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For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). Ramanand Sagar ( 29 December 1917 – 12 December 2005) (born Chandramauli Chopra) was an Indian Film director Ramayan is a highly successful It is a television adaptation of the ancient Indian religious epic of the same name and is primarily based
For the 2008 remake television series, see Ramayan (2008 TV series). Ramayan, based on Valmiki Ramayana and Tulsidas Ramcharitmanas, is an Indian television series produced by Sagar Arts
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The Rāmāyaṇa (Devanāgarī: रामायण) is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage (maharishi) Valmiki and an important part of the Hindu canon (smṛti). Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The Yajurveda ( Sanskrit यजुर्वेदः, a Tatpurusha compound of yajus "sacrificial formula' + veda The Samaveda ( Sanskrit: सामवेद sāmaveda, from sāman "melody" + veda "knowledge") is third (in the usual The Atharvaveda ( Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद atharvaveda, a Tatpurusha compound of {{IAST|atharvan}}, an ancient Rishi The oral tradition of the Vedas ( Śrauta) consists of several pathas, "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic Mantras Such traditions The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature The Aranyakas (Sanskrit आरण्यक āraṇyaka) are part of the Hindu śruti, the four Vedas these religious texts were composed in The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Aitareya Upanishad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad ( Sanskrit: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya The Isha Upanishad ( īśa upaniṣad, otherwise Ishopanishad īśopaniṣad or īśāvāsya upaniṣad) is one of the shortest of the Upanishads The Taittiriya Upanishad is one of the older " primary " Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads Together with the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana and the Brihadaranyaka The Kena Upanishad (kenopaniṣad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Muṇḍaka Upanishad is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. Māndūkya Upanishad is the shortest Upanishads - the scriptures of Hindu Vedanta. The Kaṭha Upanishad is one of the older Mukhya "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. Prashna Upanishad ( IAST praṣnopaniṣad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Shvetashvatara Upanishad (Sanskrit Śvetāśvatara) (400 - 200 BCE is one of the older "primary" Upanishads It is associated with the Black The Vedanga ( vedāṅga, "member of the Veda" are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas. See Shiksha (NGO for the Indian non-governmental organization The main principle of Vedic meter is measurement by the number of syllables The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyākaraṇa is one of the six Vedanga disciplines Nirukta ("explanation etymological interpretation" is one of the six {{IAST|Vedānga}} disciplines of Hinduism, treating Etymology, particularly Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English Kalpa is one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, treating Ritual. Indian epic poetry is the Epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent. The following is a bibliography of Hindu scriptures and texts. Smriti (Sanskrit स्मृति " that which is remembered " refers to a specific body of Hindu religious Scripture If you are looking for the singer see Shruti Haasan. For other meanings see Śruti (disambiguation. For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" Darśana ( Darshan, दर्शन is a Sanskrit term meaning "sight" (in the sense of an instance of seeing or beholding from a root Pāñcarātra are Vaishnavite devotional texts dedicated to a single deity Sriman Narayana who manifests in different forms Tantras (" Looms " or " Weavings " refers to numerous and varied scriptures pertaining to any of several esoteric traditions In Hinduism a Stotra is a hymn of praise These hymns praise aspects of the divine such as Devi, Siva, or Vishnu. Dharmaśāstra is a genre of Sanskrit texts and refers to the śāstra, or Indic branch of learning pertaining to Hindu Dharma, religious The Nalayira Divya Prabandha (or Nalayira Divya Prabhandham) is a collection of 4000 verses (Naalayira in Tamil means 'four thousand' composed before 8th century The Tevaram ( Tamil: தேவாரம் Teva means "God" aram means "garland") denotes the first seven volumes of the Śrī Rāmacaritamānas ( Devanāgarī: hi श्री राम चरित मानस ( Hindi / Avadhi) is an Epic poem composed by the The Shikshapatri ( Devanagari: शिक्षापत्री is a text of two hundred and twelve verses written in Sanskrit by Bhagwan Swaminarayan The Vachanamrut of Bhagwan Swaminarayan is the most sacred and foundational scripture of the Swaminarayan faith. Ananda Sutram is the basic scripture of modern Yoga composed in Sanskrit by Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (1921-1990 in the year 1961 Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Indian epic poetry is the Epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent. Maharshi ( Sanskrit महर्षि maharṣi, from महा mahā "great" + ऋषि {{IAST|ṛṣi}} Valmiki ( Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि vālmīki) (ca 400 BCE northern India is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Smriti (Sanskrit स्मृति " that which is remembered " refers to a specific body of Hindu religious Scripture It was the original story on which other versions were based such as the Thai Ramakien, the Lao Phra Lak Phra Lam and the Malay Hikayat Seri Rama. Ramakien (รามเกียรติ์ is Thailand 's National epic, derived from the Indian Ramayana epic. Phra Lak Phra Ram, pronounced {{IPA|lɑk}} {{IPA|pʰaː}} {{IPA|raːm}} (in Lao script ພຣະລັກພຣະຣາມ is the Lao version of India

