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A 16th-century depiction of Rashi
A 16th-century depiction of Rashi
For the astrological concept, see Rāshi (Jyotiṣa). Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English

Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaqi, (Hebrew: רבי שלמה יצחקי), better known by the acronym Rashi (Hebrew: ‏רש"י‎), (February 22, 1040 – July 13, 1105), was a rabbi from France, famed as the author of the first comprehensive commentaries on the Talmud, Torah and Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise yet lucid fashion, Rashi appeals to both learned scholars and beginning students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study. His commentaries, which appear in many printed editions of the Talmud and Torah (notably the Chumash), are an indispensable companion to both casual and serious students of Judaism's primary texts. Chumash (xuˈmɑʃ ( Hebrew: חומש also Humash) is one of the Hebrew names for the Five Books of Moses also known as the Pentateuch or Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut

Born in Troyes, Rashi departed while in his teens to study at the Yeshivot of Mainz and Worms. Troyes (tʁwa is a commune, the préfecture (capital of the northeastern Aube département in France and is Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Worms (voɐms is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River He returned to Troyes and founded his own yeshiva in 1067. Scholars believe that Rashi's commentary on the Talmud grew out of the lectures he gave to his students in his yeshiva, and evolved with the questions and answers they raised. Rashi completed this commentary in the last years of his life. It was immediately accepted as authoritative by all Jewish communities, Ashkenazi and Sephardi alike. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural His commentary, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 tractates), has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing in the 1520s. Daniel Bomberg (died 1549 was an early printer of Hebrew language Books Christian born in Antwerp, he was primarily active in Venice

Rashi's surname as Yitzhaki, derives from his father's name, Yitzhak. The acronym is sometimes also fancifully expanded as Rabban Shel Israel (רבן של ישראל), Teacher of Israel [i. e. the Jewish People]), or as Rabbenu SheYichyeh" (רבינו שיחיה), our Rabbi, may he live.

Contents

Birth and early life

Rashi Synagogue, Worms
Rashi Synagogue, Worms

Rashi was the only child born to his parents, at Troyes, Champagne, northern France. Troyes (tʁwa is a commune, the préfecture (capital of the northeastern Aube département in France and is Champagne is a historic province in the northeast of France, best known for the production of the sparkling white wine that bears the region's name This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. On his father Yitzchak's side, he has been claimed by many to be a 33rd generation descendant of Rabbi Yochanan Hasandlar, who was a fourth generation of Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken (the Elder) who was reputedly descended from the royal house of King David. Rabbi Yochanan Hasandlar (200-300 (רבי יוחנן הסנדלר was one of the main students of Rabbi Akiva and a contemporary of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai. This article is about Gamaliel the Elder For other individuals and uses see Gamaliel (disambiguation Gamaliel the Elder (gəmā'lēəl or David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible Rashi himself, in his voluminous writings made no such claim at all. The major early rabbinical source about his ancestry, Responsum No. 29 by Rabbi Solomon Luria, makes no such claim either. Solomon Luria ( 1510 - November 7, 1574) ( Hebrew: שלמה לוריא) was one of the great Ashkenazic poskim [1][2] His mother's brother was Rabbi Simon the Elder, community leader of Mainz. Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. [3]


Legends

Several legends surrounding Rashi's birth have passed into Jewish folklore. Jewish Mythology is generally the sacred and traditional narratives that help explain and symbolize the Jewish religion whereas Jewish folklore consists of the Two of the most famous stories concern his conception and birth:

Rashi's parents were childless for many years. One day, his father, a poor vintner, found a valuable gem (some versions say a pearl). Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of Wine, starting with selection of the Grapes and ending with bottling the finished wine A bishop (or mighty lord) wished to acquire this jewel for decorating the church (or his vestments), however rather than have this jewel be used for such a purpose, Yitzchak threw it into the Seine. When he arrived home, a man was waiting for him. "You threw the gemstone into the water so it wouldn't be used for idolatry," the man told him. "Now your wife will have a son who will illuminate the world with his Torah. " This harbinger was none other than the Prophet Elijah; the following year, Yitzchak and his wife were blessed with a son. Elijah or Elias ( was a Prophet in Israel in the 9th century BC

Another legend tells that Yitzchak decided to move temporarily to the city of Worms, Germany. Worms (voɐms is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River He and his wife lived in the Jewish quarter and attended the small synagogue there, awaiting the birth of their child. One day, as Yitzchak's wife was walking down the narrow alley, two large carriages came charging through the alley. There was no room to escape; she turned to the wall and pressed herself against it. According to legend, the wall softened and accommodated her pregnant form. The carriages rushed by and she was unscathed. To this day, a crevice in the wall is still visible; the neighboring building houses what is called the "Rashi Synagogue", which was built in 1642. [4]

Studies

According to tradition, Rashi was first brought to learn Torah by his father on Shavuot day at the age of five. Shavuot (or Shavuos, in Ashkenazi usage Hebrew: שבועות, lit His father was his main Torah teacher until his death when Rashi was still a youth. At the age of 17 Rashi married, and in the manner of young Torah scholars of the time, soon after went to learn in the yeshiva of Rabbi Yaakov ben Yakar in Worms, returning to his wife at the end of each semester. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n Yaakov ben Yakar (990 - 1064 was a German Talmudist. He flourished in the first half of the 11th century When Rabbi Yaakov died in 1064, Rashi continued learning in Worms for another year in the yeshiva of his relative, Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, who was also chief rabbi of Worms. Then he moved to Mainz, where he studied under another of his relatives, Rabbi Isaac ben Judah, the rabbinic head of Mainz and one of the leading sages of the Lorraine region straddling France and Germany. Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France.

Rashi's teachers were students of Rabbeinu Gershom and Rabbi Eliezer Hagadol, leading Talmudists of the previous generation. Gershom ben Judah, (c 960 -1040? -1028? best known as Rabbeinu Gershom ( Hebrew: רבנו גרשום, "Our teacher Gershom" and also commonly From his teachers, Rashi imbibed all the oral traditions pertaining to the Talmud as they had been passed down for centuries, as well as an understanding of the Talmud's unique logic and form of argument. Rashi's fellow yeshiva students contributed to the learning with their knowledge of international business, commodities production, farming, craftsmanship, sailing and soldiering. Rashi took concise, copious notes of everything he learned in yeshiva, incorporating much of this material in his later commentaries.

Return to Troyes

He returned to Troyes at the age of 25, after which time his mother died, and he was asked to join the Troyes beth din (rabbinical court). A beth din, beit din or beis din ( Hebrew: בית דין "house of judgment" plural battei din) is a Rabbinical He also began answering halakhic questions. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Upon the death of the head of the beth din, Rabbi Zerach ben Abraham, Rashi assumed the court's leadership and answered hundreds of halakhic queries.

About 1070, he founded a yeshiva which attracted many disciples. It is thought by some that Rashi earned his living as a vintner since Rashi shows an extensive knowledge of its utensils and process, but there is no evidence for this. [5] Although there are many legends about his travels, Rashi likely never went further than from the Seine to the Rhine; the utmost limit of his travels were the yeshivot of Lorraine. The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge

In 1096, the People's Crusade swept through the Lorraine, murdering 12,000 Jews and uprooting whole communities. The People's Crusade is part of the First Crusade and lasted roughly six months from April 1096 to October Among those murdered in Worms were the three sons of Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, Rashi's teacher. Rashi wrote several Selichot (penitential poems) mourning the slaughter and the destruction of the region's great yeshivot. Selichot ( Hebrew: סליחות are Jewish penitential poems and prayers especially those said in the period leading up to the High Holidays, and on Seven of Rashi's Selichot still exist, including Adonai Elohei Hatz'vaot", which is recited on the eve of Rosh Hashanah, and Az Terem Nimtehu, which is recited on the Fast of Gedalia. Rosh Hashanah (ראש השנה literally "head of the year" Biblical: ˈɾoʃ haʃːɔˈnɔh Israeli haʃaˈna Yiddish: hɑˈʃɔnə is a Jewish The Fast of Gedalia (or Gedaliah) ( צוֹם גְּדָלִיָּה, gɛdˈlaɪə or gɪˈdɑlyə Tzom Gedaliah is a Jewish fast

