Raiders of the Lost Ark
Theatrical reissue poster
Directed by	Steven Spielberg
Produced by	Frank Marshall George Lucas Howard Kazanjian
Written by	Screenplay: Lawrence Kasdan Story: George Lucas Philip Kaufman
Starring	Harrison Ford Karen Allen Paul Freeman John Rhys-Davies Ronald Lacey Wolf Kahler Denholm Elliott
Music by	John Williams
Cinematography	Douglas Slocombe
Editing by	Michael Kahn
Distributed by	Paramount Pictures
Release date(s)	United States: June 12, 1981 United Kingdom: July 30, 1981 Australia: August 13, 1981
Running time	115 min. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. Frank Wilson Marshall (born September 13, 1946) is a four-time Academy Award -nominated American movie producer and George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter Howard G Kazanjian (born 1942 is an American film producer and a published non-fiction Author. Lawrence Kasdan (born 14 January, 1949) is an American movie producer, director and Screenwriter. Philip Kaufman (born October 23, 1936) is an American Film director and Screenwriter from Chicago Illinois. Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an Academy Award - and BAFTA -nominated as well as Golden Globe -winning American Karen Jane Allen (born October 5, 1951) is an American Actress, best known for her role as Marion Ravenwood in Raiders Paul Freeman (born January 18 1943) is a British film and television Actor. John Rhys-Davies (born May 5, 1944) is a British Actor and vocal actor born in England Ronald Lacey ( 28 September 1935 – 15 May 1991) was an English actor Denholm Mitchell Elliott, CBE (31 May 1922 &ndash 6 October 1992 was a distinguished English Actor of stage and Screen, with John Towner Williams (born February 8 1932) is an American Composer, conductor and Pianist. Douglas Slocombe OBE, BSC ASC (born February 10, 1913) is a British Cinematographer who has enjoyed a long career in the Michael Kahn (born in New York, December 8, 1935) is a widely recognized Film editor. Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$20 million (estimated)
Gross revenue	$384,140,454[1]
Followed by	Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Official website
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile

Raiders of the Lost Ark (also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark) is a 1981 adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg, produced by George Lucas and starring Harrison Ford. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 period Adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. Events January 19 - Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer acquires beleaguered concurrent United Artists. Adventure Film is a Film genre. History The adventure film reached its peak of popularity in 1930s and Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an Academy Award - and BAFTA -nominated as well as Golden Globe -winning American It is the first film in the Indiana Jones franchise, and pits Indiana Jones (played by Ford) against the Nazis, who search for the Ark of the Covenant, to make their army invincible. The Indiana Jones franchise, based on the Adventures of the eponymous fictional Archaeologist, began in 1981 with the film Dr (also Col Henry Walton Jones Jr, better known as Indiana Jones or Indy after his pet dog is a fictional Adventurer, Soldier Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Ark of the Covenant (אָרוֹן הָבְרִית ʔārōn hāb’rīθ, Modern aron habrit) is described in the Bible as a sacred container wherein Indiana and the Nazis search for a medallion, owned by Indy's old flame Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), which will pinpoint the Well of Souls in Egypt, the Ark's resting place. Marion Ravenwood, also known as Marion Williams, is a Fictional character that first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark. Karen Jane Allen (born October 5, 1951) is an American Actress, best known for her role as Marion Ravenwood in Raiders The Well of Souls ( Arabic: Bir el- Arweh) is the name of a natural Cave located immediately beneath the Sakhrah (the Foundation Stone in This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The film also starred Paul Freeman as Indiana's nemesis, French archaeologist Rene Belloq, John Rhys-Davies as Indiana's sidekick Sallah, and Denholm Elliott as Indiana's colleague, Marcus Brody. Paul Freeman (born January 18 1943) is a British film and television Actor. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos John Rhys-Davies (born May 5, 1944) is a British Actor and vocal actor born in England Sallah (صلاح is a Fictional character, played by John Rhys-Davies in two of the four Indiana Jones movies Raiders of the Lost Ark and Denholm Mitchell Elliott, CBE (31 May 1922 &ndash 6 October 1992 was a distinguished English Actor of stage and Screen, with This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series.

The film's origins came from Lucas' desire to create a modern version of the serials of the 1930s and 1940s. Serials, more specifically known as Movie serials or Film serials, were Short subjects originally shown in theaters in conjunction with a Feature Spielberg originally suggested casting Ford as Jones, but Lucas objected, stating that he did not want the actor, who he'd previously cast as Han Solo in the Star Wars trilogy, to be constantly associated with his films. Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars universe. He was played by Harrison Ford in Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope, Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded Lucas persuaded Spielberg to look for someone else and Tom Selleck was cast in the role, but he was unavailable because of his commitment to the television series Magnum, P.I. Production was based at Elstree Studios, England, and filming also took place in La Rochelle, Tunisia, Hawaii and the United States from June to September 1980. Thomas William Selleck (born January 29 1945 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American Actor, Screenwriter and Magnum PI is an American Television show starring Tom Selleck as Thomas Magnum, a fictional Private investigator Historically the name " Elstree Studios " refers to any of several Film studios that were based in the towns of Borehamwood and Elstree in England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland La Rochelle is a city in western France, and a Seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

