Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Western Philosophy
19th century philosophy
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Name
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Birth May 25, 1803(1803-05-25)
Boston, Massachusetts
Death April 27, 1882 (aged 78)
Concord, Massachusetts
School/tradition Transcendentalism
Main interests Poetry
Notable ideas Abolitionism, Individualism, Nondualism, Self-reliance
Influenced by Michel de Montaigne, Vedas, William Wordsworth, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Influenced Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Orestes Brownson, Walt Whitman, Harold Bloom, Friedrich Nietzsche, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Charles Ives, George Santayana, Ivan Cankar

Ralph Waldo Emerson (25 May 1803 – 27 April 1882) was an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century. In the 18th century the philosophies of The Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Concord is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in Literature, Religion, Culture, and Philosophy that emerged in New England in the Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Nondualism implies that things appear distinct while not being separate Self-sufficiency refers to the state of not requiring any outside aid support or interaction for survival it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ ( February 28 1533 &ndash September 13 1592) was one of the most influential writers "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Sarah Margaret Fuller Ossoli (May 23 1810 – July 19 1850 was a Journalist, Critic and Women's rights activist associated with the American Orestes Augustus Brownson (1803-1876 was a New England Intellectual and Activist, preacher labor organizer and finally a prolific Catholic writer Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr ( March 8, 1841 &ndash March 6, 1935) was an American Jurist who served on the Supreme Charles Edward Ives (October 20 1874 – May 19 1954 was an American Composer of modernist Classical music. George Santayana ( December 16, 1863, Madrid &ndash September 26, 1952, Rome) was a Philosopher, Essayist Ivan Cankar (10 May 1876 – 11 December 1918 was a Slovene Writer, Playwright, Essayist, Poet and political activist. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in Literature, Religion, Culture, and Philosophy that emerged in New England in the The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar His teachings directly influenced the growing New Thought movement of the mid 1800s. The New Thought Movement or New Thought is a New religious movement developed in the United States during the late 19th century which emphasizes metaphysical

Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in Literature, Religion, Culture, and Philosophy that emerged in New England in the Nature is a short book by Ralph Waldo Emerson published anonymously in 1836 As a result of this ground breaking work he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence". For the publication of Phi Beta Kappa see The American Scholar (magazine " The American Scholar " was a speech given by Ralph Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr, (August 29 1809 &ndash October 7 1894 was a Physician by profession but achieved fame as a Writer; he was one of the best [1] Emerson once said "Make the most of yourself, for that is all there is of you. "

Considered one of the great orators of the time, Emerson's enthusiasm and respect for his audience enraptured crowds. His support for abolitionism late in life created controversy, and at times he was subject to abuse from crowds while speaking on the topic, however this was not always the case. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies When asked to sum up his work, he said his central doctrine was "the infinitude of the private man. "

Contents

Biography

Emerson was born in Boston, Mass., son of Ruth Haskins and the Rev. William Emerson, a Unitarian minister, from a well-known line of ministers. The Rev William Emerson ( May 6 1769 - May 12 1811) was one of Boston 's leading citizens a liberal-minded Unitarian [2] Emerson's father, who called his son "a rather dull scholar", died in 1811, less than two weeks short of Emerson's eighth birthday. The young Emerson was subsequently sent to the Boston Latin School in 1812 at the age of nine. The Boston Latin School is a public exam school founded on April 23 1635, in Boston, Massachusetts, making it the In October 1817, at fourteen, Emerson went to Harvard College and was appointed the Freshman's President, a position which gave him a room free of charge. He waited tables at Commons, a dining hall at Harvard, reducing the cost of his board to one quarter of the full fee, and he received a scholarship. To complement his meager salary, he tutored and taught during the winter vacation at his Uncle Ripley's school in Waltham, Massachusetts. One of the early centers of the Industrial Revolution in northern America Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States

After Emerson graduated from Harvard in 1821 at the age of eighteen, he assisted his brother in a school for young ladies established in their mother's house, after he had established his own school in Chelmsford, Massachusetts; when his brother went to Göttingen to study divinity, Emerson took charge of the school. Chelmsford is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts in the Greater Boston area Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Over the next several years, Emerson made his living as a schoolmaster, then went to Harvard Divinity School, and emerged as a Unitarian minister in 1829. Harvard Divinity School is one of the constituent schools of Harvard University, located in Cambridge Massachusetts, in the United States. A dispute with church officials over the administration of the Communion service, and misgivings about public prayer led to his resignation in 1832.

