Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750-2000 mm (68-78 inches). A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to

Rainforests are home to two-thirds of all the living animal and plant species on Earth. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 It has been estimated that many hundreds of millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms are still undiscovered. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Tropical rainforests have been called the "jewels of the Earth," and the "world's largest pharmacy," because of the large number of natural medicines discovered there. Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the

The undergrowth in a rainforest is restricted in many areas by the lack of sunlight at ground level. Undergrowth usually refers to the vegetation in a Forest, which can obstruct passage through the forest Sunlight, in the broad sense is the total spectrum of the Electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. This makes it possible to walk through the forest. If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned, the ground beneath is soon colonized by a dense, tangled growth of vines, shrubs and small trees called a jungle. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. The canopy is one of the uppermost levels of a Forest, below the emergent layer, formed by the Tree crowns Canopy trees refers to the trees A vine is any plant of Genus Vitis (the Grape plants or by extension any similar climbing or trailing plant A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Jungle usually refers to a dense Forest in a hot climate such as a Tropical rainforest. The two types of rainforest are:

• Tropical rainforests are rainforests in the tropics, found near the Equator (between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) and present in southeast Asia (Myanmar to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, northern and eastern Australia), sub-Saharan Africa from Cameroon to the Congo, (Congo Rainforest), South America (the Amazon Rainforest) Central America (Bosawás, southern Yucatán Peninsula-El Peten-Belize-Calakmul), and on many of the Pacific Islands(such as Hawaii). Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the For the novel by Henry Miller, see Tropic of Cancer (novel. The Tropic of Cancer, or Northern tropic, is one of five For the novel by Henry Miller, see Tropic of Capricorn (novel. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The Congo River (for a time known as the Zaire River) is the largest River in Western Central Africa. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Amazon Rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica or Amazonía The Bosawás Biosphere Reserve in the northern part of Nicaragua is a hilly tropical forest designated in 1997 as a UNESCO Biosphere reserve. The Yucatán Peninsula, in Southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. Belize (bəˈliːz formerly British Honduras, is a country in Central America. The Calakmul Biosphere Reserve ( Reserva de la Biosfera de Calakmul) is located at the base of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, in the state of Campeche The Pacific Ocean contains an estimated 20000 to 30000 Islands (the exact number has yet to be precisely determined The Hawaiian Tropical Moist Forests Ecoregion home to a high diversity of endemic species Tropical rainforests have been called the "Earth's lungs," although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net oxygen additions to the atmosphere through photosynthesis. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. ^[1][2]
• Temperate rainforests are rainforest in temperate regions. Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall They can be found in North America (in the Pacific Northwest, the British Columbia Coast, and in the inland rainforest of the Rocky Mountain Trench east of Prince George), in Europe (in coastal areas of Ireland, Scotland and southern Norway, parts of the western Balkans along the Adriatic coast, and coastal areas of the eastern Black Sea, including Georgia and coastal Turkey), and in East Asia (in southern China, Taiwan, much of Japan and Korea, and on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent Russian Far East coast), and also Australia and New Zealand. The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean The British Columbia Coast is Canada 's western continental coastlines The inland rainforest of North Central British Columbia a Temperate rainforest, is one of the most diverse ancient ecosystems on the planet The Rocky Mountain Trench, also called "the valley of a thousand peaks" is a physiographic feature extending ~1600 km (995 mi from Flathead Lake, Montana Prince George, with a population of 70981 ( census agglomeration of 83225 is the largest city in northern British Columbia Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Alternative meaning In Geology, North China (continent and South China (continent were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

Contents 1 Soils 2 Effect on global climate 3 Rainforest layers 4 Flora and Fauna 5 Human uses 6 Deforestation 7 See also 8 References 8.1 General references 8.2 Specific references 9 External links

Soils

Despite the growth of vegetation in a rainforest, soil quality is often quite poor. Vegetation is a general term for the plant life of a region it refers to the Ground cover provided by plants The European Commission's Joint Research Centre proposed a definition stating that Soil quality is an account of the soil’s ability to provide ecosystem and social services Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Humus (Origin 1790–1800 Latin: earth ground) is the organic material in Soil lending it a dark brown or black colouration The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a bright red color and sometimes produces minable deposits such as bauxite). Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 WikipediaNaming An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Laterite (from the Latin word "later" meaning brick or tile is a surface formation in hot and wet tropical areas which is enriched in Iron and Aluminium Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in Tropical Rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the

