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This article is about rats. For pet rats, see Fancy rat. The fancy rat or pet rat is a domesticated Breed of the Brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus) For other uses, see Rat (disambiguation).
Rats
Fossil range: Early Pleistocene – Recent
The common Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
The common Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Superfamily: Muroidea
Family: Muridae
Subfamily: Murinae
Genus: Rattus
Fischer de Waldheim, 1803
Species

50 species; see text
Synonyms

Stenomys Thomas, 1910

Rats are various medium sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must Muroidea is a large Superfamily of Rodents It includes Hamsters Gerbils true mice and Rats and many other relatives Muridae is the largest family of Mammals It contains over 600 species found naturally throughout Eurasia Africa and Australia The Old World rats and mice, part of the Subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species Johann Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim ( Grigorij Ivanovitsch Fischer von Waldheim in Russian) ( October 13, 1771 &ndash October 18, In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must In Biological classification, family ( Latin "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus. Many members of other rodent genera and families are also called rats and share many characteristics with true rats.

Rats are distinguished from mice by their size; rats generally have bodies longer than 12 cm (5 in). A mouse (plural mice) is a small Animal that belongs to one

Contents

Species and description

The best-known rat species are the Black Rat (Rattus rattus) and the Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus). In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The group is generally known as the Old World rats or true rats, and originated in Asia. Rats are bigger than most Old World mice, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams (1 lb) in the wild. A mouse (plural mice) is a small Animal that belongs to one For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass

The term "rat" is also used in the names of other small mammals which are not true rats. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Examples include the North American pack rats, a number of species loosely called kangaroo rats, and others. A pack rat, also called a trade rat or wood rat, can be any of several Species in the genus Neotoma, but most commonly the Kangaroo rats, genus Dipodomys, are small Rodents native to North America. Rats such as the Bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) are murine rodents related to true rats, but are not members of the genus Rattus. Bandicota is a genus of Rodent from Asia. They are known as the bandicoot rats. The Old World rats and mice, part of the Subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species The widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. In Ecology, commensalism is a kind of symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped (like a bird Many species of rats are island endemics and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with the Brown, Black or Polynesian rat. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The Polynesian Rat, or Pacific Rat ( Rattus exulans) known to the Māori as kiore, is the third most widespread species of Rat in

In Western countries, many people keep domesticated rats as pets. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals These are of the species R. norvegicus, which originated in the grasslands of China and spread to Europe and eventually, in 1775, to the New World. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Pet rats are Brown Rats descended from those bred for research, and are often called "fancy rats", but are the same species as the common city "sewer" rat. The fancy rat or pet rat is a domesticated Breed of the Brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus) Domesticated rats tend to be both more docile than their wild ancestors and more disease prone, presumably due to inbreeding.

The common species are opportunistic survivors and often live with and near humans. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The Black Plague is traditionally believed to have been caused by the micro-organism Yersinia pestis, carried by the Tropical Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) which preyed on R. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a Gram-negative rod-shaped Bacterium belonging to the family The Oriental rat flea ( Xenopsylla cheopis) is a Parasite of Rodents, primarily of the genus Rattus, and is primary vector for rattus living in European cities of the day; these rats were victims of the plague themselves.

While modern wild rats can carry Leptospirosis and some other "zoonotic" conditions (those which can be transferred across species, to humans, for example), these conditions are in fact rarely found (not true in neotropical countries). Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever, 7-day fever and many more is a Wild rats living in good environments are typically healthy and robust animals. Wild rats living in cities may suffer from poor diets and internal parasites and mites, but do not generally spread disease to humans. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species.

The normal lifespan of rats ranges from two to five years, and is typically three years.

As pets

Main article: Fancy rat
A domesticated rat.
A domesticated rat. The fancy rat or pet rat is a domesticated Breed of the Brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus)

Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century. Pet rats are typically of variants of the species Brown rat, but Black rats and Giant pouched rats are also known to be kept. The giant pouched rats (genus Cricetomys) of sub-Saharan Africa are large Muroid rodents. Pet rats behave differently than their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets. Pet rats do not pose any more of a health risk than pets such as cats and dogs. A zoonosis (ˌzoʊəˈnoʊsɨs or zoonose is any Infectious disease that is able to be transmitted (by a vector) from other Animals both wild and domestic WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order [1] Tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviors.

As subjects of scientific research

Main article: Laboratory rat
A laboratory rat strain known as a Zucker rat. These rats are bred to be genetically prone to diabetes, the same metabolic disorder found among humans.
A laboratory rat strain known as a Zucker rat. These rats are bred to be genetically prone to diabetes, the same metabolic disorder found among humans. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a large class of genetic Diseases involving disorders of Metabolism.