When released on June 12, 1981, the $20 million (USD) film was a huge success, easily the highest grossing film of 1981, earning $384 million worldwide, and, at the time, one of the highest-grossing movies ever made. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The following is a non-definitive list of the all-time highest-grossing films. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, in 1982 and won four (Best Sound, Best Film Editing, Best Visual Effects, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration). "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The film was a hit with audiences and critics alike leading to three additional films, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, as well as The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 period Adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 Adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg from a story co-written by Executive producer The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, also known as The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, is an Emmy Award -winning American

Plot

In 1936, in the Peruvian jungle, archaeologist/treasure hunter Indiana Jones braves several booby traps to retrieve a golden idol from an ancient temple. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Jungle usually refers to a dense Forest in a hot climate such as a Tropical rainforest. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Dr (also Col Henry Walton Jones Jr, better known as Indiana Jones or Indy after his pet dog is a fictional Adventurer, Soldier After escaping a giant boulder, he finds rival archaeologist Rene Belloq waiting outside with a group of Hovitos, the local indigenous people. This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Surrounded and outnumbered, Jones is forced to give up the artifact to Belloq. Jones escapes from Belloq and the Hovitos after a jungle pursuit and flying away on a waiting seaplane. A seaplane is a Fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting on water

Indiana Jones attempts to take the idol in the opening of the film.

At the American college where he teaches archaeology, Jones meets with two Army intelligence agents who reveal that the Nazis, in their quest for occult power, are searching for Abner Ravenwood, Jones’ former mentor. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series. Ravenwood is the foremost expert on the ancient Egyptian city of Tanis, rediscovered by the Nazis and believed to be where the Pharaoh Shishaq brought the Ark of the Covenant, a chest the Israelites built to contain the fragments of the Ten Commandments. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Tanis (Τάνις the Greek name of ancient Djanet (modern صان الحجر Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar) is a city in the north-eastern Nile delta Shishak ( Hebrew: שישק Tiberian:) or Shishaq is the biblical Hebrew form of the first ancient Egyptian name of a Pharaoh mentioned The Ark of the Covenant (אָרוֹן הָבְרִית ʔārōn hāb’rīθ, Modern aron habrit) is described in the Bible as a sacred container wherein The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given Jones surmises that the Nazis seek Ravenwood because he possesses the headpiece to the Staff of Ra, a key artifact essential in pinpointing the Ark’s resting place within the city. Ra (pronounced Rah and sometimes as Rê, is an Ancient Egyptian sun god. His colleague Marcus Brody explains that, according to legend, the power of the Ark can make any army invincible. This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series.

Jones flies to Nepal, only to find that Ravenwood has died, and the headpiece is in the possession of Ravenwood's daughter Marion, Indy's embittered former lover. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Marion Ravenwood, also known as Marion Williams, is a Fictional character that first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark. The tavern is stormed by Nazis, led by sadistic Nazi agent Toht. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series. A firefight immediately breaks out, burning Marion's tavern to the ground, and searing the face of the medallion onto Toht's hand. Jones and Marion narrowly escape with the headpiece, and the two travel to Cairo and meet up with Sallah, a skilled Egyptian digger who knows where the Nazis, now being assisted by Belloq and a replica of the headpiece, are digging for the Ark. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Sallah (صلاح is a Fictional character, played by John Rhys-Davies in two of the four Indiana Jones movies Raiders of the Lost Ark and In a Cairo bazaar Nazi operatives kidnap Marion and fake her death in front of Jones. A bazaar ( بازار) (pazar is a permanent merchandising area Marketplace, or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or sold That evening, Sallah and Jones decipher the carvings on the headpiece to determine the Staff's length – which are written on both its sides. Belloq made his single-sided replica using Toht's scarred hand. They realize that the Nazis' staff is too long, causing them to dig in the wrong place.

Indiana and Sallah lift up the Ark of the Covenant

Infiltrating the dig, Indy sneaks into the map room, which contains a scale model of the city of Tanis. According to legend, the headpiece would reveal the exact location of the Well of Souls, the chamber containing the Ark, by focusing daylight onto the city mock-up at a certain time of day. The Well of Souls ( Arabic: Bir el- Arweh) is the name of a natural Cave located immediately beneath the Sakhrah (the Foundation Stone in Although Sallah is nearly exposed and captured in the attempt, Indy successfully acquires the location. He and Sallah gather a small crew and begin to dig at the correct location. After several hours, they break through the roof of the buried Well of Souls. Jones is lowered to the floor of the temple and finds it infested with multitudes of poisonous Egyptian asps, of which he is deathly afraid. Common names: Sahara sand viper Avicenna viper more. Cerastes vipera is a venomous viper Species Ophidiophobia or Ophiophobia refers to the fear of Snakes Fear of snakes is sometimes called by a more general term Herpetophobia, fear of Reptiles After he and Sallah hoist the Ark out of the temple, Belloq and the Nazis appear and take possession of the Ark. Marion is tossed into the Well with Jones, and they are sealed in. The duo manage to escape, emerging aboveground in time to find a Luftwaffe flying wing being prepared to transport the Ark to Berlin. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. A flying wing is a Fixed-wing aircraft which has no definite Fuselage, with most of the crew payload and equipment being housed inside the main wing structure Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. After a brief fight, the plane is destroyed. The Ark is put on a truck to Cairo, where it will be shipped to Berlin. Stealing a horse, Jones pursues the convoy escorting the truck, seizes control of the vehicle and, after an extended pursuit, escapes with the Ark. That evening, Jones and Marion leave Sallah to escort the Ark to England onboard the tramp steamer Bantu Wind. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A Ship engaged in the tramp trade is one which does not have a fixed schedule or published ports of call

