambodian: Kanakpak Pracheachon Kâmpuchéa, KPK) is the current ruling party of Cambodia. [38] Bou Lam is the deputy governor,[51] and Chai Sarouen is the second deputy governor. [52] Commune councils in Ratanakiri are composed of 219 members representing the CPP, 21 members representing the Sam Rainsy Party, and 13 members representing the Funcinpec Party. There are 1621 Communes / Sangkats in Cambodia Each Commune Council is composed of 5 to 11 members depending on demography and geography elected through a proportional Sam Rainsy Party ( Pak Sam Rainsy or Kanakpak Sam Raeangsee) is a personalist and more or less liberal party in Cambodia. Funcinpec ( គណបក្ស ហ្វ៊ុនស៊ិនប៉ិច) is a royalist political party in Cambodia. [53] Political scientist Caroline Hughes has suggested that the CPP's overwhelming dominance in rural areas such as Ratanakiri stems from the central government's ability to suppress collective action, which in urban areas is offset by international donors and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that provide support for opposition parties. [54] Thirty-six commune council members in Ratanakiri (14. 2%) are women,[55] and 98% of Ratanakiri's government staff is Khmer. [56]

The province is subdivided into 9 districts, as follows:

District name Population (1998)[50] District code
Andoung Meas (អណ្តូងមាស) 6,896 1601
Banlung (បានលុង) 16,999 1602
Bar Kaev (បាគាវ) 11,758 1603
Koun Mom (កូនមុំ) 8,814 1604
Lumphat (លំផាត់) 10,301 1605
Ou Chum (អូរជុំ) 11,863 1606
Ou Ya Dav (អូរយ៉ាដាវ) 10,898 1607
Ta Veaeng (តាវែង) 4,325 1608
Veun Sai (វើនសៃ) 12,389 1609

Economy and transportation

Market in Banlung
Market in Banlung

The vast majority of the indigenous peoples of Ratanakiri are subsistence farmers, practicing slash and burn shifting cultivation. There are several types of administrative divisions of Cambodia. Andoung Meas District (អណ្តូងមាស is a district in north-eastern Cambodia, located in Ratanakiri Province, Population 6896 (1998 Banlung (ស្រុកបានលុង is a district in Ratanakiri Province, northeast Cambodia. Bar Kaev District (បាគាវ (also transliterated Bar Keo) is a district in north-eastern Cambodia, located in Ratanakiri Province Koun Mom (ស្រុកកូនមុំ is a district in Ratanakiri Province, northeast Cambodia. Lumphat (លំផាត់ is a district in Ratanakiri Province, northeast Cambodia. Ou Chum District (អូរជុំ is a district located in Ratanakiri Province, in north-east Cambodia. Ou Ya Dav District (អូរយ៉ាដាវ is a district in Ratanakiri Province, northeast Cambodia. Ta Veaeng (តាវែង (also transliterated Ta Veng or Ta Veang is a district located in Ratanakiri Province, in north-east Cambodia. Veun Sai District (វើនសៃ is a district located in Ratanakiri Province, in north-east Cambodia. Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficient farming in which farmers grow only enough food to feed the family and to pay taxes or feudal dues Slash and burn consists of cutting and burning of Forests or Woodlands to create fields for Agriculture or Pasture for Livestock, or For methods see Slash and burn Shifting cultivation is an Agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily then abandoned (See Culture below for more information on traditional subsistence practices. Ratanakiri is a province in northeastern Cambodia that borders Laos to the north Vietnam to the east Mondulkiri Province to the ) Many families are beginning to shift production to cash crops such as cashews, mangoes, and tobacco, a trend that has accelerated in recent years. In Agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for Money. The cashew ( Anacardium occidentale; Syn Anacardium curatellifolium A Mangoes belong to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting Trees in the Flowering plant family Anacardiaceae Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. [57][31][58] As of 2005, monetary income in the province averaged US$5 per month per person; purchased possessions such as motorcycles, televisions, and karaoke sets have become extremely desirable. (kɑːrɑːˌoʊkɛ in Japanese karaoke) is a form of Entertainment in which Amateur Singers sing along with recorded Music (and/or a [58]