Emerson met his first wife, Ellen Louisa Tucker, in Concord, New Hampshire and married her when she was 18. The city of Concord (ˈkɒnkərd often mispronounced as " Concorde " is the Capital of the state of New Hampshire in the United States [3] She died of tuberculosis at the age of 20 on February 8, 1831. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Emerson was heavily affected by her death, visiting her grave daily and once even opening her coffin to see for himself that she was dead. [4] Despite his marriage, there is evidence pointing to Emerson being bisexual. [5] During early years at Harvard, he found himself 'strangely attracted' to a young freshman named Josh Gay about whom he wrote sexually charged poetry. [6][7] Gay would be only the first of his infatuations and interests, with Nathaniel Hawthorne numbered among them. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer [8]

Emerson toured Europe in 1832 and later wrote of his travels in English Traits (1856). During this trip, he met William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Stuart Mill, and Thomas Carlyle. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881 was a Scottish essayist satirist and historian whose work was highly influential during the Victorian era. Emerson maintained contact with Carlyle until the latter's death in 1881. He also served as Carlyle's agent in the U. S. His travels abroad brought him to England, France (in 1848), Italy, and the Middle East. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

In 1835, Emerson bought a house on the Cambridge and Concord Turnpike in Concord, Massachusetts, now open to the public as the Ralph Waldo Emerson House, and quickly became one of the leading citizens in the town. The Cambridge and Concord Turnpike was an early Turnpike between Cambridge and Concord Massachusetts. Concord is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. The Ralph Waldo Emerson House is a house museum located at 28 Cambridge Turnpike Concord Massachusetts, and a National Historic Landmark for its associations He married his second wife Lydia Jackson of Plymouth, Massachusetts, in Concord in 1835. He called her Lydian and she called him Mr. Emerson. Their children were Waldo, Ellen, Edith, and Edward Waldo Emerson. Ellen was named for his first wife, at Lydia's suggestion.

Emerson lived a financially conservative lifestyle. [9] He had inherited some wealth after his wife's death, though he brought a lawsuit against the Tucker family in 1836 to get it. [10] He did, however, pay the rent of his neighbor Bronson Alcott. Amos Bronson Alcott (November 29 1799 &ndash March 4 1888 was an American teacher and writer [11]

Emerson is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts

Literary career

Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson

In September 1836, Emerson and other like-minded intellectuals founded the Transcendental Club, which served as a center for the movement. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery is a Cemetery located on Bedford Street near the center of Concord Massachusetts. The Transcendental Club was the group of New England intellectuals of the early-to-mid-19th century which gave rise to Transcendentalism. The group did not publish its journal, The Dial, until July 1840. The Dial was an American magazine published intermittently from 1840 to 1929 Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Emerson anonymously published his first essay, Nature, in September 1836. Nature is a short book by Ralph Waldo Emerson published anonymously in 1836

In 1838 Emerson was invited into Divinity Hall, Harvard Divinity School, for the school's graduation address, which came to be known as his Divinity School Address. Divinity Hall (1826 is the oldest building in the Harvard Divinity School at Harvard University. The "Divinity School Address" is the common name for the speech Ralph Waldo Emerson gave to the graduating class of Harvard Divinity School on July Emerson discounted Biblical miracles and proclaimed that, while Jesus was a great man, he was not God. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. His comments outraged the establishment and the general Protestant community. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. For this, he was denounced as an atheist, and a poisoner of young men's minds. Atheism Despite the roar of critics, he made no reply, leaving others to put forward a defense. He was not invited back to speak at Harvard for another thirty years, but by the mid-1880s his position had become standard Unitarian doctrine. Unitarianism as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity (three persons in one God

In January of 1842, Emerson lost his first son, Waldo, to scarlet fever. The group A streptococcus bacterium ( Streptococcus pyogenes, or GAS) is a form of Streptococcus bacteria responsible for most cases [12] Emerson wrote of his grief in the poem "Threnody", and the essay "Experience". Grief is a multi-faceted response to loss Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss it also has physical cognitive behavioral social and philosophical A threnody is a Song or Hymn of Mourning composed or performed as a Memorial to a dead person ( Synonyms include Dirge In the same year, William James was born, and Emerson agreed to be his godfather. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation William James (January 11 1842 – August 26 1910 was a pioneering A godparent, in many denominations of Christianity, is someone who sponsors a child's Baptism.