The next morning, a Nazi U-boat commanded by Belloq and Nazi officer Dietrich stops the ship. U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers Marion and the Ark are removed, while Jones covertly boards the U-boat. He follows Belloq and the Ark to an isolated island, where they plan to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to the Führer. Threatening to destroy the Ark with a rocket launcher, Jones demands that the Nazis free Marion. Belloq calls his bluff, claiming that Indy, as an archaeologist, wants to see it opened as badly as Belloq; Jones is forced to surrender. Marion and Indy are tied up while Belloq performs a ceremonial opening of the Ark. Spirits emerge from within; Indy, aware of the supernatural danger of looking at the opened Ark, warns Marion to close her eyes. Belloq and the Nazis, who do not look away, are violently killed by the Ark's supernatural powers, and the Ark closes itself once more with a crack of thunder. Back in Washington, D.C., the two Army intelligence men tell a suspicious Jones that "top men" are carefully studying the Ark. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D In reality, the Ark is sealed in a wooden crate and stored in a giant government warehouse filled with countless similar crates.

Production

Development

In 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith. George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter ^[2] Like Star Wars, it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the serials of the 1930s and 1940s. Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope (originally released as Star Wars) is a 1977 Space opera Serials, more specifically known as Movie serials or Film serials, were Short subjects originally shown in theaters in conjunction with a Feature ^[3] Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman, who worked with him for several weeks and came up with the Ark of the Covenant as the plot device. Philip Kaufman (born October 23, 1936) is an American Film director and Screenwriter from Chicago Illinois. The Ark of the Covenant (אָרוֹן הָבְרִית ʔārōn hāb’rīθ, Modern aron habrit) is described in the Bible as a sacred container wherein A plot device is an element introduced into a story solely to advance or resolve the plot of the story ^[4] Kaufman was told about the Ark by his dentist when he was a child. ^[5] The project was stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to direct The Outlaw Josey Wales. Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr (born May 31 1930 is a four-time Academy Award winning American Actor and Filmmaker. The Outlaw Josey Wales is a 1976 revisionist Western movie set at the end of the American Civil War directed ^[4] In late May 1977, Lucas was in Maui, trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars. The Island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727 Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope (originally released as Star Wars) is a 1977 Space opera Friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there, on holiday from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. Close Encounters of the Third Kind is a 1977 Science fiction film directed and written by Steven Spielberg. While building a sand castle at Mauna Kea,^[6] Spielberg expressed an interest in directing a James Bond film. Mauna Kea is a Dormant volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, one of five volcanoes which together form the Island of Hawaii. James Bond 007 is a Fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve Novels and two Short story Lucas convinced his friend Spielberg that he had conceived a character "better than James Bond" and explained the concept of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg loved it, calling it "a James Bond film without the hardware",^[7] although Spielberg told Lucas that the surname Smith was not right for the character, Lucas replied "OK. What about Jones?". Jones is a popular Family name of English origin that comes from the term son of John. Indiana was the name of Lucas's dog. ^[3]

The following year, Lucas focused on developing Raiders and the Star Wars sequel The Empire Strikes Back, during which Lawrence Kasdan and Frank Marshall joined the project as screenwriter and producer respectively. Star Wars Episode V The Empire Strikes Back is a 1980 Space opera Film directed by Irvin Kershner. Lawrence Kasdan (born 14 January, 1949) is an American movie producer, director and Screenwriter. Frank Wilson Marshall (born September 13, 1946) is a four-time Academy Award -nominated American movie producer and Between January 23-January 27, 1978 for nine hours a day, Lucas, Kasdan and Spielberg discussed the story and visual ideas. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Spielberg came up with Jones being chased by a boulder,^[3] and Lucas came up with a submarine, a monkey giving the Nazi salute, and Marion punching Jones in Nepal. The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß also known in Germany during World War II as the Deutscher Gruß (literally German Greeting) or in English as the Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. ^[7] Kasdan used a 100 page transcript of their conversations for his first script draft,^[8] which he worked on for six months. ^[3] Ultimately some of their ideas were too grand and had to be cut: a mine chase,^[9] an escape in Shanghai using a rolling gong as a shield,^[10] and a jump from an airplane in a raft, all of which made it into the prequel. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 period Adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. ^[3]