Larger-scale agriculture occurs on palm, maize, and rubber plantations. Paralemmin, also known as PALM, is a human Gene. This gene encodes a member of the paralemmin Protein family Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica [36] Other economic activities in the province include gem mining, commercial logging, and small-scale trading activities. [36] Gems are generally mined using traditional methods, with individuals digging holes and tunnels and manually removing the gems;[36] recently, however, commercial mining operations have been moving into the province. [59] Small quantities of locally-made honey and traditional crafts are also exported from the province. [36]

Road in Ratanakiri
Road in Ratanakiri

Ratanakiri's tourist industry is rapidly expanding. [60] Between 2001 and 2002, annual visitors to Ratanakiri increased from 2,000 to 9,000; in 2003, it was estimated that this figure could grow to 35,000 by 2010. [61] Banlung, with its numerous hotels and guesthouses, is the region's tourist center. [62] The region's tourism development strategy focuses on encouraging ecotourism. [62] Increasing tourism in Ratanakiri has been somewhat problematic because local communities receive very little income from tourism and because guides sometimes bring tourists to villages without residents' consent, disrupting traditional ways of life. [63] A small number of initiatives have sought to address these problems: a provincial tourism steering committee aims to ensure that tourism is non-destructive, and some programs exist to provide English and tourism skills to indigenous people. [61]

Ox-cart, motorcycle, and walking are common means of transportation in Ratanakiri. [36][64] The province's road system is among the worst in the country; in the wet season, roads are sometimes impassable because of mud. [65][66] In January 2007, construction started on National Road 78 between Banlung and the Vietnam border; the road is expected to increase trade between Cambodia and Vietnam. [67][68] A small airport in Banlung with a laterite runway offers flights between Phnom Penh and Banlung. [69][70] Though the Cambodian government considers service at the airport to be generally reliable,[69] the US government cautions against flying to or from the airport, citing several safety incidents since 2005. [71]

Demographics and towns

Tampuan children from Ratanakiri Province
Tampuan children from Ratanakiri Province

As of 2004, Ratanakiri Province had a population of approximately 118,000. [72] Its population is increasing more quickly than Cambodia's total population, largely due to internal migration. [73] In 1998, when the most recent national census was conducted, Ratanakiri made up 0. 8% of Cambodia's total population, with a population density approximately 15% of the national average. [50] The population of Ratanakiri is widely dispersed, with most residents living in villages of 100 to 300 people. [74] About 70% of the province's population lives in the highlands; of the other 30%, approximately half live in more urbanized towns, and half live along rivers and in the lowlands, where they practice wetland rice cultivation and engage in market activities. [35] Banlung, the provincial capital located in the central highlands, is by far the province's largest town, with a population of approximately 17,000 as of 2005. Banlung ( Khmer: បានលុង is the Capital of Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. [75] Other significant towns include Veun Sai, which is located in the north on the Se San river and had a population of 2,500 as of 2003,[50] and Lomphat (the former provincial capital), which is located in the south on the Srepok River and had a population of 2,000 as of 2005. Veun Sai District (វើនសៃ is a district located in Ratanakiri Province, in north-east Cambodia. Not to be confused with Tonlé Sap. Tonlé San, also known as Tonlé Se San, is a River that flows through central Vietnam Lumphat (លំផាត់ is a district in Ratanakiri Province, northeast Cambodia. The Srepok River (Sông Serepôk is a major Tributary of the Mekong River [76]

Children in Ratanakiri
Children in Ratanakiri

In 1998, 44. 4% of Ratanakiri residents were aged 14 or younger, 52. 1% were aged 15 to 64, and 3. 5% were aged 65 or older; 49. 2% of residents were male, and 50. 8% were female. [50] Of Ratanakiri residents aged 15 or older, 20. 9% were single and had never been married, 71. 6% were married, 5. 1% were widowed, and 2. 4% were divorced or separated. [50] There were 16,646 households in the province, excluding the institutional, homeless, boat, and transient population; each household had an average of 5. 6 members. [50] Most households (87. 5%) were headed by men; female heads of households were on average older (59. 4% aged 40 or above) than male heads of households (48. 5% aged 40 or above). [50]

Ethnic groups in Ratanakiri (1998)
Tampuan
  
 24. 3%
Khmer
  
 19. 1%
Jarai
  
 17. 1%
Kreung
  
 16. 3%
Lao
  
 9. 6%
Brou
  
 7. 0%
Kachok
  
 2. 7%
Other Khmer Loeu
  
 2. 5%
Other non-Khmer Loeu
  
 1. 6%
Note: Khmer Loeu ethnic groups are indicated in blue.


While highland peoples have inhabited Ratanakiri for well over a millennium, lowland peoples have migrated to the province in the last 200 years. [35] As of 1998, various highland groups collectively called Khmer Loeu made up approximately 70% of Ratanakiri's population. The Khmer Loeu are the non- Khmer highland tribes in Cambodia. [73] These groups included the Tampuan (24. The Tampuan (also spelled Tompuan or Tampuon are an indigenous ethnic group living in northeast Cambodia. 3%), Jarai (17. The Jarai (also Người Gia Rai, Gia Rai, or Gia-rai) is an ethnic group based primarily in Vietnam 's Central Highlands. 1%), Kreung (16. 3%), Brou (7. 0%), Kachok (2. 7%), Kavet (1. 9%), Kuy (0. Kuy language (also known as Soui or Kuay) ( Khmer: ភាសាគួយ is a Katuic language, part of the larger Austroasiatic family 5%), and Lun (0. 1%). [73] Ethnic Khmers made up 19. The Khmer people are the predominant Ethnic group in Cambodia, accounting for approximately 90% of the 14 1% of the population, and Laos made up 9. The Lao (Lao ລາວ IPA laːw are an ethnic subgroup of Tai/Dai in Southeast Asia. 6%. [73] The remainder consisted of Vietnamese (0. The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. 7%), Cham (0. The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. 6%), and Chinese (0. The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong 3%). [73] Since the 1998 census, migration to Ratanakiri from elsewhere in Cambodia has accelerated, which has likely increased the proportion of Khmers in the province. [45] Though the official language of Ratanakiri (like all of Cambodia) is Khmer,[77] each indigenous group speaks its own language. Khmer (ភាសាខ្មែរ or Cambodian, is the language of the Khmer people and the official language of Cambodia. [36] Less than 10% of Ratanakiri's indigenous population can speak Khmer fluently. [78]

Health, education, and development

Health indicators in Ratanakiri are the worst in Cambodia. [79] Malaria, tuberculosis, intestinal parasites, cholera, diarrhea, and vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles are endemic. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Intestinal parasites are Parasites that populate the Gastro-intestinal tract. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. [74][79] Rattanakiri has Cambodia's highest rates of maternal and child mortality,[74] with 22. Maternal death, or maternal mortality, also "obstetrical death" is the Death of a woman during or shortly after a Pregnancy. Child mortality refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five 9% of children dying before the age of five. [80] Ratanakiri also has the country's highest rates of severe malnutrition. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. [74] Ratanakiri residents' poor health can be attributed to a variety of factors, including poverty, physical remoteness, language and cultural barriers that prevent Khmer Loeu from obtaining medical care, poor infrastructure and access to water, lack of accountability in the medical community, and exacerbating environmental factors such as natural resource degradation, decreasing food production, and internal migration. [74][79] The province has one referral hospital, 10 health centers, and 17 health posts. [81] Medical equipment and supplies are minimal, and most health facilities are staffed by nurses or midwifes, who are often poorly trained and irregularly paid. [81][82]

