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Rainbow trout

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Oncorhynchus
Species: O. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates The Actinopterygii (the plural form of Actinopterygius) comprise the class of the ray-finned fishes. Salmonidae is a family of Ray-finned fish, the only living family of the order Salmoniformes. Salmonidae is a family of Ray-finned fish, the only living family of the order Salmoniformes. Oncorhynchus is a Genus of in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific Salmons and Pacific Trouts mykiss
Binomial name
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Walbaum, 1792
Subspecies

See text

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), also called the redband trout, is a species of salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America as well as much of the central, western, eastern, and especially the northern portions of the United States. Johann Julius Walbaum (1724 &ndash 1799 a native of Lübeck, Germany was a Physician, naturalist and Taxonomist. Salmonidae is a family of Ray-finned fish, the only living family of the order Salmoniformes. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The ocean going (anadromous) form (including those returning for spawning) are known as steelhead, or ocean trout (Australia). The species has been introduced for food or sport to at least 45 countries, and every continent except Antarctica. In some of these locations, such as Southern Europe, Australia and South America, they have had very serious negative impacts on upland native fish species, either by eating them, outcompeting them, or transmitting contagious diseases. The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a In studies of the Ecology of Freshwater Rivers habitats are classified as upland and lowland. [1][2] In some cases, they have been responsible for the extinction of native fish populations.

The species was originally named by Johann Julius Walbaum in 1792. Johann Julius Walbaum (1724 &ndash 1799 a native of Lübeck, Germany was a Physician, naturalist and Taxonomist. In 1855, W. P. Gibbons found a population and named it Salmo iridia, however this name became deprecated once it was determined that this was a population of the already named species. More recently, DNA studies showed rainbow trout are genetically closer to Pacific salmon (Onchorhynchus species) than to brown trout (Salmo trutta) or Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), so the genus was changed. Oncorhynchus is a Genus of in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific Salmons and Pacific Trouts The brown trout ( Salmo trutta morpha fario and S trutta morpha lacustris) and the sea trout ( S Atlantic salmon, known scientifically as Salmo salar, is a species of Fish in the family Salmonidae, which is found in the northern

Contents

Physical characteristics

Rainbow trout are unusual in that there are two forms which sometimes share the same habitat. The anadromous form called "steelhead" migrate to the ocean, though they must return to fresh water to reproduce. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis on time scales ranging from daily to annual and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers

The freshwater form is called "rainbow trout"[3], based on the broad red band along their sides. Steelhead are exactly the same species as rainbow trout. However, the difference is anadromy. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis on time scales ranging from daily to annual and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers After going to sea, their color changes, including loss of the red band. They stay at sea for 1-4 years, and return to fresh water to spawn. Rainbows stay in fresh water their whole lives.

It is a common misconception that "redband trout" and "rainbow trout" are the same fish. While closely related, redbands are a different subspecies, somewhat intermediate between rainbow and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki). The cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki) is a Species of Freshwater Fish in the salmon family of order Redbands have larger spots and darker colors than rainbows and sometimes have cutthroat-like slash marks, but not the cutthroat's longer maxilla or hyoid (basibranchial) teeth. This article is about the Mammal maxilla For Arthropod maxillae see Mouthparts; for Insect maxillae in particular see Insect mouthparts Redbands include anadromous steelhead forms such as the "redsides" of the Columbia River system above the Columbia River Gorge and similar fish from the Fraser River system above Fraser Canyon and the most inland parts of the Sacramento River, Klamath River and others flowing into the Pacific. The Columbia River (known as The Columbia River Gorge is a Canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. fountaincanyon10jpg|thumb|400px|right|View of Fraser Canyon looking upstream from Fountain British Columbia The Sacramento River is the longest River entirely within the U The Klamath River ( Ishkêesh in Karuk) approximately long is a major River in southern Oregon and northern California in the

Redbands are also found in Endorheic basins partly or wholly isolated since the Pleistocene including Goose Lake (Oregon-California) which only intermittently overflows into the Pit River; the Kern River which has lost its connection to the San Joaquin River; and other basins that have lost connections to the Columbia-Snake, Sacramento or Klamath systems since the Pleistocene. An endorheic basin (from Greek endo ‘inside’ + rhein ‘to flow’ also terminal or closed basin) is a closed Drainage basin The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period Goose Lake is a large Alkaline lake on the California - Oregon border in the western United States. The Pit River or Pitt River is a major river watershed draining Northeastern California into the State's Central Valley. The Kern River is a river in the US state of California, approximately long The San Joaquin River ( 330 miles (530 km long is the second-longest River in California, United States. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period However basins isolated much longer tend to have endemic varieties of Cutthroat trout. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere

Steelhead also tend to be more silvery than the freshwater rainbow form. Lake and stream dwellers tend to be lighter as well. River dwelling rainbow trout are generally darker and more brilliant. In all habitats, rainbow's backs varies from blue or green to a yellow-green or brown. They always have dark spots on their heads, backs, bellies and across their dorsal fins and caudal fins, a famed attribute of true trout. A dorsal fin is a Fin located on the backs of some Fishes Whales Dolphins and Porpoises as well as the (extinct The Anatomy of Fish is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of Water, which is much denser than air holds a relatively small amount of dissolved Rainbows also have a red or pink streak that runs from the gill cover to the caudal fin, inspiring their name. A gill is an anatomical structure found in many aquatic organisms Steelhead usually lack the pink stripe and have chrome-colored sides.

Unlike other Pacific Salmon, rainbow trout and steelhead do not necessarily die after spawning (they may spawn as many as four times). Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. All Pacific salmon, including male steelhead, undergo changes when spawning or migrating to spawn. They change color, head and mouth shape. Steelhead populations and rainbow trout populations can and do interbreed at different levels. It is possible for the offspring of rainbow trout to become anadromous and for the offspring of steelhead to develop a resident life history.

Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout

Rainbows and steelhead occur in well-oxygenated lakes and streams where the temperature normally doesn't rise above 12°C in summer. Behind the dorsal fin, rainbow trout have an adipose fin that is commonly clipped from fish raised in a hatchery. A dorsal fin is a Fin located on the backs of some Fishes Whales Dolphins and Porpoises as well as the (extinct The Anatomy of Fish is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of Water, which is much denser than air holds a relatively small amount of dissolved Clipping the adipose fin helps distinguish hatchery fish from wild fish when they are taken by anglers. This allows enforcement of regulations to protect wild rainbows. (*Mark Selective Fishing information from Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife)

Rainbows range from 12 to 36 inches in length. Steelhead grow longer, ranging from 50 to 122 cm (20 to 48 inches) in length. [4] Steelhead range in weight from 2. 5 kg to 10 kg (5. 5 - 22 pounds). The world record rainbow was a 43. 6 pound caught from the shore at Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan in June 2007. Lake Diefenbaker is a man-made Lake in Southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 [5]

Lifecycle

Illustration of a rainbow trout
Illustration of a rainbow trout

Like salmon, steelhead are anadromous: they return to their original hatching ground to spawn. Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis on time scales ranging from daily to annual and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers Unlike salmon, which die after spawning, steelhead rejuvenate after spawning so they may return to the oceans to start the anadromous cycle once again. The steelhead smolts (immature or young fish) usually remain in the river for about a year before heading to sea, whereas salmon typically return to the seas as smolts. Different populations of steelheads migrate upriver at different times of the year. "Summer-run steelhead" migrate between May and October, before their reproductive organs are fully mature. They mature in freshwater before spawning in the spring. "Winter-run steelhead" mature fully in the ocean before migrating, between November and April, and spawn shortly after returning. Similar to Atlantic salmon, but unlike their Pacific Oncorhynchus kin, steelhead are iteroparous and may make several spawning trips between fresh and salt water. Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced

Diet

Rainbow trout have a varied diet. They are predators, eating any smaller fish from nearly the time they are born. Insects make up a large portion of the diet, along with crayfish and other crustaceans, some lake dwelling species may become planktonic feeders. Trout of all ages will eat nearly anything they can grab, in contrast with the legendary, selective image people often have of the animal's nutrition habits. They are near the top of the food chain in most freshwater environments. However, they are lower on the rung of other freshwater predators such as pike, muskie, lake trout, and chinook salmon. Rainbows will take fish up to and over 1/3 of their length. However they are not quite as piscivorous or aggressive as the brown trout or lake trout, which is actually a char. The rule of thumb is that rainbows consume more fish and fewer insects as they grow, but insects continue to be a part of the diet in most all populations.