Spielberg and Lucas disagreed on the character: although Lucas saw him as a Bondian playboy, Kasdan and Spielberg felt the professor and adventurer elements of the character made him complex enough. Spielberg had darker visions of Jones, interpreting him as an alcoholic similar to Humphrey Bogart's character Fred C. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is John Huston 's 1948 Feature film adaptation of B This characterization fell away during the later drafts. ^[7] Spielberg also initially conceived of Toht with a robotic arm, which Lucas rejected as falling into science-fiction. Comic book artist Jim Steranko was also commissioned to produce original illustrations for pre-production, which heavily influenced Spielberg's decisions in both the look of the film and the character of Indiana Jones himself. James Steranko (born 5 November, 1938, Reading Pennsylvania, United States) is an American Graphic artist, Comic Dr (also Col Henry Walton Jones Jr, better known as Indiana Jones or Indy after his pet dog is a fictional Adventurer, Soldier ^[11]

As The Empire Strikes Back began post-production in September 1979, Lucas made a deal with Paramout Pictures to produce five Indiana Jones films. By April 1980, Kasdan's fifth draft was produced, and production was getting ready to shoot at Elstree Studios, with Lucas trying to keep costs down. Historically the name " Elstree Studios " refers to any of several Film studios that were based in the towns of Borehamwood and Elstree in ^[12] With four illustrators, Raiders of the Lost Ark was Spielberg's most storyboarded film of his career to date, further helping the film economically, and he and Lucas agreed on a tight schedule to stylistically follow the "quick and dirty" feel of the Saturday matinée serials. See also Pre-production Storyboards are graphic organizers such as a series of Illustrations or Images displayed in sequence for the purpose of ^[3] "We didn't do 30 or 40 takes — production; usually only four. It was like silent film — shoot only what you need, no waste," Spielberg said. "Had I had more time and money, it would have turned out a pretentious movie. " Lucas also directed some of the second unit. In Film, the second unit is a team that shoots Footage which is of lesser importance for the final Motion picture, as opposed to the first unit which shoots ^[13]

Filming

Filming began on June 23, 1980 at La Rochelle, France, for scenes involving the Nazi submarine,^[12] which was rented from the movie Das Boot. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) La Rochelle is a city in western France, and a Seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Das Boot (das boːt German for The Boat) is a 1981 feature film directed by Wolfgang Petersen, adapted from a novel of the same The U-boat pen was a genuine one that had survived from World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[3] The crew moved to Elstree Studios^[12] for scenes involving the Well of Souls, the interiors of the temple in the opening sequence and Marion Ravenwood's bar. Historically the name " Elstree Studios " refers to any of several Film studios that were based in the towns of Borehamwood and Elstree in The Well of Souls ( Arabic: Bir el- Arweh) is the name of a natural Cave located immediately beneath the Sakhrah (the Foundation Stone in Marion Ravenwood, also known as Marion Williams, is a Fictional character that first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark. ^[14] The Well of Souls required 7,000 snakes, though the only poisonous snakes on set were the cobras. Cobras ( are venomous Snakes of the family Elapidae, of several genera, but particularly Naja. However, one crew member was bitten by a python on set. ^[3] To shoot the scene where Indiana comes face-to-face with the cobra, a glass sheet was put between Ford and the animal, partially visible when the light hits it at a certain angle. In Geometry and Trigonometry, an angle (in full plane angle) is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common Endpoint, called ^[3] Unlike the character he portrayed, Ford does not actually have a fear of snakes; Spielberg was not afraid either, but seeing all the snakes on the set writhing around made him "want to puke". ^[3] The opening sequence featured live tarantulas: Alfred Molina had to have many put on him, but they did not move until a female tarantula was introduced. Tarantula is the common name for a group of hairy and often very large Spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae, of which approximately 900 species Alfred Molina (born 24 May 1953 is a Tony Award -nominated British / American Actor. A fibreglass boulder 22 feet in diameter was made for the scene where Indiana escapes the temple; Spielberg was so impressed by production designer Norman Reynolds' realization of his idea that he told Reynolds to increase the length of the boulder run by 50ft. Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre see Spelling differences) is material made from extremely fine Fibers of Glass. ^[15]

All of the scenes set in Egypt and the canyon where Indiana threatens to blow up the Ark were filmed in Tunisia; many of the locations were used in the Tatooine scenes from Star Wars, since many people in the location crew were the same for both films. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Intelligent lifeforms Humans &mdash Settlers Hutts &mdash Slug-like crime lords Jawas &mdash Short humanoid Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope (originally released as Star Wars) is a 1977 Space opera ^[3] Notably, that canyon was the exact same location wherein R2-D2 was attacked by Jawas. R2-D2 (called R2, or " Artoo " for short is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, an Astromech droid Falleen Falleen is race of light-green human-like reptilian people who come from world of Falleen in Midrim region ^[3] Filming there was a harsh experience due to the heat and disease. Several members of the cast and crew fell ill; Rhys-Davies in particular defecated in his costume during one shot. ^[3] Spielberg was never ill, as he only ate tinned foods from England. ^[3] Spielberg did not like the area and quickly pushed forward a scheduled six-week shoot to four-and-a-half weeks. Much was improvised there: the scene wherein Marion puts on her dress and attempts to leave Belloq's tent was improvised, as was the entire plane fight. During shooting of that scene, Ford tore his cruciate ligament in his left leg as a wheel went over his knee, but he did not accept medical help and simply put ice over it. ^[3] The fight scenes in the town were filmed in Kairouan; by then Ford was suffering from dysentery. Kairouan ( Arabic القيروان (also known as Kirwan, Al Qayrawan) is a Muslim holy city which ranks after Mecca, Medina Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood He had enough, and did not want to shoot a fight scene between Indiana and a swordsman. He said to Spielberg "Why don't we just shoot the sucker?" Spielberg agreed, scrapped the rest of the fight scene, and filmed the gag of Indiana quickly shooting the swordsman. ^[16] The truck chase was shot entirely by the second-unit who mostly followed Spielberg's storyboards, though they decided to add Indiana being dragged by the truck. Spielberg shot all the close-ups with Ford afterwards. ^[3]

The interior staircase set in Washington, D.C. was filmed inside of San Francisco's City Hall. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The City Hall of San Francisco, California opened in 1915 in its open space area in the city's Civic Center, is a Beaux-Arts monument to the brief " The University of the Pacific, located in Stockton, California, stands in for the exterior of the college where Jones works, while his classroom and the hall where he meets the American intelligence men was filmed at the Royal Masonic School for Girls in Hertfordshire, England. The University of the Pacific is a private university in Stockton California, originally affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Stockton is a City in California and the seat of San Joaquin County (the fifth largest agricultural county in the United States The Royal Masonic School for Girls is an independent school in Rickmansworth, England with both day and boarding pupils His home exteriors were filmed in the city of San Rafael, California. PLEASE DO NOT DELETE EMPTY FIELDS UNTIL JUNE 1 2007--THIS WILL TAKE A WHILE--> San Rafael (ˌsænrəˈfɛl originally sɑn rɑfɑˈɛl ^[14] The opening exteriors were filmed in Kauai, Hawaii, with Spielberg wrapping in September, finishing under schedule in 73 days, in contrast to his previous film, 1941. Kauai (in standard Hawaiian kauˈaʔi in Kauai- Ni{{okina}}ihau dialect; usually spelled Kauai outside the Hawaiian Islands and ˈkaʊɑɪ or /kaʊˈɑɪ/ 1941 is Steven Spielberg 's fourth theatrical film written by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale. ^[7][12] The Washington, D. C. exterior was not included in early edits and, although it appeared in early drafts of the script, was actually added later when it was realised that there was no resolution to Indy's relationship with Marion. ^[17] Shots of the Douglas DC-3 Indy flies on to Nepal were taken from Lost Horizon, while a street scene was cut from a shot in The Hindenburg. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Lost Horizon is a 1973 Musical film directed by Charles Jarrott and starring Peter Finch, John Gielgud, Liv Ullmann WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout ^[13]

Effects

Special effects were provided by Industrial Light & Magic. Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM) is a motion picture Visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas and is owned These largely featured in the climactic sequence where the Ark of the Covenant is opened and spirits come out to attack the Nazis. The melting of Toht's head was done by exposing a wax model of Ronald Lacey's head to a heat lamp with an under cranked camera, while Dietrich's crushed head was a hollow model from which air was withdrawn. To avoid an R rating, fire was double exposed over Belloq's exploding head. The spirits were shot underwater for a ghostly look. ^[18]

Ben Burtt was sound effects supervisor, picking a 30-30 Winchester rifle for the sound of Jones' gun; for the various punching noises throughout the film, leather jackets and baseball gloves were whacked by a baseball bat to continue the comic-bookish feel of the film. Benjamin Burtt Jr (born July 12, 1948) is a four time Academy Award-winning Sound designer and sound editor for many famous and noteworthy films A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative For the snakes in the Well of Souls sequence, cheese casserole and sponges were used for the slithering, while lifting a toilet tank was used for the sound of opening the Ark. Burtt used a synthesizer for the sounds of the Ark, and mixed dolphins' and sea lions' screams for those of the spirits within. ^[19]

Cast

• Harrison Ford stars as Indiana Jones, an adventurous archaeology professor who often embarks on perilous adventures to obtain rare artifacts. Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an Academy Award - and BAFTA -nominated as well as Golden Globe -winning American Dr (also Col Henry Walton Jones Jr, better known as Indiana Jones or Indy after his pet dog is a fictional Adventurer, Soldier Jones initially claims he has no belief in the supernatural, only to have his skepticism challenged when he discovers the Ark. Spielberg suggested casting Harrison Ford as Jones, but Lucas objected, stating that he did not want Ford to become his "Bobby De Niro" or "that guy I put in all my movies", a reference to Martin Scorsese, who often worked with De Niro. Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an Academy Award - and BAFTA -nominated as well as Golden Globe -winning American Robert Mario De Niro Jr (born August 17 1943 is a two-time Academy Award -winning American Film Actor, director and producer ^[3] Desiring a lesser known actor, Lucas persuaded Spielberg to help him search for a new talent. Among the actors who auditioned were Tim Matheson, Peter Coyote, John Shea and Tom Selleck. Tim Matheson (born Timothy Lewis Matthieson on December 31, 1947) is an American Actor. Peter Coyote (born October 10, 1941) is an American actor and author and has narrated many documentaries and Audio books. John Victor Shea III (born April 14, 1949) is an American Emmy award -winning Actor and director who has starred on stage television Thomas William Selleck (born January 29 1945 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American Actor, Screenwriter and Selleck was originally cast in the role, but he was unavailable for the part because of his commitment to the television series Magnum, P.I.^[3] In June 1980, three weeks away from filming,^[20] Spielberg persuaded Lucas to cast Ford after producers Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy were impressed by his performance as Han Solo in The Empire Strikes Back. Magnum PI is an American Television show starring Tom Selleck as Thomas Magnum, a fictional Private investigator Kathleen Kennedy (b 5 June 1953 in Berkeley California) is a five-time Academy Award nominated American movie industry executive Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars universe. He was played by Harrison Ford in Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope, ^[12]

• Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood, a spirited, tough old flame of Indiana's. Karen Jane Allen (born October 5, 1951) is an American Actress, best known for her role as Marion Ravenwood in Raiders Marion Ravenwood, also known as Marion Williams, is a Fictional character that first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark. She is the daughter of Abner Ravenwood, Indiana Jones' mentor, and owns a bar in Nepal. Allen was cast after auditioning with Matheson and John Shea. John Victor Shea III (born April 14, 1949) is an American Emmy award -winning Actor and director who has starred on stage television Spielberg was interested in her, as he had seen her performance in National Lampoon's Animal House. Sean Young had previously auditioned for the part,^[3] while Debra Winger turned it down. Sean Young (born November 20, 1959) is an American actress. Early life Young was born as Mary Sean Young in Debra Winger (born May 16, 1955) is an Academy Award -nominated American Actress. ^[21]

• Paul Freeman as Dr. Paul Freeman (born January 18 1943) is a British film and television Actor. René Belloq. This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series. Jones' arch nemesis, Belloq is also an archaeologist after the Ark, but he is working for the Nazis. He intends to harness the power of the Ark himself before Hitler could, but he is killed by the supernatural powers of the Ark after opening it when his head explodes. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately

• Ronald Lacey as Major Toht. Ronald Lacey ( 28 September 1935 – 15 May 1991) was an English actor This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series. Toht is an interrogator for the Nazis, who tries to torture Marion Ravenwood for the headpiece of the Staff of Ra. He only manages to obtain one side of it through a burn in his hand. He is killed by the supernatural powers of the Ark when his face melts. Lacey was cast as he reminded Spielberg of Peter Lorre. Peter Lorre ( June 26 1904 &ndash March 23 1964) born László Löwenstein, was a Hungarian - Austrian ^[3] Klaus Kinski was offered the role, but he hated the script. Klaus Kinski ( October 18, 1926 &ndash November 23, 1991) was a German Actor, famous for his ability to project onscreen ^[22]

• John Rhys-Davies as Sallah. John Rhys-Davies (born May 5, 1944) is a British Actor and vocal actor born in England Sallah (صلاح is a Fictional character, played by John Rhys-Davies in two of the four Indiana Jones movies Raiders of the Lost Ark and Sallah is "the best digger in Cairo", and has been hired by the Nazis to help them excavate Tanis. Although he is suspicious of the Ark's power, he is an old friend of Indiana Jones, and agrees to help him obtain the Ark. Initially, Spielberg approached Danny DeVito to play Sallah, but could not play the part due to scheduling conflicts. Daniel Michael DeVito Jr (born November 17 1944 is an American Actor, director and producer, who first gained prominence for his portrayal Spielberg cast Rhys-Davies after seeing his performance in Shogun. Shōgun is an American Television Miniseries based on the namesake novel by James Clavell. ^[3]

• Denholm Elliott as Dr. Denholm Mitchell Elliott, CBE (31 May 1922 &ndash 6 October 1992 was a distinguished English Actor of stage and Screen, with Marcus Brody. This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series. Marcus is a museum curator, and buys whatever artifacts Indiana obtains for display in his museum. The US governmental agents approach him in regards to recovering the Ark, and he sets up a meeting between them and Indiana Jones. Spielberg hired Elliott as he was a big fan of him. ^[3]

• Wolf Kahler as Colonel Dietrich. This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series. Dietrich is a ruthless Nazi officer leading the operation to secure the Ark. He is killed by the supernatural powers of the Ark when his head implodes.

• Alfred Molina, in his film debut, as Satipo. Alfred Molina (born 24 May 1953 is a Tony Award -nominated British / American Actor. This is a list of characters in the ''Indiana Jones'' series. Satipo is one of Jones's guides through the South American jungle. He betrays Jones and steals the golden idol, but is killed by one of the traps in the temple.

Producer Frank Marshall played a pilot in the airplane fight sequence. Frank Wilson Marshall (born September 13, 1946) is a four-time Academy Award -nominated American movie producer and The stunt team was ill, so he took the role instead. The result was three days in a hot cockpit, which he joked was over "140 degrees". ^[3] Pat Roach plays the large mechanic with whom Jones brawls in this sequence, as well as Toht's henchman in Marion's bar. Francis Patrick "Pat" Roach ( May 19, 1937 — July 17, 2004) was an English Actor and wrestler from He had the rare opportunity to be killed twice in one movie. ^[23] Special-effects supervisor Dennis Muren made a cameo on the plane Indiana Jones takes to Nepal. Dennis E Muren, ASC (born November 1, 1946) is an American Film Special effects artist most notable for his work on the A cameo role or cameo appearance (often shortened to just cameo) is a brief appearance of a known person in a work of the Performing arts, such as Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. ^[18]

Soundtrack

Main article: Raiders of the Lost Ark (soundtrack)

John Williams composed the score for Raiders of the Lost Ark, which most notably features the well-known "Raiders' March. The soundtrack to Raiders of the Lost Ark was released by Columbia Records in 1981 " This piece came to symbolize Indiana Jones and was later used in Williams' scores for the other three films. Williams originally wrote two different candidates for Indy's theme, but Spielberg enjoyed them so much that he insisted that both be used together in what became the Raiders' March. ^[24] The alternately eerie and apocalyptic theme for the Ark of the Covenant is also heard frequently in the score, with a more romantic melody representing Marion and, more broadly, her relationship with Indy. The score as a whole received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Score, but lost to Vangelis's iconic synth-based score for Chariots of Fire. Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou (Born March 29, 1943 in Volos, Greece) ( Greek: Ευάγγελος Οδυσσέας Παπαθανασίου For the instrumental theme see Chariots of Fire (instrumental.

Release

Reception

When released on June 12, 1981 the $20 million film was a huge success, easily the highest grossing film (earning $384 million worldwide) of that year, and, at the time, one of the highest-grossing movies ever made. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 ^[25] It was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, in 1982 and won four (Best Sound, Best Film Editing, Best Visual Effects, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration). "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. It also won a Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing, bringing the total Oscars to five. It won numerous other awards, including a Grammy and Best Picture at the People's Choice Awards. The Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture Television or Other Visual Media has been awarded since 1960 Note This article does not pertain to the People's Choice Awards presented at the British Comedy Awards show in the United Kingdom, or to an awards show Spielberg was also nominated for a Golden Globe. This page lists the winners and nominees for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, since its institution in 1943 ^[26]

The film opened to mostly positive reviews from critics. In his review for the New York Times, Vincent Canby praised the film, calling it, "one of the most deliriously funny, ingenious and stylish American adventure movies ever made. Vincent Canby ( July 27 1924 &ndash September 15 2000) was an American film critic. "^[27] Roger Ebert in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "Two things, however, make Raiders of the Lost Ark more than just a technological triumph: its sense of humor and the droll style of its characters [. Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. . . ] We find ourselves laughing in surprise, in relief, in incredulity at the movie's ability to pile one incident upon another in an inexhaustible series of inventions. "^[28] He later added it to his list of "Great Movies". ^[29] Stephen Klain of Variety also praised the film. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman However, he felt that the film was surprisingly violent and bloody for a PG-rated film. ^[30] Rolling Stone said the film was "the ultimate Saturday action matinee–a film so funny and exciting it can be enjoyed any day of the week. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published "^[31] Bruce Williamson of Playboy claimed: "There's more excitement in the first ten minutes of Raiders than any movie I have seen all year. Playboy is an American Men's magazine, founded in Chicago Illinois, by Hugh Hefner and his associates which has grown into Playboy By the time the explosive misadventures end, any movie-goer worth his salt ought to be exhausted. "^[32] However, Pauline Kael found the film "impersonal"^[29] and the fast pacing was "like being put through a Cuisinart. Pauline Kael (June 19 1919 &ndash September 3 2001 was an American Film critic who wrote for The New Yorker magazine from 1968 to 1991 Cuisinart is a brand of small kitchen appliances especially the Food processor of the same name one of the first to become popular in the United States "^[32] Today, the film is considered to be a classic of the action and adventure genres by many contemporary critics and carries a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. ^[33]

Impact

Following the box office success of Raiders, two more feature films were produced: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, a prequel, and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 period Adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 Adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg from a story co-written by Executive producer A TV series, entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, was also spun off from this film, and details the early years of the character. The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, also known as The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, is an Emmy Award -winning American Another sequel, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released on May 22, 2008. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Numerous other books, comics, and video games have also been produced. The Indiana Jones franchise has produced a large number of Comic books.

In 1998, the American Film Institute placed the film at number 60 on its top 100 films of the first century of cinema. The American Film Institute ( AFI) is an independent Non-profit organization created by the National Endowment for the Arts, which was established in 1967 In 1999, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress The National Film Registry is the registry of Films selected by the United States National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of Indiana Jones has become an icon, being listed as Entertainment Weekly's third favorite action hero, while noting "some of the greatest action scenes ever filmed are strung together like pearls" in this film. Entertainment Weekly (sometimes abbreviated as EW) is a Magazine published by Time Inc ^[34]

An amateur shot-for-shot remake was made by Chris Strompolos, Eric Zala and Jayson Lamb, then children in Ocean Springs, Mississippi. Ocean Springs is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi ( USA) about east of Biloxi. It took the boys seven years to finish, from 1982-1989. After production of the film, called Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Adaptation, wrapped in 1989, it was shelved and forgotten until 2003, where it was discovered by Eli Roth^[35] and acclaimed by Spielberg himself^[36] who congratulated the boys on their hard work and said he looked forward to seeing their names on the big screen. Eli Raphael Roth (born April 18, 1972) is an American Film director, producer, Writer and Actor. ^[37] Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures have purchased the trio's life rights and will be producing a film based on their adventures making their remake. Scott Rudin (born July 14, 1958) is an Academy Award -winning American Film producer and a Tony Award -winning Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. ^[38]

