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The raspberry (plural, raspberries) is the edible fruit of a number of plant species in the subgenus Idaeobatus of the genus Rubus; the name also applies to these plants themselves. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Rubus is a large Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae. Rubus is a large Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae. The name originally referred to the European species Rubus idaeus, with red fruit, and is still used for that species as its standard English name in its native area. Rubus idaeus ( Raspberry; occasionally as European Raspberry, Framboise, or Red Raspberry to distinguish it from related species [1] Several other species, mostly closely related in the same subgenus Idaeobatus, are now also called raspberries. Rubus is a large Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae. Raspberry species include:
- Rubus arcticus (Arctic Raspberry)
- Rubus crataegifolius (Korean Raspberry)
- Rubus idaeus (European Red Raspberry)
- Rubus leucodermis (Whitebark or Western Raspberry, native: Blue Raspberry)
- Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry)
- Rubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry)
- Rubus phoenicolasius (Wine Raspberry or Wineberry)
- Rubus strigosus (American Red Raspberry) (syn. The Arctic raspberry, Rubus arcticus, (includes Rubus arcticus ssp Rubus crataegifolius ( Korean Raspberry) is a species of Raspberry which grows wild in northeastern China, Japan, Korea Rubus idaeus ( Raspberry; occasionally as European Raspberry, Framboise, or Red Raspberry to distinguish it from related species Rubus leucodermis ( Blackcap Raspberry, Black Raspberry, or Whitebark Raspberry, and native Blue Raspberry) is a species of Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America. Rubus odoratus ( Purple-flowering Raspberry, Flowering Raspberry, or Virginia raspberry) is a species of Rubus, native Rubus phoenicolasius ( Japanese Wineberry or Wineberry) is a species of Raspberry ( Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus Rubus strigosus ( American Red Raspberry or American Raspberry) is a species of Rubus native to most of North America R. idaeus var. strigosus)
Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial red raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between R. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. idaeus and R. strigosus. [2] Some botanists consider the Eurasian and American red raspberries to all belong to a single, circumboreal species, Rubus idaeus, with the European plants then classified as either R. idaeus subsp. idaeus or R. idaeus var. idaeus, and the native North American red raspberries classified as either R. idaeus subsp. strigosus, or R. idaeus var. strigosus.
The black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, is also occasionally cultivated in the United States, providing fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive, richer flavor. Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Purple-fruited raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in Vermont) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The name Rubus × neglectus has been applied to these native American plants. Commercial production of purple raspberries is rare.
The commercially grown red and black raspberry species each have albino-like pale-fruited variants, generally due to expression of recessive genes affecting production of anthocyanin pigments. Variously called golden raspberries, yellow raspberries, or (rarely) orange raspberries, these fruits retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species, despite their similarity of appearance. In the eastern United States, at least, most commercially sold pale-fruited raspberries are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry occur occasionally as wild plants (for example, in Ohio), and are sometimes grown in home gardens. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads
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Cultivation
Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or as dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products. Purée and (more rarely mash are general terms for food usually Vegetables or Legumes that have been ground pressed and/or strained to the Dried fruit is fruit that has been dried, either naturally or through use of a machine such as a Food dehydrator. Traditionally, raspberries were a mid-summer crop, but with new technology, cultivars, and transportation, they can now be obtained year-round. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root rot which is one of the most serious pest problems facing red raspberry. Phytophthora (from Greek phytón “plant” and phthorá “destruction” “the plant-destroyer” is a Genus of plant-damaging Protists As a cultivated plant in moist temperate regions, it is easy to grow and has a tendency to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.
Two types of most commercially grown kinds of raspberry are available, the summer-bearing wild type that produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in mid-summer, and double- or "ever"-bearing plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9. A hardiness zone is a geographically-defined zone in which a specific category of Plant life is capable of growing as defined by Temperature hardiness or ability
Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender,plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for 1 year in a northern climate such as Scotland (UK) or Washington State (US) where the chilling requirement for proper budbreak is met early. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants should be spaced 1 m apart in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges if there is any question about root rot problems.
The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees and other pollinators. The nectar source in a given area depends on the type of Vegetation present and the length of their bloom period This article refers collectively to all true honey bees for the "common" domesticated honey bee see European honey bee Honey bees
Raspberries are very vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using basal shoots (also known as suckers); extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. A basal shoot, root sprout, adventitious shoot, water sprout or sucker is a shoot or cane which grows from a Bud at the base of a They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked.
The fruit is harvested when it comes off the torus/receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are most ripe and sweetest. Excess fruit can be made into raspberry jam or frozen.
The leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal and medicinal teas. An herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is an Herbal Infusion made from anything other than the leaves of the Tea bush ( Camellia They have an astringent flavour, and in herbal medicine are reputed to be effective in regulating menses. Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in reproductive-age Females Overt menstruation (where there is blood flow from the
An individual raspberry weighs about 4 g, on average[3] and is made up of around 100 drupelets,[4] each of which consists of a juicy pulp and a single central seed. In Botany, a drupe is a Fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( Exocarp, or skin and Mesocarp, or flesh surrounds a shell (the pit Raspberry bushes can yield several pounds of fruit (or several hundred berries) a year. Unlike blackberries and dewberries, a raspberry has a hollow core once it is removed from the receptacle.
Cultivars
Numerous raspberry cultivars have been selected. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.
Red raspberries (Rubus idaeus and/or Rubus strigosus) have been crossed with the black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) to produce purple raspberies, and with various species in other subgenera of the genus Rubus, resulting in a number of hybrids, such as boysenberry and loganberry. Rubus idaeus ( Raspberry; occasionally as European Raspberry, Framboise, or Red Raspberry to distinguish it from related species Rubus strigosus ( American Red Raspberry or American Raspberry) is a species of Rubus native to most of North America Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A boysenberry is a cross between a Raspberry, and the Pacific blackberry. The loganberry ( Rubus × loganobaccus) is a hybrid produced from crossing a Blackberry and a Raspberry. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated raspberries and a few Asiatic species of Rubus is also being explored. Rubus is a large Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae.
Selected important cultivars
Reference:[2]
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In Scotland, Raspberries have been crossed with other berries to produce fruit with unique flavors. The Raspberry and the Blackberry were crossed at the Scottish Crops Research Institute to produce the Tayberry.
Nutrients and potential health benefits
Raspberries contain significant amounts of polyphenol antioxidants such as anthocyanin pigments linked to potential health protection against several human diseases[5]. Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Not to be confused with Anthocyanidin, their sugar free counterparts For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. The aggregate fruit structure contributes to its nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, placing it among plant foods with the highest fiber contents known, up to 20% fiber per total weight. A compound fruit is one that develops from several ovaries in either a single Flower or multiple flowers Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. Raspberries are a rich source of vitamin C, with 30 mg per serving of 1 cup (about 50% daily value), manganese (about 60% daily value) and dietary fiber (30% daily value). Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Contents of B vitamins 1-3, folic acid, magnesium, copper and iron are considerable in raspberries[6]. The B vitamins are eight water-soluble Vitamins that play important roles in cell Metabolism. Folic acid (also known as Vitamin M and Folacin) and Folate (the Anionic form are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26
Raspberries rank near the top of all fruits for antioxidant strength, particularly due to their dense contents of ellagic acid (from ellagotannins), quercetin, gallic acid, anthocyanins, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, kaempferol and salicylic acid. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Ellagic acid is a Polyphenol antioxidant found in numerous Fruits and Vegetables including raspberries, strawberries, cranberries Quercetin is a Flavonoid and to be more specific a flavonol. It is the Aglycone form of a number of other flavonoid Glycosides, such as Gallic acid is an Organic acid, also known as 345-trihydroxy Benzoic acid, found in Gallnuts Sumac, Witch hazel, Tea leaves Not to be confused with Anthocyanidin, their sugar free counterparts Cyanidin is a natural Organic compound. It is a particular type of anthocyanidin (not to be confused with anthocyanins which are glycosides of anthocyanidins Catechins are polyphenolic Antioxidant Plant Metabolites. They belong to the family of Flavonoids and to be more specific flavan-3-ols Kaempferol is a natural Flavonoid that has been isolated from Tea, Broccoli, Delphinium, Witch-hazel, Grapefruit Salicylic acid (from the Latin word for the willow tree Salix, from whose bark it can be obtained is a Beta hydroxy acid (BHA with the formula All these are polyphenolic antioxidants with promising health benefits under current research[7]. Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanins.
Due to their rich contents of antioxidant vitamin C and the polyphenols mentioned above, raspberries have an ORAC value (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) of about 4900 per 100 grams, including them among the top-ranked ORAC fruits. Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants characterized by the presence of more than one Phenol unit or building block per molecule Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity ( ORAC) is a method of measuring Antioxidant capacities of different foods Cranberries and wild blueberries have around 9000 ORAC units and apples average 2800[8]. Cranberries are a group of Evergreen dwarf Shrubs or trailing vines in the genus Vaccinium subgenus Oxycoccos Blueberries are Flowering plants in the genus Vaccinium, sect The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae.
The following anti-disease properties have been isolated in experimental models. Although there are no clinical studies to date proving these effects in humans, preliminary medical research shows likely benefit of regularly consuming raspberries against:[9][10][11][12]
- inflammation
- pain
- cancer
- cardiovascular disease
- diabetes
- allergies
- age-related cognitive decline
- degeneration of eyesight with aging
Diseases and pests
Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought Ageing or aging (American English is the accumulation of changes in an organism A wasp is any Insect of the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita that is neither a Bee nor Ant. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. See list of Lepidoptera that feed on Rubus. Rubus species (brambles blackberry-like plants are used as food plants by the Larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species including
References
- ^ Flora of NW Europe: Rubus idaeus
- ^ a b Huxley, A. , ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ Health and healing fact sheets, blackberries ~ Connecting Berry Health Benefit Researchers
- ^ Blackwell Synergy - Physiol Plant, Volume 110 Issue 4 Page 535-543, December 2000 (Article Abstract)
- ^ Gross PM. Scientists zero in on health benefits of berry pigments, Natural Products Information Center, July 2007
- ^ World's Healthiest Foods, in-depth nutrient profile for raspberries
- ^ Science and nutrition summary for red raspberries, The Berry Doctor
- ^ Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 16;52(12):4026-37. Abstract.
- ^ Health and nutrition facts, Washington Red Raspberry Commission
- ^ Liu M, Li XQ, Weber C, Lee CY, Brown J, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of raspberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 May 8;50(10):2926-30. Abstract.
- ^ Heinonen M. Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect of berry phenolics--a Finnish perspective. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Jun;51(6):684-91. Abstract.
- ^ Cerdá B, Tomás-Barberán FA, Espín JC. Metabolism of antioxidant and chemopreventive ellagitannins from strawberries, raspberries, walnuts, and oak-aged wine in humans: identification of biomarkers and individual variability. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jan 26;53(2):227-35. Abstract.
See also
- Chambord Liqueur Royale de France
- List of culinary fruits
- Raspberry ketone
- Xylitol, a low-calorie sugar substitute extractable from raspberries, corn, beets and numerous other natural sources
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