Rashi returned to help rebuild the destroyed Jewish Community of Worms, and rededicated the synagogue. He composed a liturgical poem, Titnem Leherpa, cursing those responsible for the destruction: "Make them a mockery, a curse, a disgrace; heap upon them a furious wrath and hateful vengeance; cast fear and panic upon them; send angels of destruction against them. and cut them down to the last man. " Marching through Hungary the Crusaders came into repeated conflict with the local population, and lost a quarter of their number. The People's Crusade is part of the First Crusade and lasted roughly six months from April 1096 to October

Descendants

Rashi had no sons, but his three daughters, Yocheved, Miriam and Rachel, all married Talmudic scholars. Yocheved married Meir ben Shmuel—their four sons were Shmuel (the Rashbam) (1085-1174), Yaakov (Rabbeinu Tam) (c. Rashbam (רשב"ם is a Hebrew acronym for רבי שמואל בן מאיר (Rabbi Shmuel son of Meir) (c R Tam redirects here For the character in Firefly, see River Tam. 1100- c. 1171), and Yitzchak (the Rivam)—who were known as the Baalei Tosafos—and the grammarian Shlomo, who died young. The Rivam (c 1090 &ndash c 1130 Rabbi Yitzchak ben Meir, was one of the Baalei Tosafos. Tosafists were Medieval Rabbis who created critical and explanatory Glosses on the Talmud. Yocheved's daughter, Chanah, was a teacher of laws and customs relevant to women. Rashi's daughter Miriam married Judah ben Nathan; their daughter, named Alvina, was a learned woman whose customs served as the basis for later halakhic decisions. Their son Yom Tov later moved to Paris and headed a yeshiva there. Rachel married (and divorced) Eliezer ben Shemiah.

Works

An early printing of the Talmud(Ta'anit 9b); Rashi's commentary is at the bottom of the right column, continuing for a few lines into the left column.
An early printing of the Talmud(Ta'anit 9b); Rashi's commentary is at the bottom of the right column, continuing for a few lines into the left column. A ta'anit or taanis is a fast in Judaism. A Jewish fast may have one or more purposes including A tool for repentance

Commentary on the Talmud

Rashi wrote the first comprehensive commentary on the Talmud. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history His commentary, drawing on his knowledge of the entire contents of the Talmud, attempts to provide a full explanation of the words and of the logical structure of each Talmudic passage. Unlike other commentators, Rashi does not paraphrase or exclude any part of the text, but elucidates phrase by phrase. Often he provides punctuation in the unpunctuated text, explaining, for example, "This is a question"; "He says this in surprise," "He repeats this in agreement," etc.

As in his commentary on the Tanakh, Rashi frequently illustrates the meaning of the text using analogies to the professions, crafts, and sports of his day. He also translates difficult Hebrew or Aramaic words into the spoken French language of his day, giving latter-day scholars a window into the vocabulary and pronunciation of Old French. Aramaic is a Semitic language with French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium

Rashi also exerted a decisive influence on establishing the correct text of the Talmud. Up to and including his age, texts of each Talmudic tractate were copied by hand and circulated in yeshivas. Errors often crept in: sometimes a copyist would switch words around, and other times incorporate a student's marginal notes into the main text. Rashi compared different manuscripts and readings in Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, Midrash, Targum, and the writings of the Geonim, and determined which readings should be preferred. The Tosefta ( Aramaic: תוספתא is a secondary compilation of the Jewish oral law from the period of the Mishnah. The Jerusalem Talmud or Talmud Yerushalmi (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשָׁלְמִי often the Yerushalmi for short is a collection Midrash ( Hebrew: מדרש plural midrashim, lit "to repeat" is a Hebrew term referring to the not exact but comparative ( homiletic A targum ( Hebrew: תרגום plural targumim, lit "translation interpretation" is an Aramaic Translation of the Hebrew Geonim ( Hebrew: גאונים also transliterated Gaonim) were the presidents of the two great rabbinical colleges of Sura However, in his humility, he deferred to scholars who disagreed with him. For example, in Chulin 4a, he comments about a phrase, "We do not read this. But as for those who do, this is the explanation…"

Rashi's commentary, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 tractates), has been included in every version of the Talmud since its first printing in the fifteenth century. It is always situated towards the middle of the opened book display; i. e. , on the side of the page closest to the binding.