As food

Rainbow trout and potatoes
Rainbow trout and potatoes

Rainbow trout and steelhead are popular in Western cuisine and are both caught wild and farmed for food. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Fish farming is the principal form of Aquaculture, while other methods may fall under Mariculture. It has tender flesh and a mild, somewhat nutty flavor. However, farmed trout and those taken from certain lakes have a pronounced earthy flavor which many people find unappealing; many shoppers therefore make it a point to ascertain the source of the fish before buying. Buhl, Idaho, United States is the world's largest producer of farmed rainbow trout. Buhl is a city located on the old Oregon Trail in the western half of Twin Falls County, Idaho, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Rainbow trout are raised in many countries throughout the world. Rainbow trout that are wild and have a diet of scuds (freshwater shrimp) and crawdads are the most appealing, with orange pink flesh.

Steelhead are farmed, primarily in British Columbia and in Chile. Steelhead meat is pink like that of salmon, and is more flavorful than the light-colored meat of rainbow trout. . [6]

In some places if fished and cleaned immediately the meat isn't nutty or earthy, but a sweet and clean flavor, especially if it is a native rainbow trout.

Fisheries

Rainbow trout and steelhead are both highly desired sport fish. There are some tribal commercial fisheries for steelhead in the Puget Sound, the Washington Coast and in the Columbia River. Most rainbow trout and steelhead harvest in the United States is supported by hatchery production. For the third season episode of Star Trek Enterprise, see " Hatchery (Star Trek Enterprise "

The rainbow trout is also especially susceptible to enteric redmouth disease caused by the pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. Enteric redmouth disease, or simply redmouth disease is a Bacterial infection of freshwater and marine Fish caused by the pathogen Yersinia ruckeri There has been considerable research conducted on redmouth disease, as its implications for rainbow trout farmers are significant. The disease does not affect humans. [7]

Threats and Conservation

Steelhead trout have declined due to a number of human and natural causes. The U. S. National Marine Fisheries Service has a detailed description of threats. The US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS is a United States federal agency Steelhead that spawn in Southern California streams (south of Point Conception) have been particularly decimated by habitat loss due to dams, confinement of streams in concrete channels, water pollution, groundwater pumping, Urban heat island effects, and other byproducts of urbanization. Southern California, or So Cal, is defined as the southern portion of the U Point Conception extends into the Pacific Ocean in southwestern Santa Barbara County California. An urban heat island ( UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing This sub-population is

Subspecies

A few populations are recognized as subspecies:

Cultivated varieties

Golden rainbow trout and palomino trout are artificially developed color variants of Oncorhynchus mykiss. [8] Golden rainbow trout are predominantly yellowish, lacking the typical green field and black spots, but retaining the diffuse red stripe. [9] They were developed based on one spontaneously lighter animal. [8] The palomino trout is a mix of golden and common rainbow trout, resulting in an intermediate color. The golden rainbow trout should not be confused with the naturally occuring golden trout. The Golden trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita) is a sub-species of the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Pictures

Steelhead Oregon Zoo

Steelhead with clear spot pattern on fins and body

Red band type

See also

References

  1. ^ Salmo marmoratus
  2. ^ Salmothymus obtusirostris salonitana
  3. ^ Trout Science: "Science of Trout"
  4. ^ Scott and Crossman. Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing, is Fishing for Pleasure or Competition. Fly fishing is a distinct and ancient Angling method most renowned as a method for catching Trout and Salmon, but employed today for a wide variety of The Golden trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita) is a sub-species of the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. A plastic worm (or trout worm) is a plastic fishing lure generally made to simulate an earthworm Salmo marmoratus is a species of Fish in the Salmonidae family the second largest European trout species second in size only to Huchen ( Salmothymus obtusirostris salonitana (also termed by the common names Solin salmon or Solinka) is an endemic Trout Species found in 1985. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Bul. 184 Fisheries Research Board of Canada. page 189. ISBN 0-660-10239-0.
  5. ^ ESPN - 43-pound, world-record rainbow trout caught in Canada
  6. ^ Your Christmas Steelhead
  7. ^ LSC - Fish Disease Leaflet 82
  8. ^ a b Golden Rainbow Trout. Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission FAQ.
  9. ^ Golden Rainbow Trout. Photo.

Scott and Crossman. 1985. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Page 189. ISBN 0-660-10239-0

External links

Dictionary

rainbow trout

-noun

  1. A species of trout, Salmo gairdneri, that has black spots and a pink streak running along the body.
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