In 1895, Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts (United States) established a population of domestic white brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other physiological studies. Clark University is a private University and Liberal arts college in Worcester Massachusetts. Worcester (ˈwʊstə is a city and County town of Worcestershire, in the West Midlands of England. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, which have added to our understanding of genetics, diseases, the effects of drugs, and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the health and wellbeing of humankind. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett 2002). A 2007 study found rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some primates. Metacognition is the Knowledge (ie awareness of one's Cognitive processes and the efficient use of this Self-awareness to self-regulate these cognitive [2][3]

Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. They are calmer and less likely to bite; they can tolerate greater crowding; they breed earlier and produce more offspring; and their brains, livers, kidneys, adrenal glands, and hearts are smaller (Barnett 2002). The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles In Mammals the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped Endocrine glands that sit on top of the Kidneys their The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic

Brown rats are often used as model organisms for scientific research. A model organism is a Species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological Phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made When conducting genetic research rats are much rarer than mice. A mouse (plural mice) is a small Animal that belongs to one When it comes to conducting tests related to intelligence, learning, and drug abuse, rats are a popular choice due to their high intelligence, ingenuity, aggressiveness, and adaptability. Drug abuse has a wide range of definitions related to taking a Psychoactive drug or Performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities The term ingenuity or applied ideas is used in the analysis of Thomas Homer-Dixon, building on that of Paul Romer, to refer to what is usually called In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm Adaptability (lat adaptō = fit matching is a feature of a system or of a process Their psychology, in many ways, seems to be similar to humans. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Entirely new breeds or "lines" of brown rats like the Wistar rat have been bred for use in laboratories. See Breed (song for the song by Nirvana. See Breed (video game for the video game by Brat Designs Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has been sequenced. [4]

As food

Rats, like all mammals, are edible by humans and are sometimes captured and eaten in emergency situations. For some cultures, rats are considered a staple. Bandicoot rats are an important food source among some peoples in Southeast Asia. Bandicota is a genus of Rodent from Asia. They are known as the bandicoot rats. Reasons why rat meat is not more widely eaten include the strong prohibitions against it in Islamic and Jewish dietary laws, and the rat's bad reputation in many cultures. This is a sub-article to Hygiene in Islam, Healthy diet and Food and cooking hygiene. See also Kashrut Kosher foods are those that conform to the regulations of Jewish religion

As a food, rats are often a more-readily available source of protein than other fauna. Some African slaves in the American South hunted wood rats (among other animals) to supplement their food rations. A pack rat, also called a trade rat or wood rat, can be any of several Species in the genus Neotoma, but most commonly the [5] The Aborigines along the coast in Southern Queensland, Australia regularly included rats in their diet. [6] In the Mishmi culture of India, rats are essential to the Mishmi traditional diet, as Mishmi women may eat no meat except fish, pork, wild birds and rats. The Mishmi of India is an Ethnic Tribe comprising of mainly three Tribes Idu Mishmi Digaru (Taraon Mishmi and Miju [7] The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that rat meat makes up half the locally produced meat consumed in Ghana, where cane rats are farmed and hunted for their meat. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the The genus Thryonomys, also know as cane rats, grass cutters, or cutting grass, is a genus of Rodent found throughout Africa

In some cultures, rats are or have been limited as an acceptable form of food to a particular social or economic class. In the traditional cultures of the Hawaiians and the Polynesians, rat was a common food. When feasting, the Polynesian people of Rapa Nui could eat rat, but the king was not allowed to due to the islanders' belief in a "state of sacredness" called tapu. Tapu (or tabu) is a concept existing in many Polynesian societies including traditional Māori, Samoan and Tongan cultures [8] In studying pre-contact archaeological sites in Hawaii, archaeologists have found that the concentration of the remains of rats associated with commoner households counted for three times the animal remains associated with elite households. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The rat bones found in all sites are fragmented, burned and covered in carbonized material, indicating that rats were eaten as food. The greater occurrence of rat remains associated with commoner households may indicate that the elites of pre-contact Hawaii did not consume them as a matter of status or taste. [9]

The taboo against consuming rats as food is not unique to the world's major religions or Western cultures. Both the Shipibo people of Peru and Sirionó people of Bolivia have cultural taboos against the eating of rats. [10][11]

Rats are a common food item for snakes, both in the wild, and as pets. Captive-bred ball pythons in particular, are fed a diet of mostly rats. Common names royal python ball python Python regius is a non-venomous python Species found in Africa Rats, as food items, are available from many suppliers who supply to individual snake owners as well as to large reptile zoos.

In culture

Ancient Romans did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as Mus Maximus (big mouse) and the latter as Mus Minimus (little mouse). This is a list of topics related to ancient Rome that aims to include aspects of both the ancient Roman Republic and Roman Empire.

On the Isle of Man (British Protectorate) there is a taboo against the word "rat. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture " See longtail for more information. In Bermuda, the Longtail is the common name for the White-tailed Tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus.

In Eastern cultures

In Imperial Chinese culture, the rat (sometimes referred to as a mouse) is the first of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac. The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history The Chinese Zodiac is a 12 year cycle Each year of the 12 year cycle is named after one of the original 12 animals People born in this year are expected to possess qualities associated with rats, including creativity, honesty, generosity, ambition, a quick temper and wastefulness. People born in a year of the rat are said to get along well with "monkeys" and "dragons," and to get along poorly with "horses. "

The indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the Karni Mata temple.
The indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the Karni Mata temple. Karni Mata ( Hindi: करणी माता मंदिर temple is a 600-year-old Hindu temple at Deshnoke, Rajasthan, India

In Indian tradition rats are recognized as the vehicle of Lord Ganesh and a rat's statue is always found in a temple of Ganesh. Ganesha ( Sanskrit: sa गणेश Gaṇeśa) also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh and also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar In the northwestern Indian city of Deshnoke, the rats at the Karni Mata Temple are held to be destined for reincarnation as Sadhus (Hindu holy men). WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Deshnoke is a small town in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan, India, near the Karni Mata ( Hindi: करणी माता मंदिर temple is a 600-year-old Hindu temple at Deshnoke, Rajasthan, India In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an Ascetic or practitioner of Yoga ( Yogi) who has given up pursuit of the first three A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake. Eating food that has been touched by rats is considered a blessing from god.

In Western cultures

Western associations with the rat are generally negative. For instance, "Rats!" is used as a substitute for various vulgar interjections. An interjection is a Part of speech that usually has no connection with the rest of the sentence and simply expresses Emotion on the part of the speaker These associations do not draw, per se, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats (and fleas) with the 14th-century medieval plague called the Black Death. Flea is the Common name for any of the small wingless Insects of the order Siphonaptera (some authorities use the name Aphaniptera The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. However some people in Western cultures keep rats as pets and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful. The fancy rat or pet rat is a domesticated Breed of the Brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus)

Rats are often used in scientific experiments; animal rights activists allege that treatment of rats in this context is cruel. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. The term "lab rat" is used, typically in a self-effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires that they spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench-level research (i. e. a scientist or research assistant).

Rat in terminology

Rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. Their reputation has carried into common parlance: in the English language, rat is often an insult. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States It is a term (noun and verb) in criminal slang for an informant - "to rat on someone" is to betray them by denouncing to the authorities a crime or misdeed they committed. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Describing a person as "rat-like" usually implies he is unattractive and suspicious.

Among unions, "rat" is a term for non-union employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use inflatable rats. Inflatable rats, or union rats, or giant inflatable rats, are commonly used by protesting or striking Trade unions against their employers or against nonunion [1]

Rat Poker Tours are poker tournaments where common courtesy rules are banned. A poker tournament is a Tournament in which the winners are decided by playing Poker, usually a particular style of poker Chip stealing, insults, physical violence are common and accepted as part of the game.