Some of the other printed commentaries which are attributed to Rashi were composed by others, primarily his students. In some commentaries, the text indicates that Rashi died before completing the tractate, and that it was completed by a student. This is true of the tractate Makkot, the concluding portions of which were composed by his son-in-law, Rabbi Judah ben Nathan, and of the tractate Bava Batra, finished (in a more detailed style) by his grandson, the Rashbam. Bava Batra is the third of the three tractates in the Talmud in the order Nezikin; it deals with a person's responsibilities and rights as the owner of property There is a legend that his commentary on Nedarim, which is clearly not his, was actually composed by his daughters.

Rashi's commentary on the Talmud continues to be a key basis for contemporary rabbinic scholarship and interpretation. The Schottenstein Edition interlinear translation of the Talmud based its English-language commentary primarily on Rashi, and described his continuing importance as follows:

It has been our policy throughout the Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud to give Rashi's interpretation as the primary explanation of the Gemara. ArtScroll is an Imprint of translations books and commentaries from an Orthodox Jewish perspective published by Mesorah Publications Ltd The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora or less commonly Gemorra) (from Aramaic גמרא gamar; literally " study" Since it is not possible in a work of this nature to do justice to all of the Rishonim, we have chosen to follow the commentary most learned by people, and the one studied first by virtually all Torah scholars. In this we have followed the ways of our teachers and the Torah masters of the last nine hundred years, who have assigned a pride of place to Rashi's commentary and made it a point of departure for all other commentaries. [6]

.

Without Rashi's commentary, the Talmud would have remained a closed book. With it, any student who has been introduced to its study by a teacher can continue learning on his own, deciphering its language and meaning with the aid of Rashi.

Commentary on the Tanakh

A modern translation of Rashi's commentary on the Chumash, published by Artscroll
A modern translation of Rashi's commentary on the Chumash, published by Artscroll

Rashi's commentary on the Tanakh and especially the Chumash is the essential companion for any study at any level, beginning, intermediate and advanced. Chumash (xuˈmɑʃ ( Hebrew: חומש also Humash) is one of the Hebrew names for the Five Books of Moses also known as the Pentateuch or ArtScroll is an Imprint of translations books and commentaries from an Orthodox Jewish perspective published by Mesorah Publications Ltd Chumash (xuˈmɑʃ ( Hebrew: חומש also Humash) is one of the Hebrew names for the Five Books of Moses also known as the Pentateuch or Drawing on the breadth of Midrashic, Talmudic and Aggadic literature (including literature that is no longer extant), as well as his knowledge of grammar, halakhah, and how things work, Rashi clarifies the "simple" meaning of the text so that a bright child of five could understand it. Aggadah ( Aramaic אגדה tales lore pl Aggadot or (Ashkenazi Aggados) refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical [7] At the same time, his commentary forms the foundation for some of the most profound legal analysis and mystical discourses that came after it. Scholars debate why Rashi chose a particular Midrash to illustrate a point, or why he used certain words and phrases and not others.

Legend also surrounds the writing of this commentary, which is seen by many to have been written with Ruach Hakodesh - Divine inspiration - to explain its mass appeal. Rabbi Chaim Joseph David Azulai wrote in his Shem HaGedolim: "Apparently, Rashi wrote his commentary by using a secret [technique to gain Godly inspration], and therefore he fasted 613 times [before undertaking this project]". Rabbi Chaim Joseph David ben Isaac Zerachia Azulai (1724 &ndash 21 March 1807) ( Hebrew: חיים יוסף דוד אזולאי According to others, Rashi wrote three versions of his commentary—one long, one short, and one mid-length; the latter version is the one we have today.

Scholars believe that Rashi's commentary on the Torah grew out of the lectures he gave to his students in his yeshiva, and evolved with the questions and answers they raised on it. Rashi only completed this commentary in the last years of his life. It was immediately accepted as authoritative by all Jewish communities, Ashkenazi and Sephardi alike. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural

The first dated Hebrew printed book was Rashi's commentary on the Chumash, printed by Abraham ben Garton in Reggio di Calabria, Italy, 18 February 1475 (This version did not include the text of the Chumash itself). Reggio di Calabria (Italian pronunciation /ˈrɛʤo ˌdikaˈlabrja/ Calabrian dialect: Rìggiu, Greek-Calabrian: Righi, Greek: Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Rashi wrote commentaries on all the books of Tanakh except Chronicles (I & II). The Books of Chronicles ( Hebrew Divrei Hayyamim, דברי הימים Greek Paraleipomêna) are part of the Hebrew Bible (Jewish Scholars believe that the commentary which appears under Rashi's name in those books was compiled by the students of Rabbi Saadiah of the Rhine, who incorporated material from Rashi's yeshiva. Rashi's students, Rabbi Shemaya and Rabbi Yosef, edited the final commentary on the Torah; some of their own notes and additions also made their way into the version we have today.

Voluminous supercommentaries have been published on Rashi's work, including Gur Aryeh by Rabbi Judah Loew (the Maharal), Sefer ha-Mizrachi by Rabbi Elijah Mizrachi (the Re'em), and Yeri'ot Shlomo by Rabbi Solomon Luria (the Maharshal). Judah Loew ben Bezalel ("Judah Loewe son of Bezalel" also written as Yehudah ben Bezalel Levai '''Loewe''' '''Löwe''' 1525 &ndash Thursday 7 September Elijah Mizrachi ( Hebrew: אליהו מזרחי) (c 1455 &ndash 1525 or 1526 was a Talmudist and Posek, an authority on Halakha Solomon Luria ( 1510 - November 7, 1574) ( Hebrew: שלמה לוריא) was one of the great Ashkenazic poskim Almost all rabbinic literature published since the Middle Ages discusses Rashi, either using his view as supporting evidence or debating against it. Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense can mean the entire spectrum of Rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history

Rashi's explanations of the Chumash were also cited extensively in Postillae Perpetuae by Nicholas de Lyra (1292-1340), a French Franciscan, earning that author the name Simius Solomonis ("the ape of Solomon (Shlomo)"). Nicholas Of Lyra (c 1270&ndashOctober 1349 or Nicolaus Lyranus, a Franciscan teacher was among the most influential practitioners of Biblical The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic De Lyra's book was consulted in preparing the first English translation of the Bible (the King James version).

Today, tens of thousands of men, women and children study "Chumash with Rashi" as they review the Torah portion to be read in synagogue on the upcoming Shabbat. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath According to Halakha, a man may even study the Rashi on each Torah verse in fulfillment of the requirement to review the Parsha twice with Targum (which normally refers to Targum Onkelos). Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Purpose of the section divisions A parashah break creates a textual pause roughly analogous to a modern Paragraph break Targum Onkelos (or Unkelus) is the official eastern ( Babylonian) Targum to the Torah. Since its publication, Rashi's commentary on the Torah is standard in almost all Chumashim produced within the Orthodox Jewish community. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized

Responsa

About 300 of Rashi's responsa and halakhic decisions are extant. Responsa ( Latin: plural of responsum, "answers" comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by Legal scholars in response to questions These responsa were copied and preserved by his students. Machzor Vitry contains Rashi's responsa on prayer; this work was edited by Rabbi Simchah of Vitry, whose son, Rabbi Shmuel, married Rashi's granddaughter Hannah(daughter of Yocheved). Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry, (d 1105 ( Hebrew: שמחה בן שמואל מויטרי) was a French Talmudist of the 11th and 12th centuries pupil of Siddur Rashi, compiled by an unknown student, also contains Rashi's responsa on prayer. Other compilations include Sefer Hapardes, edited by Rabbi Shemayah, Rashi's student, and Sefer Haoraah, prepared by Rabbi Nathan Hamachiri.

"Rashi script"

Main article: Rashi script
The complete Hebrew alphabet in Rashi script [right to left].
The complete Hebrew alphabet in Rashi script [right to left]. Rashi script ( Hebrew: כתב רש"י is a semi- cursive Typeface for the Hebrew alphabet, in which Rashi's commentaries are printed

The semi-cursive typeface in which Rashi's commentaries are printed both in the Talmud and Tanakh is often referred to as "Rashi script. " This does not mean that Rashi himself used such a script: the typeface is based on a 15th century Sephardic semi-cursive hand. What would be called "Rashi script" was employed by early Hebrew typographers such as the Soncino family and Daniel Bomberg, a Christian printer in Venice, in their editions of commented texts (such as the Mikraot Gedolot and the Talmud, in which Rashi's commentaries prominently figure) to distinguish the rabbinic commentary from the text proper, for which a square typeface was used. Daniel Bomberg (died 1549 was an early printer of Hebrew language Books Christian born in Antwerp, he was primarily active in Venice A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Mikraot Gedolot (מקראות גדולות often called the " Rabbinic Bible" in English is an edition of Tanakh (in Hebrew that generally includes four The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history

Death and legacy

Rashi died on the 29th of Tammuz 4865 (July 13, 1105) at the age of 65. He was buried in Troyes. The approximate location of the cemetery in which he was buried was recorded in Seder Hadoros, but over time the location of the cemetery was forgotten. A number of years ago, a Sorbonne professor discovered an ancient map depicting the site of the cemetery, which now lay under an open square in the city of Troyes. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century After this discovery, French Jews erected a large monument in the center of the square—a large, black and white globe featuring a prominent Hebrew letter, Shin(ש) (presumably for "Shlomo(שלמה)," Rashi's name). Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew The granite base of the monument is engraved: Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki — Commentator and Guide.

In the summer of 2005, Rabbi Yisroel Meir Gabbai, who renovates and repairs neglected gravesites of Jewish leaders around the world, erected an additional plaque at this site to alert visitors to the fact that the unmarked square was also a burial ground. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rabbi Yisroel Meir Gabbai (b 1950s is a Yerushalmi hasid who travels the world to locate and restore Jewish cemeteries and kevarim The plaque reads, The place you are standing on is the cemetery of the town of Troyes. Many Rishonim are buried here, among them Rabbi Shlomo, known as Rashi the holy, may his merit protect us. [8]

Jewish historian Rabbi Berel Wein has estimated that 80% of today's Ashkenazi Jews descend from Rashi. Berel Wein is an American -born Orthodox Rabbi, scholar lecturer and writer Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing [9]

In 2006, the Jewish National and University Library at Hebrew University put on an exhibit commemorating the 900th anniversary of Rashi's death (2005), showcasing rare items from the library collection written by Rashi, as well as various works by others concerning Rashi. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים الجامعة العبرية في القدس abbreviated HUJI) is Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

See also


References

  1. ^ Hurwitz, Simon (1938). Tosafists were Medieval Rabbis who created critical and explanatory Glosses on the Talmud. Rashbam (רשב"ם is a Hebrew acronym for רבי שמואל בן מאיר (Rabbi Shmuel son of Meir) (c R Tam redirects here For the character in Firefly, see River Tam. Solomon Luria ( 1510 - November 7, 1574) ( Hebrew: שלמה לוריא) was one of the great Ashkenazic poskim The Responsa of Solomon Luria, 146–151.  
  2. ^ Einsiedler, David (1992). "Can We Prove Descent from King David?". Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy VIII (3(Fall)): 29.  
  3. ^ Index to Articles on Rabbinic Genealogy in Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy. Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy. Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
  4. ^ Liber, pages 38-39
  5. ^ Mayer I. Gruber. "How Did Rashi Make a Living?".  
  6. ^ The Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud:Talmud Bavli:Tractate Nedarim. Mesorah Publications Limited, 2000 (General Introduction, unpaginated). ArtScroll is an Imprint of translations books and commentaries from an Orthodox Jewish perspective published by Mesorah Publications Ltd (Note: The Schottenstein Edition editors explained further that they chose Ran's commentary for Tractate Nedarim as an exception, based on a belief that the commentary attributed to Rashi for this tractate was not written by Rashi)
  7. ^ Mordechai Menashe Laufer. Nashim ("Women" or "Wives" is the third order of the Mishnah (also of the Tosefta and Talmud) containing the laws related to women רבן של ישראל (Hebrew).
  8. ^ Y. Friedman. "The Discovery of the Resting Places of Rashi and the Baalei Hatosfos", Dei'ah Vedibur, 2005-07-25. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler  
  9. ^ Rashi's yahrzeit.

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