The name Rāmāyaṇa is a tatpurusha compound of Rāma and ayana "going, advancing", translating to "Rāma's Journey". In Sanskrit grammar a tatpuruṣa (तत्पुरुष compound is a dependent determinative compound, i Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: [1] The Rāmāyaṇa consists of 24,000 verses[2] in seven books, and 500 cantos (kāṇḍas)[3] and tells the story of Rāma, whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon (Rākshasa) king of Lanka, Rāvana. SITA is a multinational Information technology company specialising in providing IT and telecommunication services to the Aviation industry A rakshasa ( Sanskrit: राक्षसः rākṣasaḥ; alternately rakshas, Malay: raksasa, Bengali: rakshosh Lanka ( Sanskrit: लंका lankā means "island" is the name given in Hindu mythology to the island fortress capital of the For the South Indian film see Ravana (film. Ravanaa, also transliterated as Raavana, Ravan or Thematically, the epic explores themes of human existence and the concept of dharma. The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious [4]

Verses in Rāmāyana are written in thirty two syllable meter called anustubh and the epic was an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry and Indian life and culture, primarily through its establishment of the śloka meter. The main principle of Vedic meter is measurement by the number of syllables A Sanskrit term shloka (श्लोक also spelt sloka specifically denotes a metered and often rhymed poetic verse or phrase But, like its epic cousin the Mahābhārata, the Rāmāyana is not just an ordinary story. It contains the teachings of the very ancient Hindu sages and presents them through allegory in narrative and the interspersion of the philosophical and the devotional. The characters of Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Bharata, Hanumān and Rāvana (the villain of the piece) are all fundamental to the cultural consciousness of India. Lakshmana ( Sanskrit: लक्ष्मण IAST Lakṣmaṇa Malay: Laksmana Thai / Lao: Phra Lak was the brother and close companion In the Hindu epic Ramayana, Bharata ( Sanskrit: भरत IAST Bharata, Malay: Barata, Thai: Hanuman (हनुमत् sa-Latn '''Hanumat''' nominative singular sa हनुमान् sa-Latn ''Hanumān'' known also as ' Anjaneya' (son of Anjana is one of the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

One of the most important literary works on ancient India, the Ramayana has had a profound impact on art and culture in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. This article is about the history of South Asia prior to the Partition of British India in 1947 This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The story of Rama has inspired great amounts of latter-day literature in various languages, notable among which are the works of the fifteenth century Bengali poet Krittibas Ojha, known as the Krittivasi Ramayan; the sixteenth century Hindi poet Tulsidas, Tamil poet Kambar of the 13th century, Molla ramayanam in Telugu and the 14th century Kannada poet Narahari Kavi`s Torave Ramayan. Krittibas Ojha ( Bangla: কৄত্তিবাস ওঝাalso written as Krittivas Ojha, was a medieval Bengali Poet. Krittivasi Ramayan (Bengali কৃত্তিবাসি রামায়ণ or Krittibasi Ramayan or Sri Ram Panchali, composed by fifteenth century Bengali Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Gosvāmī Tulsīdās (1532-1623 Devanāgarī: तुलसीदास may be written as Tulasī Dāsa depending on if the name is transcribed Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The Ramayana became popular in Southeast Asia during the 8th century and was represented in literature, temple architecture, dance and theater.

Contents

Authorship

Traditionally, Ramayana is ascribed to a single author, Vālmiki. Valmiki ( Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि vālmīki) (ca 400 BCE northern India is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature Textual scholar Robert P. Goldman concludes that, in the face of unanimous Indian tradition and the uniform character of much of the work, there is no reason to believe that a man named Valmiki did not write the main portion of the Ramayana. However, the work as it is now known is believed to have many interpolations of a much later date than the original kernel of the work. In relation to Literature and especially ancient Manuscripts an interpolation is an entry or passage in a text that was not written by the original author [5] The Ramayana was a "growth of centuries, but the main story is the creation of one mind. "[6]