In religion

In popular culture

Taxonomy of Rattus

The genus Rattus is a member of the giant subfamily Murinae. The Old World rats and mice, part of the Subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species There are several other murine genera that are sometimes considered part of Rattus.  : Lenothrix, Anonymomys, Sundamys, Kadarsanomys, Diplothrix, Margaretamys, Lenomys, Komodomys, Palawanomys, Bunomys, Nesoromys, Stenomys, Taeromys, Paruromys, Abditomys, Tryphomys, Limnomys, Tarsomys, Bullimus, Apomys, Millardia, Srilankamys, Niviventer, Maxomys, Leopoldamys, Berylmys, Mastomys, Myomys, Praomys, Hylomyscus, Heimyscus, Stochomys, Dephomys, and Aethomys. UserPolbot. -->The Gray Tree Rat ( Lenothrix canus) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae UserPolbot. -->The Mindoro Climbing Rat or Mindoro Rat ( Anonymomys mindorensis) is a species of UserPolbot. --> Sundamys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family UserPolbot. --> Sody's Tree Rat ( Kadarsanomys sodyi) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae UserPolbot. -->The Ryukyu Long-tailed Giant Rat or Ryukyu Rat ( Diplothrix legatus) is a species of UserPolbot. --> Margaretamys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family UserPolbot. -->The Trefoil-toothed Giant Rat ( Lenomys meyeri) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae UserPolbot. -->The Komodo Rat ( Komodomys rintjanus) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae UserPolbot. -->The Palawan Soft-furred Mountain Rat ( Palawanomys furvus) is a species of Rodent in the Bunomys is a genus of Rodent from Sulawesi and Butung Island. UserPolbot. -->The Ceram Rat ( Nesoromys ceramicus) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea UserPolbot. --> Taeromys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family UserPolbot. -->The Sulawesi Giant Rat ( Paruromys dominator) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae UserPolbot. --> The Luzon Broad-toothed Rat ( Abditomys latidens) is a species of Rodent in the UserPolbot. -->The Luzon Short-nosed Rat ( Tryphomys adustus) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae UserPolbot. --> Limnomys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family UserPolbot. --> Tarsomys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family Bullimus is a genus of Rodent from the Philippines. Species Bullimus bagobus from Mindanao UserPolbot. --> Millardia is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family UserPolbot. -->The Ohiya Rat ( Srilankamys ohiensis) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae UserPolbot. --> Niviventer is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family Maxomys is a genus of mice widespread in Southeast Asia. They are mid-sized rodents similar to Rats that live on the ground of Tropical UserPolbot. --> Leopoldamys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family The White-toothed rats, genus Berylmys, are a group of Old World rats from Asia. UserPolbot. --> Mastomys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family Myomyscus is a genus of Rodent. Species in this genus are often placed in the genus Myomys Thomas 1915 but the Type specimen UserPolbot. --> Praomys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family UserPolbot. --> Hylomyscus is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family UserPolbot. -->The African Smoky Mouse or Smokey Heimyscus ( Heimyscus fumosus) is a species of UserPolbot. -->The Target Rat ( Stochomys longicaudatus) is a species of Rodent in the Muridae UserPolbot. --> Dephomys is a genus of Rodent in the Muridae family Aethomys is a genus of Rodent from Africa. They are commonly referred to as rock rats, bush rats or rock mice.

The genus Rattus proper contains 56 species. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species. The five groups are:

The following list is alphabetical.

Species of rats

See also

Further reading

References and notes

  1. ^ Merk Veterinary Manual Global Zoonoses Table. Retrieved on 2006-11-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal
  2. ^ Foote, Allison L. ; Jonathon D. Crystal (20 March 2007). "Metacognition in the Rat". Current Biology 17 (6): 551-555.  
  3. ^ | Rats Capable Of Reflecting On Mental Processes
  4. ^ Genome project. www. ensemble. org. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori
  5. ^ Otto, John Solomon; Augustus Marion Burns III. (December 1983) Black Folks, and Poor Buckras: Archeological Evidence of Slave and Overseer Living Conditions on an Antebellum Plantation. Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2. pp. 185-200
  6. ^ Hobson, Keith A. ; Stephen Collier. (April 1984) Marine and Terrestrial Protein in Australian Aboriginal Diets. Current Anthropology, Vol. 25, No. 2. pp. 238-240
  7. ^ Mills, J. P. (January 1952) The Mishmis of the Lohit Valley, Assam. The Journal of the Royal Anthropologicalpoop Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 82, No. 1. pp. 1-12
  8. ^ Leach, Helen. (February 2003) Did East Polynesians Have a Concept of Luxury Foods? World Archaeology, Vol. 34, No. 3, Luxury Foods. pp. 442-457.
  9. ^ Kirch, Patrick V. ; Sharyn Jones O'Day. (February 2003) New Archaeological Insights into Food and Status: A Case Study from Pre-Contact Hawaii. World Archaeology, Vol. 34, No. 3. pp. 484-497
  10. ^ Behrens, Clifford A. (September 1986) Shipibo Food Categorization and Preference: Relationships between Indigenous and Western Dietary Concepts. American Anthropologist, Nathan New Series, Vol. 88, No. 3. pp. 647-658.
  11. ^ Priest, Perry N. (October 1966) Provision for the Aged among the Sirionó Indians of Bolivia. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 68, No. 5. pp. 1245-1247
  12. ^ Hollywood Rats
  13. ^ signonsandiego.com
  14. ^ (French) Le Bal du rat mort

External links

Dictionary

rat

-noun

  1. (zoology) Any of about 56 different species of small, omnivorous rodents belonging to the genus Rattus.
  2. (informal) A term indiscriminately applied to numerous members of several rodent families (e.g. voles and mice) having bodies longer than about 12 cm, or 5 inches.
  3. (informal) A person who is known for betrayal; a scoundrel.
  4. (informal) An informant or snitch
  5. (slang) A person who routinely spends time at a particular location.
  6. (Can we verify(+) this sense?) A promiscuous person - often a young female - who attends sporting and other entertainment events, primarily to seek sexual liaisons with athletes, entertainers and/or others traveling with them; a groupie.
  7. Informer.
  8. Scab
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