Village school in Ratanakiri
Village school in Ratanakiri

Education levels in Ratanakiri, particularly among Khmer Loeu, are very low. A 2002 survey of residents in six villages found that fewer than 10% of respondents had attended any primary school. [83] Only 23. 5% of Ratanakiri residents are literate (compared to 67. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, 3% in Cambodia overall), with lower rates among those living outside Banlung District (15. 7%) and among women (15. 3%). [84][50] Poor education in the province is largely caused by difficulties recruiting teachers, a need for children to contribute economically to the family, and the inability of most children to speak Khmer, which has long been the language of instruction. [36] Bilingual education initiatives, in which students begin instruction in native languages and gradually transition to instruction in Khmer, began in Ratanakiri in 2002 and appear to have been successful. [78][85] The programs aim to make education more accessible to speakers of indigenous languages, as well as to give Khmer Loeu access to national political and economic affairs by providing Khmer language skills. [78]

Ratanakiri is one of the least developed provinces in Cambodia, and living conditions are generally poor. [46][86] Most Ratanakiri residents (61. 1%) obtain water from springs, streams, ponds, or rain; much of the remainder (32. 2%) obtains water from dug wells. [87] Only 5. 5% of Ratanakiri residents obtain water from sources that are considered safe (purchased water, piped water, or tube/piped wells). [87] Most households use kerosene lamps and other sources such as oil lamps for lighting,[88] and few (39. The kerosene lamp (widely known in Britain as a paraffin lamp) is any type of lighting device which uses Kerosene (paraffin as a fuel An oil lamp is a simple vessel used to produce light continuously for a period of time from a fuel source 5% in Banlung District and 2. 1% elsewhere) have toilet facilities. [50] Almost all households (96. 2%) use firewood as the main fuel for cooking. [50]

A variety of non-governmental organizations in Ratanakiri, including Oxfam and Health Unlimited, work to improve health and living conditions in the province. There are several Non-governmental organizations that operate in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working with over 3000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice Health Unlimited is a British Non-governmental organization founded in 1984 that aims to secure health care access for marginalized communities in developing countries

Culture

See also: Khmer Loeu and Culture of Cambodia

Each of the province's Khmer Loeu ethnic groups has a distinct set of customs and form of social organization,[36] but some generalizations may be made. The Khmer Loeu are the non- Khmer highland tribes in Cambodia. The culture of Cambodia has had a rich and varied history dating back many centuries and has been heavily influenced by India. Khmer Loeu typically practice subsistence slash and burn shifting cultivation in small villages of between 30 and 70 nuclear families. Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficient farming in which farmers grow only enough food to feed the family and to pay taxes or feudal dues Slash and burn consists of cutting and burning of Forests or Woodlands to create fields for Agriculture or Pasture for Livestock, or For methods see Slash and burn Shifting cultivation is an Agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily then abandoned The term nuclear family developed in the Western world to distinguish the Family group consisting of parents most commonly a Father and Mother [89][36] Each village collectively owns and governs a forest territory whose boundaries are known though not marked. Common ownership is a principle according to which the assets of an enterprise or other organization are held indivisibly rather than in the names of the individual members or [89][36][31] Within this land, each family is allocated, on average, 1–2 hectares (2. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, 5–5 acres) of actively cultivated land and 5–6 hectares (12. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U 5–15 acres) of fallow land. [90] The ecologically sustainable cultivation cycle practiced by the Khmer Loeu generally lasts 10 to 15 years. [89] Villagers supplement their agricultural livelihood with a low-intensity system of hunting, fishing, and gathering over a large area. [89][36]

Khmer Loeu diets in Ratanakiri are largely dictated by the food that is available for harvesting or gathering. [91][92] Numerous food taboos also limit food choices, particularly among pregnant women, children, and the sick. [93] The primary staple grain is rice, though most families experience rice shortages during the six months before harvest time. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many [94] Some families have begun to plant maize to alleviate this problem; other sources of grain include potatoes, cassava, and taro. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae The cassava, yuca, manioc, or mandioca ( Manihot esculenta) is a woody Shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family native Taro (from Tahitian or other Polynesian languages) more rarely kalo (from Hawaiian) and gabi in The Philippines, is a [94] Most Khmer Loeu diets are low in protein, which is limited in availability. Proteins are broken down in the Stomach during Digestion by Enzymes known as Proteases into smaller Polypeptides to provide [95] Wild game and fish are major protein sources, and smaller animals such as rats, wild chickens, and insects are also sometimes eaten. Game is any Animal hunted for Food or not normally domesticated (such as Venison) [95] Domestic animals such as pigs, cows, and buffaloes are only eaten when sacrifices are made. [95] In the rainy season, many varieties of vegetables and leaves are gathered from the forest. [94] (Vegetables are generally not cultivated. [94]) Commonly-eaten fruits include bananas, jackfruit, papayas, and mangoes. See also Mangifera caesia The jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a species of Tree of the mulberry family ( Moraceae) The papaya (from Carib via Spanish) is the Fruit of the Plant Carica papaya, in the genus Carica. Mangoes belong to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting Trees in the Flowering plant family Anacardiaceae [96]