In the 1840s Emerson was hospitable to Nathaniel Hawthorne and his family, and appears to have heavily influenced Hawthorne during these three years.

Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England and the rest of the country outside of the South. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive During several scheduled appearances he was not able to make, Frederick Douglass took his place. Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14 1818 February 20 1895 was an American abolitionist, editor, Orator Emerson spoke on a wide variety of subjects. Many of his essays grew out of his lectures.

Emerson associated with Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry David Thoreau and often took walks with them in Concord. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Emerson encouraged Thoreau's talent and early career. The land on which Thoreau built his cabin on Walden Pond belonged to Emerson. Walden Pond is a 102-foot (31 m deep Pond, 61 acres in area and around located in Concord Massachusetts, in the United States While Thoreau was living at Walden, Emerson provided food and hired Thoreau to perform odd jobs. When Thoreau left Walden after two years' time, it was to live at the Emerson house while Emerson was away on a lecture tour. Their close relationship fractured after Emerson gave Thoreau the poor advice to publish his first book, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, without extensive drafts, and directed Thoreau to his own agent who made Thoreau split the price/risk of publishing. The book found few readers, and put Thoreau heavily into debt. Eventually the two would reconcile some of their differences, although Thoreau privately accused Emerson of having drifted from his original philosophy, and Emerson began to view Thoreau as a misanthrope. Emerson's eulogy to Thoreau is largely credited with the latter's negative reputation during the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Emerson was noted as being a very abstract and difficult writer who nevertheless drew large crowds for his speeches. The heart of Emerson's writing were his direct observations in his journals, which he started keeping as a teenager at Harvard. The journals were elaborately indexed by Emerson. Emerson went back to his journals, his bank of experiences and ideas, and took out relevant passages, which were joined together in his dense, concentrated lectures. He later revised and polished his lectures for his essays and sermons.

He was considered one of the great orators of the time, a man who could enrapture crowds with his deep voice, his enthusiasm, and his egalitarian respect for his audience. His outspoken, uncompromising support for abolitionism later in life caused protest and jeers from crowds when he spoke on the subject, however this was not always the case. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies He continued to speak on abolition without concern for his popularity and with increasing radicalism. Political radicalism or simply radicalism is adherence to radical views and principles in Politics. He attempted, with difficulty, not to join the public arena as a member of any group or movement, and always retained a stringent independence that reflected his individualism. He always insisted that he wanted no followers, but sought to give man back to himself, as a self-reliant individual.

“ Emerson's journals show that he was concerned with the evil of slavery from his youth forward, and he even dreamed that he might somehow deliver slaves from bondage. As a minister, Emerson frequently used slavery as an example of a human injustice. But it was not until 1837 that Emerson was provoked by the murder of an abolitionist publisher, Elijah P. Lovejoy, in Alton, Illinois, into delivering a moderate antislavery address. At this point Emerson still maintained that reform was best achieved by the moral suasion of individuals rather than by the militant action of groups. Over the next seven years Emerson read more deeply into the horrors of slavery, his fears concerning its expansion grew, and he acquired a deep admiration for the abolitionist movement, which he expressed in a moving speech in Concord on August 1, 1844. He stated, 'we are indebted mainly to this movement, and to the continuers of it, for the popular discussion of every point of practical ethics. ' Thereafter, he was welcomed by the abolitionists with enthusiasm. [13] ”

In 1845, Emerson's Journal records that he was reading the Bhagavad Gita and Henry Thomas Colebrooke's Essays on the Vedas. Henry Thomas Colebrooke ( June 15, 1765 - March 18, 1837) was an English Orientalist. [14] Emerson was strongly influenced by the Vedas, and much of his writing has strong shades of nondualism. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Nondualism implies that things appear distinct while not being separate One of the clearest examples of this can be found in his essay "The Over-soul":