Effect on global climate

A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single On a global scale, long-term fluxes are approximately in balance, so that an undisturbed rainforest would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels,^[3] though they may have other climatic effects (on cloud formation, for example, by recycling water vapour). A cloud is a visible mass of droplets or frozen crystals floating in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or another Planetary body General properties of water vapor Evaporation/sublimation Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface it is said to have evaporated No rainforest today can be considered to be undisturbed. ^[4] Human induced deforestation plays a significant role in causing rainforests to release carbon dioxide,^[5] as do natural processes such as drought that result in tree death. ^[6] Some climate models run with interactive vegetation predict a large loss of Amazonian rainforest around 2050 due to drought, leading to forest dieback and the subsequent feedback of releasing more carbon dioxide. ^[7]

Rainforest layers

The rainforest is divided into four different parts, each with different plants and animals, adapted for life in that particular area:

• The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 45-55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70-80 m tall. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The canopy is one of the uppermost levels of a Forest, below the emergent layer, formed by the Tree crowns Canopy trees refers to the trees ^[8][9] They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds. Eagles, butterflies, bats and certain monkeys inhabit this layer. Eagles are large birds of prey which are members of the Bird order Falconiformes and family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A monkey is any member of either the New World monkeys or Old World monkeys two of the three groupings of Simian Primates the third group being
• The canopy layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30-45 m tall. The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species, suggesting that perhaps half of all life on Earth could be found there. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy. Scientists have long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat, but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it. As long ago as 1917, naturalist William Beebe declared that "another continent of life remains to be discovered, not upon the Earth, but one to two hundred feet above it, extending over thousands of square miles. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Charles William ("Will" Beebe ( July 29, 1877 &ndash June 4, 1962) was an American naturalist, explorer " True exploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s, when scientists developed methods to reach the canopy, such as firing ropes into the trees using crossbows. A crossbow is a Weapon consisting of a bow mounted on a stock that shoots projectiles often called bolts Exploration of the canopy is still in its infancy, but other methods include the use of balloons and airships to float above the highest branches and the building of cranes and walkways planted on the forest floor. "Ballooning" redirects here For the behavior of Spiders and other Arthropods see Ballooning (spider. Terminology In some countries airships are also known as dirigibles from the French (fr ''diriger'' to direct plus -ible) meaning "directable" The science of accessing tropical forest canopy using airships, or similar aerial platforms, is called dendronautics. ^[10]
• The understory layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. The understory (or understorey) is home to a number of birds, snakes, and lizards, as well as predators such as jaguars, boa constrictors, and leopards. Understory (or understorey) is the term for the area of a Forest which grows in the shade of the emergent or forest canopy. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. Lizards are a large and widespread group of Reptiles of the order Squamata, with nearly 5000 species and ranging across all continents except The jaguar (Panthera onca,, or—especially in British English — is a New World Mammal of the Felidae family and one of Common names boas boa constrictors Boa is a Genus of non-venomous boas found in Mexico, Central The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The leaves are much larger at this level. Insect life is also abundant. Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understory. Only about 5 percent of the sunlight shining on the rainforest reaches the understory. This layer can also be called a shrub layer, although the shrub layer may also be considered a separate layer.
• The forest floor layer receives only 2 percent of sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and Away from riverbanks, swamps, and clearings where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water It also contains decaying plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly due to the warm, humid conditions promoting rapid decay. Many forms of fungi grow here which help decay the animal and plant waste. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ

Flora and Fauna

More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in the rainforest. Millipedes (Class Diplopoda, previously also known as Chilognatha are Arthropods that have two pairs of legs per segment (except for the first segment behind The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. Rainforests support a very broad array of fauna including mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates. Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate Mammals may include primates, felids and other families. A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Felidae is the biological family of the cats a member of this family is called a felid. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, chameleons and other families while birds include such families as vangidae and Cuculidae. A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. Turtles are Reptiles of the Order Testudines (all living turtles belong to the Crown group Chelonia) most of Chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are squamates that belong to one of the best-known Lizard families The vangas are a group of little-known small to medium-sized Passerine Birds restricted to Madagascar. The cuckoos are a family Cuculidae, of Near passerine Birds The order Cuculiformes, in addition to the cuckoos also includes the Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungi are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plant and animal life. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ As a result of all the decomposing matter on the forest floor, rainforests develop high levels of organic matter in the soil, making it very nutritious for plant and animal life. This humus is a major factor in allowing rainforests to be highly active ecosystems, with rainforests home to more than two-thirds of the Earth's species. Humus (Origin 1790–1800 Latin: earth ground) is the organic material in Soil lending it a dark brown or black colouration This amounts to over 5 million species of plants and animals.

Human uses

Main article: Tropical rainforest#Human uses

Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal products such as meat and hides. Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central Rainforests also have value as tourism destinations and for the ecosystem services provided. Many foods originally came from tropical forests, and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest. ^[11] Tropical rainforests are also the source of medicinal drug components.

Rainforests cover only six percent of the Earth, however, twenty-five percent of all drugs are derived from rainforest ingredients. ^[12]

More than 1,430 varieties of tropical plants are thought to be potential cures for cancer. The National Cancer Institute claims that 70 percent of the plants identified as having anti-cancer properties are found in the rainforest. The rainforest has shown to hold many other types of medicines as well, from everyday pain killers like aspirin to important cardiac drugs. In fact, plant derived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungal infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems, and wound treatment. ^[13]

Deforestation

Main article: Deforestation

Tropical and temperate rain forests have been subjected to heavy logging and agricultural clearance throughout the 20th century, and the area covered by rainforests around the world is rapidly shrinking. Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Biologists have estimated that large numbers of species are being driven to extinction (possibly more than 50,000 a year) due to the removal of habitat with destruction of the rainforests. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Protection and regeneration of the rainforests is a key goal of many environmental charities and organizations. (It is doubtful that this rate will be sustained as the relative cost of logging rises with dwindling resources. )

Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expanding urban areas. Littoral Rainforest growing along coastal areas of eastern Australia is now rare due to ribbon development to accommodate the demand for seachange lifestyles. Littoral refers to the coast of an ocean or sea or to the banks of a river lake or estuary The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Ribbon development means building houses along the roads radiating from a town A seachange (or sea change) is an abandonment of city living in favour of a perceived 'easier life' in rural coastal communities

About half of the mature tropical rainforests, between 750 to 800 million hectares of the original 1. Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central 5 to 1. 6 billion hectares that once graced the planet have already fallen. The devastation is already acute in South East Asia, the second of the world's great biodiversity hot spots. Most of what remains is in the Amazon basin, where the Amazon rainforest covered more than 600 million hectares, an area nearly two thirds the size of the United States. The Amazon Rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica or Amazonía The forests are being destroyed at an ever-quickening pace. Unless significant measures are taken on a world-wide basis to preserve them, by 2030 there will only be 10% remaining with another 10% in a degraded condition. 80% will have been lost and with them the natural diversity they contain will become extinct.

Many tropical countries, including Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka, Laos, Nigeria, Liberia, Guinea, Ghana and the Cote d'lvoire have already lost large areas of their rainforest. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a Eighty percent of the forests of the Philippine archipelago have already been cut down. In 1960 Central America still had four fifths of its original forest; now it is left with only two fifths of it. Half of the Brazilian state of Rondonia's 24. Rondônia (xõˈdõnia is a state in Brazil, located in the north-western part of the country 3 million hectares have been destroyed or severely degraded in recent years. Several countries, notably the Philippines, Thailand and India have declared their deforestation a national emergency. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [1][2]

See also

References

General references

• Richards, P. CENADEP (Centre National d’Appui au Développement et à la Participation populaire is an environmental federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally Tropical or Subtropical evergreen Montane moist forest characterized by a The Coalition for Rainforest Nations is an Intergovernmental organization established by forested tropical counties to collaboratively reconcile forest stewardship with economic Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The Holocene extinction event is the widespread ongoing Mass extinction of Species during the modern Holocene epoch. Illegal logging is the harvest transportation purchase or sale of timber in violation of national Laws The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal including The inland rainforest of North Central British Columbia a Temperate rainforest, is one of the most diverse ancient ecosystems on the planet Jungle usually refers to a dense Forest in a hot climate such as a Tropical rainforest. Rubber tapping is the process by which Rubber is gathered An Incision is made in the bark of a Rubber tree, which cuts through the Latex Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest Tropical rainforests are generally found near the Equator. They are common in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Central W. (1996). The tropical rain forest. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-42194-2
• Whitmore, T. C. (1998) An introduction to tropical rain forests. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850147-1
• Butler, R. A. (2005) A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face. Published online: rainforests.mongabay.com

Specific references

Annual Rainforest Commitee of New York (ARCNY)

External links

• Rainforest Portal
• Rainforest Action Network
• United Nations Forum on Forests
• The Coalition for Rainforest Nations

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