Meeting house in a Kreung village near Banlung
Meeting house in a Kreung village near Banlung

Traditional indigenous crafts include textiles, baskets, mats, pipes, gourds (used as water containers), musical instruments, body ornaments, and amulets. This article refers to the Dried fruit shell For the alternative country musical group of a similar name see The Gourds. An amulet ( the Elder|Pliny]] meaning "an object that protects a person from trouble" a close cousin of the talisman (from Arabic [36] Houses in rural Ratanakiri are made from bamboo, rattan, wood, saek, and kanma leaves, all of which are collected from nearby forests; they typically last for around three years. Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for the roughly six hundred Species of palms in the tribe Calameae, native to tropical [35] Village spatial organization varies by ethnic group. [97] Kreung villages are constructed in a circular manner, with houses facing inwards toward a central meeting house. [97] In Jarai villages, vast longhouses are inhabited by all extended families, with the inner house divided into smaller compartments. [97] Tampuan villages may follow either pattern. [97]

Nearly all Khmer Loeu are animist, and their cosmologies are intertwined with the natural world. Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals [89][36][81] Some forests are believed to be inhabited by local spirits, and local taboos forbid cutting in these areas. [43][98] Within spirit forests, certain natural features such as rock formations, waterfalls, pools, and vegetation are sacred. [98] Major sacrificial festivals in Ratanakiri occur during March and April, when fields are selected and prepared for the new planting season. Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" [99] Christian missionaries are present in the province, and some Khmer Loeu have converted to Christianity. See also Evangelism, Christianization A Christian mission has been widely defined since the Lausanne Congress of 1974 as that which Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings [100][101] Indigenous community representatives have described the missionaries as a major threat to their society. [100] The region's ethnic Khmer are Buddhist. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices [19][56]

Because of the provinces's high prevalence of malaria and its distance from regional centers, Ratanakiri remained isolated from Western influences until the late 20th century. [7] Major cultural shifts have occurred in recent years, however, particularly in villages near roads and district towns; these changes have been attributed to contact with internal immigrants, government officials, and NGO workers. [102] Clothing and diets are becoming more standardized, and traditional music is being displaced by Khmer music. [102] Many villagers have also observed a loss of respect for elders and a growing divide between the young and the old. [102] Young people have begun to refuse to abide by traditional rules and have stopped believing in spirits. [102]

Land tenure

Despite a 2001 law allowing indigenous communities to obtain collective title to traditional lands, land alienation has been a major problem in Ratanakiri; some villages have been left nearly landless. [30] The national government has granted concessions over land traditionally possessed by Ratanakiri's indigenous peoples,[30][103][33] and even land "sales" have often involved bribes to officials, coercion, threats, or misinformation. A concession is a business operated under a Contract or License associated with a degree of exclusivity in business within a certain geographical area [30] Following the involvement of several international NGOs, land alienation has decreased in frequency. [104] These NGOs have assisted in the training of provincial government officials, promoting understanding of indigenous community concerns as well as encouraging dialog between the provincial and national governments. [104] Pilot communal land titling projects have aimed to give legal force to traditional land ownership. [105] Community natural resource management initiatives in Ratanakiri have been successful and have served as models for similar programs on a national level. [106][104][107]

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External links

External videos
View of Ratanakiri from a motorbike
Villages in rural Ratanakiri
Road in Ratanakiri
Gem mining near Banlung
Slideshow about health in Ratanakiri
Market in Banlung
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