Dating

According to literary scholarship, the main body of the Ramayana first appeared as an oral composition somewhere around 1500 BC. Cultural evidence (the presence of sati in the Mahabharata but not in the main body of the Ramayana) suggests that the Ramayana predates the Mahabharata [7] Traditionally the epic belongs to the Treta Yuga, one of the four eons (yuga) of Hindu chronology, and is dated as far back as 880,000 years in the past. Satī ( Devanagari: सती, the feminine of sat "true" (also suttee) is a Funeral practice among some The Treta Yuga ( Devanagari: त्रेता युगis the second out of four Yugas or ages of man in the religion of Hinduism, following the The subject of Hindu chronology divides naturally into three parts the calendar the eras and other reckonings [8] Rama is said to have been born in the Treta Yuga to King Daśaratha in ikshvaku vansh (clan) [9]

Structure of Valmiki's Ramayana

Valmiki's Ramayana, the oldest version of Ramayana, is the basis of all the various versions of the Ramayana that are relevant in the various cultures. Dasharatha ( Sanskrit: दशरथ IAST Daśaratha, Malay: Dasarata, Thai: Thotsarot) is the father of Valmiki ( Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि vālmīki) (ca 400 BCE northern India is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature The text survives in numerous complete and partial manuscripts, the oldest surviving of which is dated from the eleventh century AD. [10] The current text of Valmiki Ramayana has come down to us in two regional versions from the north and the south of India. Valmiki Ramayana has been traditionally divided into seven books, dealing with the life of Rama from his birth to his death.

There have been speculations on whether the first and the last chapters of Valmiki's Ramayan were written by the original author. Bala Kanda ( Sanskrit bālakāṇḍa, the book of the childhood is the first book of the Valmiki Ramayana, which with the Mahabharata Many experts are of the opinion that they are integral parts of the book in spite of the many differences in style and some contradictions in content between these two chapters and the rest of the book. [11][12] These two chapters contain most of the interpolations found in the Ramayana, such as the miraculous birth of Rama and his divine nature as well as the numerous legends surrounding Ravana. For the South Indian film see Ravana (film. Ravanaa, also transliterated as Raavana, Ravan or It is also inferred that the story of Rama's beheading shudra Shambuka as well as the one relating to Shravana kumara were not written by Valmiki.

Characters

Theological Significance

Rama, the hero of Ramayana, is a popular deity worshiped in the Hindu religion. Each year, many devout pilgrims trace his journey through India, halting at each of the holy sites along the way. The poem is not seen as just a literary monument, it serves as an integral part of Hinduism, and is held in such reverence that the mere reading or hearing of it, or certain passages of it, is believed by the Hindus to free them from sin and shower blessings upon the reader or listener. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. According to Hindu tradition, Rama is an incarnation (Avatar), of the god Vishnu. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Avatar or Avatara (अवतार IAST Avatāra) is often inaccurately translated into English as incarnation For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific The main purpose of this incarnation is to demonstrate the righteous path (dharma) for all living creatures on Earth. The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious

Contemporary versions

Hanuman as depicted in Yakshagana, popular folk art of Karnataka
Hanuman as depicted in Yakshagana, popular folk art of Karnataka

The TV serial by Ramanand Sagar contains a vast, near comprehensive collection of stories drawn from many different retellings of the Ramayana. Yakshagana ( Kannada:ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ pronounced as yaksha-gaana) is a classical Folk art form of the state of Karnataka in India Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Ramayan is a highly successful It is a television adaptation of the ancient Indian religious epic of the same name and is primarily based Ramanand Sagar ( 29 December 1917 – 12 December 2005) (born Chandramauli Chopra) was an Indian Film director A plot summary is found on the Ramayan (TV series) article. Ramayan is a highly successful It is a television adaptation of the ancient Indian religious epic of the same name and is primarily based

Other contemporary versions of the Ramayana include Sri Ramayana Darshanam by Dr. Sri Ramayana Darshanam ( ಶ್ರೀ ರಾಮಾಯಣ ದರ್ಶನಂ) is the most famous work and the magnum opus by Kuvempu in Kannada based on the K. V. Puttappa (Kuvempu) in Kannada and Ramayana Kalpavrikshamu by Viswanatha Satyanarayana in Telugu, both of which have been awarded the Jnanpith Award. Kuppali Venkatappagowda Puttappa ( Kannada: ಕುಪ್ಪಳ್ಳಿ ವೆಂಕಟಪ್ಪಗೌಡ ಪುಟ್ಟಪ್ಪ ( December 29, 1904 - Kuppali Venkatappagowda Puttappa ( Kannada: ಕುಪ್ಪಳ್ಳಿ ವೆಂಕಟಪ್ಪಗೌಡ ಪುಟ್ಟಪ್ಪ ( December 29, 1904 - Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Viswanatha Satyanarayana (b 10 September 1895 &ndash d 18 October 1976) popularly known as the Kavi Samraat (Emperor of Poetry The Jnanpith Award is a literary award in India. Along with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, it is one of the two most prestigious literary honours in the country A prose version called Geet Ramayan (Geet = song) in Marathi by G. D. (Gajanan Digambar) Madgulkar (also known as Ga Di Madgulkar or GaDiMA) was rendered in Music by Sudhir Phadke and is considered to be a masterpiece of Marathi literature. The popular Indian author R. K. Narayan wrote a shortened prose interpretation of the epic, and another modern Indian author, Ashok Banker, has so far written a series of six English language novels based on the Ramayana. For other users see Narayan (disambiguation R K Narayan ( October 10, 1906 - May 13 2001) born Rasipuram Krishnaswami Ashok Kumar Banker (born February 7, 1964 in Mumbai, India) is a Novelist and Short story Writer living In September 2006, the first issue of Ramayan 3392 A.D. was published by Virgin Comics, featuring the Ramayana as reinvisioned by author Deepak Chopra and filmmaker Shekhar Kapur. Ramayan 3392 AD (formerly called Ramayan Reborn) is a comic book series published by Virgin Comics based upon the Ramayana. Virgin Comics LLC is a Comic book company founded in 2006 which produces stories (many of which are Indian culture related for an international audience Shekhar Kapur (Hindi शेखर कपूर born December 6, 1945 in Lahore, Punjab

The Ramayana has been adapted on screen as well, in a television series from the 1980s of the same name by producer Ramanand Sagar, which was based primarily off of the Ramcharitmanas and Valmiki Ramayana. Ramayan is a highly successful It is a television adaptation of the ancient Indian religious epic of the same name and is primarily based Ramanand Sagar ( 29 December 1917 – 12 December 2005) (born Chandramauli Chopra) was an Indian Film director In the late 90s, Sanjay Khan made a series called Jai Hanuman. This series not only recounted the stories of the birth, childhood and later life of Hanuman but also chronicled in detail the life of the various other characters in the Ramayana like Rama, Ravana, Sita, Meghanada, Mandodari, Dasharatha, Janaka, Bali and Sugreeva etc as well as some lesser known characters. This serial was based on various sources including Valmiki Ramayana, Ramacharitmanas, Krittivas Ramayana, Ananda Ramayana, Adhyatma Ramayana, Paumacariyam etc. A Japanese animated film called Rama - The Prince of Light was also released in the early 1990s. Prince of Light is the American name for an animated feature film adaptation of the Ramayana, a co-production between Japanese and Indian animators

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Note that the cerebral ṇ is due to infection by the word-initial r, see sandhi
  2. ^ About 480,002 words, or a quarter of the length of the full text of the Mahābhārata, or about four times the length of the Iliad. Sandhi ( Sanskrit saṃdhi sa संधि "joining" is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at Morpheme The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient
  3. ^ Romesh Dutt, "Epilogue by the Translator", Ramayana, The Epic of Rama, Prince of India, London, J. M. Dent 2nd ed. , (1902) p. 183. Dutt cites Ramayana, Book VII, "Uttra-Kinda".
  4. ^ Brockington, John (2003), “The Sanskrit Epics”, in Flood, Gavin, Blackwell companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing, pp. Blackwell Publishing Ltd was a Learned society publishing company based in Oxford, England. 116-128, ISBN 0-631-21535-2 
  5. ^ Goldman, Robert P. , The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India pp. 31
  6. ^ Romesh Dutt, "Epilogue", Ramayana (1902) as cited, p. 181.
  7. ^ Goldman, Robert P. , The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India pp. 23
  8. ^ das, Krishna Dharma. , The Ramayana pp. 1
  9. ^ Indian Wisdom Or Examples of the Religious, Philosophical, And Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, by Monier Williams, Published 2006
  10. ^ Robert P. Goldman, The Ramayan of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India, pp 5
  11. ^ Raghunathan, N. (trans. ), Srimad Valmiki Ramayana
  12. ^ Arya, R. P. (ed. ), Ramayan of Valmiki

External links

Original text (Sanskrit)
Translations (English)
Ramayana in vernacular languages
Research articles
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