Merchandise

The only video game based exclusively on this movie is Raiders of the Lost Ark, released in 1982 by Atari for their Atari 2600 console. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Raiders of the Lost Ark is a Video game created for the Atari 2600 and based on the movie of the same name. Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. The Atari 2600 is a Video game console released in October 1977 The first third of the video game Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures, released in 1994 by JVC for Nintendo's Super Nintendo Entertainment System, is based entirely on the film. Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures is a game based on the Indiana Jones trilogy released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994 developed is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Kyoto Japan founded on The Super Nintendo Entertainment System or Super NES (also called SNES and Super Nintendo) is a 16-bit Video game console that was Several sequences from the film are reproduced (the boulder run and the showdown with the Cairo Swordsman among them); however, several inconsistencies with the film are present in the game, such as Nazi soldiers and bats being present in the Well of Souls sequence, for example. The game was developed by LucasArts and Factor 5. LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC is an American Video game developer and publisher. Factor 5 is an independent Software and Video game developer. In Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine a bonus level brings Indy back to 'Peru, South America' from this movie. Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine is a Video game for the Nintendo 64, Microsoft Windows and Game Boy Color based on the character He can explore the cave and he discovers another hidden idol. LucasArts released Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures on June 3, 2008 in North America and June 6, 2008 in Europe to coincide with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Lego Indiana Jones The Original Adventures is a 2008 video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by LucasArts. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Lego also released several building sets based on the film in early 2008. Lego, officially trademarked LEGO, is a line of construction Toys manufactured by the Lego Group, a privately Lego Indiana Jones is a Lego theme based on the Indiana Jones film series

In 1981, Kenner released a 12-inch doll of Indiana Jones, and the following year they released nine action figures of the characters in the film, three playsets as well as toys of the Nazi truck and Indy's horse. This article is about the toy company For the city see Kenner Louisiana. Playsets are themed collections of similar toys designed to work together to enact some action or event They also released a board game. A board game is a Game in which counters or pieces that are placed on removed from or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game In 1984, miniature metal versions of the characters were released for a role playing game, and in 1995 Micro Machines released die-cast toys of the vehicles in the film. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Micro Machines The Original Scale Miniatures (called either "Micro Machines" or simply "Micros" were a line of toys originally made by Galoob (now part The term die-cast toy here refers to any toy or collectible model produced by using the Die casting method ^[39] Hasbro released action figures based on the film, ranging from 3 to 12-inches, to coincide with Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull on May 1, 2008. Hasbro ( is an American Toy company It is one of the largest toy makers in the world second only to the toy giant Mattel. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[40]

Home video

The film was released on VHS in pan and scan only and on laserdisc in both pan and scan and widescreen. Pan and scan is one method of adjusting Widescreen film images so that they can be shown within the proportions of a Standard definition 43 aspect ratio The Laserdisc (LD is an obsolete Home video disc format and was the first commercial Optical disc storage medium A widescreen image is a film computer or television image with a wider and shorter aspect ratio than the standard Academy frame developed during the Classical For its 1999 VHS re-issue, the film was remastered in THX and for the first time was made available in widescreen. THX is a trade name of a high-fidelity sound reproduction standard for movie theaters screening rooms home theaters computer speakers gaming consoles and car audio systems The outer package was retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark to correlate with the film's prequel and sequel. The subsequent DVD release in 2003 features this title as well. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is The title in the film itself remains unchanged, even in the restored DVD print. In the DVD, the glass partition separating Indy from the cobra in the Well of Souls was digitally removed. ^[41] The film (along with Temple of Doom and Last Crusade) was re-released on DVD with additional extra features not included on the previous set on May 13, 2008. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

References

Further reading

• Black, Campbell (September 1987). Raiders of the Lost Ark. Ballantine Books. The Ballantine Publishing Group, better known as Ballantine Books, is a major American book Publisher founded in 1952 by Ian Ballantine. ISBN 0345353757.  
• Kasdan, Lawrence (1981). Lawrence Kasdan (born 14 January, 1949) is an American movie producer, director and Screenwriter. Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Illustrated Screenplay. Ballantine Books. The Ballantine Publishing Group, better known as Ballantine Books, is a major American book Publisher founded in 1952 by Ian Ballantine. ISBN 034530327X.  
• Taylor, Derek (August 1981). Derek Taylor ( May 7, 1932 &ndash September 8, 1997) was a British journalist best known as the long-serving press agent for the hugely The Making of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345297253.  

External links

• IndianaJones.com, Lucasfilm's official Indiana Jones site
• Raiders of the Lost Ark at the Internet Movie Database
• Raiders of the Lost Ark at Allmovie
• Raiders of the Lost Ark at Metacritic
• Raiders of the Lost Ark at Rotten Tomatoes
• Raiders of the Lost Ark at Box Office Mojo
• The Indiana Jones Wiki, Indiana Jones fansite