“ We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. "The Over-soul" is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, first published in 1841 Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equally related, the eternal ONE. And this deep power in which we exist and whose beatitude is all accessible to us, is not only self-sufficing and perfect in every hour, but the act of seeing and the thing seen, the seer and the spectacle, the subject and the object, are one. We see the world piece by piece, as the sun, the moon, the animal, the tree; but the whole, of which these are shining parts, is the soul. [15] ”

Emerson was strongly influenced by his early reading of the French essayist Montaigne. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ ( February 28 1533 &ndash September 13 1592) was one of the most influential writers From those compositions he took the conversational, subjective style and the loss of belief in a personal God. He never read Kant's works, but, instead, relied on Coleridge's interpretation of the German Transcriptal Idealist. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This led to Emerson's non-traditional ideas of soul and God. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity.

Emerson's "Collected Essays: First (1841) and Second (1844) Series," including his seminal essays on "History," "Self-Reliance," "Compensation," "Spiritual Laws," "Love," "Friendship," "Prudence," "Heroism," "The Over-soul," "Circles," "Intellect," and "Art" in the first and "The Poet," "Experience," "Character," "Manners," "Gifts," "Nature," "Politics," and "Nominalist and Realist" in the second, is often considered to be one of the 100 greatest books of all time. "Self-reliance" redirects here For the related concept of economic self-reliance see Self-sufficiency. Compensation is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson. It appeared in his book Essays, first published 1841 "The Over-soul" is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, first published in 1841 " The Poet " is an essay by US writer Ralph Waldo Emerson, written between 1841 and 1843 and published in his Essays Second Series Experience as a general concept comprises Knowledge of or skill in or Observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or

Selected works

Collections

Essays

Poems

Named after Emerson

See also

Further reading

Notes

  1. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. p. 80. ISBN 078629521X.
  2. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work, Large print ed. , Detroit: Thorndike Press, p. 76. ISBN 078629521X.  
  3. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work, Large print ed. , Detroit: Thorndike Press, p. 78. ISBN 078629521X.  
  4. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work, Large print ed. , Detroit: Thorndike Press, p. 79. ISBN 078629521X.  
  5. ^ Shand-Tucci, Douglas (2003). The Crimson Letter. New York: St Martens Press, 15-16. ISBN 0-312-19896-5.  
  6. ^ Kaplan, Justin. Walt Whitman: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. p. 248. ISBN 0671225421
  7. ^ Richardson, Jr. , Robert D (1995). Emerson: The Mind on Fire. University of California Press, p. 9. ISBN 0520206894.  
  8. ^ Kaplan, Justin (1980). Walt Whitman, A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 249. ISBN 0060535113.  
  9. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work, Large print ed. , Detroit: Thorndike Press, p. 86. ISBN 078629521X.  
  10. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work, Large print ed. , Detroit: Thorndike Press, p. 82. ISBN 078629521X.  
  11. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work, Large print ed. , Detroit: Thorndike Press, p. 86. ISBN 078629521X.  
  12. ^ Cheevers, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work, Large print ed. , Detroit: Thorndike Press, p. 93. ISBN 078629521X.  
  13. ^ Lowance, Mason (2000). Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader. Penguin Classics, p. 301-302. ISBN 0140437584.  
  14. ^ Sachin N. Pradhan, India in the United States: Contribution of India and Indians in the United States of America, Bethesda, MD: SP Press International, Inc. , 1996, p 12.
  15. ^ The Over-Soul from Essays: First Series (1841)
  16. ^ Harvard Divinity School (May 2006). "Emerson Unitarian Universalist Association Professorship Established at Harvard Divinity School". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-02-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
  17. ^ Camp Emerson Official website
  18. ^ Department of Philosophy of Harvard University

External links


Persondata
NAME Emerson, Ralph Waldo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION American author, essayist, philosopher, poet
DATE OF BIRTH May 25, 1803
PLACE OF BIRTH Boston, Massachusetts
DATE OF DEATH April 27, 1882
PLACE OF DEATH Concord, Massachusetts
An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created This article is an abbreviated list of Essayists - individuals notable for writing essays on various topics Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Concord is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic