Second edition cover of "Maple Leaf Rag". This article is about the form of music and dance For the musical notation program see Cakewalk (sequencer. The jig (port is a Folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type popular in Ireland. American march music is March music written and/or performed in the United States of America The 1890s were sometimes referred to as the " Mauve Decade" because William Henry Perkin 's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers The banjo is a Stringed instrument developed by enslaved Africans in the United States, adapted from several African instruments Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Stride, also known as New York ragtime, is a jazz piano style where the pianist's left hand may play a four-beat pulse with a bass note or tenth interval on the first and third Novelty Piano is a Genre of piano music that was popular during the 1920's Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States It is one of the most famous rags.

Ragtime (alternately spelled Rag-time) is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz^[1]. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States It began as dance music in popular music settings years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. A march, as a Musical genre, is a piece of music with a strong regular rhythm which in origin was expressly written for marching to and most frequently performed by a Military Meter or metre is a concept related to an underlying division of time characteristic of western music In Music, syncopation includes a variety of Rhythms which are in some way unexpected in that they deviate from the strict succession of regularly spaced A composition in this style is called a "rag". A rag written in 3/4 time is a "ragtime waltz".

Ragtime is not a "time" (meter) in the same sense that march time is 2/4 meter and waltz time is 3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. Meter or metre is a concept related to an underlying division of time characteristic of western music The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents occur between metrical beats. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the "King of Ragtime", called the effect "weird and intoxicating". Scott Joplin (between June 1867 and January 1868 &ndash April 1 1917 was an American musician and Composer of Ragtime music He also used the term "swing" in describing how to play ragtime music: "Play slowly until you catch the swing. . . ". ^[2] The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of Jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and had solidified as a distinctive style by 1935 in the United Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as "ragging" the piece. Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number.

According to the New Grove Dictionary of Jazz the musical form was originally called "ragged time" which was elided to "ragtime" (elision). Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier

Historical context

Ragtime originated in African American musical communities, in the late 19th century, and descended from the jigs and marches played by all-black bands common in all Northern cities with black populations. African American music (also called black music) is an umbrella term given to a range of Music and Musical genres emerging from or influenced by the The jig (port is a Folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type popular in Ireland. A march, as a Musical genre, is a piece of music with a strong regular rhythm which in origin was expressly written for marching to and most frequently performed by a Military ^[3] By the start of the 20th century it became widely popular throughout North America and was listened and danced to, performed, and written by people of many different subcultures. A distinctly American musical style, ragtime may be considered a synthesis of African syncopation and European classical music, though this description is oversimplified.

Joseph Lamb's 1916 "The Top Liner Rag", a classic rag. For Sir Joseph Lamb 1930s Staffordshire politician see Joseph Lamb (politician Sensation Rag Sheet Music Classic Rag (or classical ragtime) is a term used to describe the style of Ragtime composition pioneered by Scott Joplin and the Missouri school of ragtime

Some early piano rags are entitled marches, and "jig" and "rag" were used interchangeably in the mid-1890s^[4] and ragtime was also preceded by its close relative the cakewalk. This article is about the form of music and dance For the musical notation program see Cakewalk (sequencer. In 1895, black entertainer Ernest Hogan published two of the earliest sheet music rags, one of which ("All Coons Look Alike to Me") eventually sold a million copies. Ernest Hogan (born Ernest Reuben Crowders, 1865 - 1909 was the first African American entertainer to produce and star in a Broadway show ( The Sheet music is a hand-written or printed form of Musical notation; like its analogs -- books pamphlets etc ^[5] As fellow Black musician Tom Fletcher said, Hogan was the "first to put on paper the kind of rhythm that was being played by non-reading musicians. "^[6] While the song's success helped introduce the country to ragtime rhythms, its use of racial slurs created a number of derogatory imitation tunes, known as "coon songs" because of their use of extremely racist and stereotypical images of blacks. Coon songs were a genre of music popular in the United States from 1880 that presented a Racist and stereotyped image of African List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group In Hogan's later years he admitted shame and a sense of "race betrayal" for the song while also expressing pride in helping bring ragtime to a larger audience. ^[7]

The emergence of mature ragtime is usually dated to 1897, the year in which several important early rags were published. In 1899, Scott Joplin's Maple Leaf Rag was published, which became a great hit and demonstrated more depth and sophistication than earlier ragtime. Scott Joplin (between June 1867 and January 1868 &ndash April 1 1917 was an American musician and Composer of Ragtime music The "Maple Leaf Rag" (copyright registered September 18, 1899) is an early Ragtime composition for piano by Scott Joplin. Ragtime was one of the main influences on the early development of jazz (along with the blues). The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Some artists, like Jelly Roll Morton, were present and performed both ragtime and jazz styles during the period the two genres overlapped. Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton ( ca September 20, 1885 or October 20, 1890 – July 10, 1941) was an Jazz largely surpassed ragtime in mainstream popularity in the early 1920s, although ragtime compositions continue to be written up to the present, and periodic revivals of popular interest in ragtime occurred in the 1950s and the 1970s.

Some authorities consider ragtime to be a form of classical music. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music The heyday of ragtime predated the widespread availability of sound recording. Like classical music, and unlike jazz, classical ragtime was and is primarily a written tradition, being distributed in sheet music rather than through recordings or by imitation of live performances. Sheet music is a hand-written or printed form of Musical notation; like its analogs -- books pamphlets etc Ragtime music was also distributed via piano rolls for player pianos. A piano roll is the music Storage medium used to operate the Player piano, pianola or a Reproducing piano. A folk ragtime tradition also existed before and during the period of classical ragtime (a designation largely created by Scott Joplin's publisher John Stark), manifesting itself mostly through string bands, banjo and mandolin clubs (which experienced a burst of popularity during the early 20th Century), and the like. Folk ragtime is a subgenre of Ragtime, a distinctly American music Scott Joplin (between June 1867 and January 1868 &ndash April 1 1917 was an American musician and Composer of Ragtime music John Stillwell Stark (April 11 1841 &ndash November 20 1927 was a United States Publisher of Ragtime Music.

A form known as novelty piano (or novelty ragtime) emerged as the traditional rag was fading in popularity. Novelty Piano is a Genre of piano music that was popular during the 1920's Where traditional ragtime depended on amateur pianists and sheet music sales, the novelty rag took advantage of new advances in piano-roll technology and the phonograph record to permit a more complex, pyrotechnic, performance-oriented style of rag to be heard. Chief among the novelty rag composers is Zez Confrey, whose "Kitten on the Keys" popularized the style in 1921. Edward Elzear "Zez" Confrey ( April 3, 1895 - November 22, 1971) was an American Composer and performer of

Ragtime also served as the roots for stride piano, a more improvisational piano style popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Stride, also known as New York ragtime, is a jazz piano style where the pianist's left hand may play a four-beat pulse with a bass note or tenth interval on the first and third Elements of ragtime found their way into much of the American popular music of the early 20th century. It also played a central role in the development of the musical style later referred to as "Piedmont blues;" indeed, much of the music played by such artists of the genre, such as Reverend Gary Davis, Blind Boy Fuller, Elizabeth Cotten, and Etta Baker, could be referred to as "ragtime guitar. The Piedmont blues (also known as Piedmont fingerstyle or East Coast' blues) is a type of Blues music characterized by a unique fingerpicking method on the Reverend Gary Davis, also Blind Gary Davis, ( April 30, 1896 &ndash May 5, 1972) was a Blues and gospel singer Blind Boy Fuller (born Fulton Allen) ( July 10, 1907 - February 13, 1941) was an American Blues Guitarist Elizabeth "Libba" Cotten ( January 5, 1895 – June 29, 1987) was an American blues and folk Musician. Note For the African American Civil rights activist see Ella Baker. "^[8]

Although most ragtime was composed for piano, transcriptions for other instruments and ensembles are common, notably including Gunther Schuller's arrangements of Joplin's rags. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers Gunther Schuller (born November 22 1925) is an American Composer and horn player Occasionally ragtime was originally scored for ensembles (particularly dance bands and brass bands), or as songs. A brass band is a Musical group generally consisting entirely of Brass instruments, most often with a percussion section Joplin had long-standing ambitions for a synthesis of the worlds of ragtime and opera, to which end the opera Treemonisha was written; but it was never performed in his lifetime. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Treemonisha is an opera composed by the famed African-American Ragtime composer Scott Joplin. In fact the score was lost for decades, then rediscovered in 1970; it has been performed in numerous productions since then. An earlier opera by Joplin, A Guest of Honor, has been lost.

Styles of ragtime

Shoe Tickler Rag, cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell.

Ragtime pieces came in a number of different styles during the years of its popularity and appeared under a number of different descriptive names. It is related to several earlier styles of music, has close ties with later styles of music, and was associated with a few musical "fads" of the period such as the foxtrot. FoxTrot is an American Comic strip written and illustrated by Bill Amend. Many of the terms associated with ragtime have inexact definitions, and are defined differently by different experts; the definitions are muddled further by the fact that publishers often labelled pieces for the fad of the moment rather than the true style of the composition. There is even disagreement about the term "ragtime" itself; experts such as David Jasen and Trebor Tichenor choose to exclude ragtime songs from the definition but include novelty piano and stride piano (a modern perspective), while Edward A. Berlin includes ragtime songs and excludes the later styles (which is closer to how ragtime was viewed originally). Many ragtime pianists, Eubie Blake and Mark Birnbaum among them, include the songs and the later styles as ragtime. The terms below should not be considered exact, but merely an attempt to pin down the general meaning of the concept.

• Cakewalk - A pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1904. This article is about the form of music and dance For the musical notation program see Cakewalk (sequencer. The music is intended to be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize is a cake. Many early rags are cakewalks.
• Characteristic march - A march incorporating idiomatic touches (such as syncopation) supposedly characteristic of the race of their subject, which is usually African-Americans. Many early rags are characteristic marches.
• Two-step - A pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1911. A large number of rags are two-steps.
• Slow drag - Another dance form associated with early ragtime. A modest number of rags are slow drags.
• Coon song - A pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. Coon songs were a genre of music popular in the United States from 1880 that presented a Racist and stereotyped image of African A song with crude, racist lyrics often sung by white performers in blackface. Gradually died out in favor of the ragtime song. Strongly associated with ragtime in its day, it is one of the things that gave ragtime a bad name.
• Ragtime song - The vocal form of ragtime, more generic in theme than the coon song. Though this was the form of music most commonly considered "ragtime" in its day, many people today prefer to put it in the "popular music" category. Irving Berlin was the most commercially successful composer of ragtime songs, and his "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (1911) was the single most widely performed and recorded piece of this sort, even though it contains virtually no ragtime syncopation. Irving Berlin (11 May 1888 &ndash 22 September 1989 was a Russian-born American Composer and Lyricist, and one of the most prolific American songwriters " Alexander's Ragtime Band " is the name of a song by Irving Berlin. Gene Greene was a famous singer in this style. Eugene Delbert Greene ( June 9 1881 &ndash April 5 1930) better known as Gene Greene was an American Entertainer
• Folk ragtime - A name often used to describe ragtime that originated from small towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least sounded as if they did. Folk ragtime is a subgenre of Ragtime, a distinctly American music Folk rags often have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training.
• Classic rag - A name used to describe the Missouri-style ragtime popularized by Scott Joplin, James Scott, and others. Classic Rag (or classical ragtime) is a term used to describe the style of Ragtime composition pioneered by Scott Joplin and the Missouri school of ragtime
• Fox-trot - A dance fad which began in 1913. FoxTrot is an American Comic strip written and illustrated by Bill Amend. Fox-trots contain a dotted-note rhythm different from that of ragtime, but which nonetheless was incorporated into many late rags.
• Novelty piano - A piano composition emphasizing speed and complexity which emerged after World War I. Novelty Piano is a Genre of piano music that was popular during the 1920's It is almost exclusively the domain of white composers.
• Stride piano - A style of piano which emerged after World War I, developed by and dominated by black East coast pianists (James P. Johnson, Fats Waller and Willie 'The Lion' Smith). Stride, also known as New York ragtime, is a jazz piano style where the pianist's left hand may play a four-beat pulse with a bass note or tenth interval on the first and third James Price Johnson ( February 1 1894 &ndash November 17 1955) was an African-American Pianist and Composer. Fats Waller (born Thomas Wright Waller on May 21, 1904 &mdash December 15, 1943) was an American jazz pianist William Henry Joseph Bonaparte Bertholoff Smith ( 23 November, 1893 &ndash 18 April, 1973) aka "The Lion", was an Together with novelty piano, it may be considered a successor to ragtime, but is not considered by all to be "genuine" ragtime. Johnson composed the song that is arguably most associated with the Roaring Twenties, "Charleston. " A recording of Johnson playing the song appears on the compact disc, James P. Johnson: Harlem Stride Piano (Jazz Archives No. 111, EPM, Paris, 1997). Johnson's recorded version has a ragtime flavor.

James Scott's 1904 "On the Pike", which refers to the midway of the St. Louis World's Fair of 1904. James Sylvester Scott (February 12 1885 &ndash August 30 1938 was an African-American Ragtime Composer, regarded as one of the three most important The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the Saint Louis World's Fair, was an international exposition held in St

Ragtime revivals

In the early 1940s many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on 78 RPM records. Old numbers written for piano were rescored for jazz instruments by jazz musicians, which gave the old style a new sound. The most famous recording of this period is Pee Wee Hunt's version of Euday L. Bowman's Twelfth Street Rag. Euday Louis Bowman (born November 9, 1887 in Fort Worth - May 26, 1949 in New York) was an American pianist

A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s. A wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded. Much of the ragtime recorded in this period is presented in a light-hearted novelty style, looked to with nostalgia as the product of a supposedly more innocent time. A number of popular recordings featured "prepared pianos," playing rags on pianos with tacks on the keys and the instrument deliberately somewhat out of tune, supposedly to simulate the sound of a piano in an old honky tonk. A honky tonk (also called a honkatonk, honkey-tonk, or tonk) is a type of bar with musical entertainment that is common in the Southwestern

Three events brought forward a different kind of ragtime revival in the 1970s. First, pianist Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Scott Joplin's work on Nonesuch Records, which was nominated for a Grammy in the "Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist(s) without Orchestra" category^[9] in 1971. Joshua Rifkin (born April 22, 1944 in New York) is an American conductor, keyboard player and musicologist. Nonesuch Records is an American Record label, owned by Warner Music Group and distributed through WEA International with business affairs handled The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences This recording reintroduced Joplin's music to the public in the manner the composer had intended, not as a nostalgic stereotype but as serious, respectable music. Second, the New York Public Library released a two-volume set of "The Collected Works of Scott Joplin," which renewed interest in Joplin among musicians and prompted new stagings of Joplin's opera Treemonisha. The New York Public Library ( NYPL) is one of the leading public libraries of the world and is one of America's most significant Research libraries. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Treemonisha is an opera composed by the famed African-American Ragtime composer Scott Joplin. Finally, with the release of the motion picture The Sting in 1973, which had a Marvin Hamlisch soundtrack of Joplin tunes, ragtime was brought to a wide audience. The Sting is a 1973 Caper film set in September 1936 and revolving around a complicated plot by two professional grifters ( Paul Marvin Frederick Hamlisch (born June 2, 1944) is an American Composer. Hamlisch's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag The Entertainer was a top 40 hit in 1974.

In 1998, an adaption of E. L. Doctorow's historic novel, Ragtime was produced on Broadway. With music by Stephen Flaherty and lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, the show featured several rags as well as songs in other musical genres.

In modern times, younger musicians have again begun to find ragtime, and incorporate it into their musical repertoires. Such acts include The Kitchen Syncopators, Inkwell Rhythm Makers, The Gallus Brothers and the not-quite as young Baby Gramps. Baby Gramps is a Steel guitar performer who though born in Miami, Florida, has been based in the Northwest USA for at least the last 40 years

Ragtime composers

Scott Joplin

By far the most famous ragtime composer was Scott Joplin. A list of Ragtime Composers including a famous or characteristic composition Scott Joplin (between June 1867 and January 1868 &ndash April 1 1917 was an American musician and Composer of Ragtime music Joseph Lamb and James Scott are, together with Joplin, acknowledged as the three most sophisticated ragtime composers. For Sir Joseph Lamb 1930s Staffordshire politician see Joseph Lamb (politician Sensation Rag Sheet Music James Sylvester Scott (February 12 1885 &ndash August 30 1938 was an African-American Ragtime Composer, regarded as one of the three most important Some rank Artie Matthews as belonging with this distinguished company. Artie Matthews ( November 15, 1888 - October 25, 1958) was a Songwriter, Pianist, and Ragtime composer Other notable ragtime composers included May Aufderheide, Eubie Blake, George Botsford, Zez Confrey, Ben Harney, Charles L. Johnson, Luckey Roberts, Paul Sarebresole, Wilbur Sweatman, and Tom Turpin. May Frances Aufderheide ( May 21 1888 - September 1 1972) was an American composer of Ragtime music James Hubert Blake ( February 7, 1887 &ndash February 12 1983) was a Composer, Lyricist, and pianist of Ragtime George Botsford ( February 24, 1874 - February 11, 1949) was an American composer of Ragtime and other forms of music Edward Elzear "Zez" Confrey ( April 3, 1895 - November 22, 1971) was an American Composer and performer of Benjamin Robertson "Ben" Harney ( 6 March, 1872 – 2 March, 1938) was a United States of America Songwriter Charles Leslie Johnson ( December 3, 1876 - December 28, 1950) was an American Composer of Ragtime and Popular Charles Luckeyeth Roberts, better known as Luckey Roberts ( 7 August, 1887 – 5 February, 1968) was a Composer and Paul Sarebresole (May 1875 - October 3, 1911) was an early Composer of Ragtime Music. Wilbur C Sweatman ( Brunswick Missouri, February 7 1882 - New York City, March 9, 1961) was an African-American Thomas Million John Turpin ( November 18, 1871 – August 13, 1922) was an African-American composer of Ragtime music

Modern ragtime composers include William Bolcom, William Albright, David Thomas Roberts, Frank French, Trebor Tichenor, Mark Birnbaum, Reginald R. Robinson, John Roache, Tom Brier, and Warren Trachtman. William Elden Bolcom (born May 26 1938 is an American Composer and pianist. William Albright may refer to William F Albright (1891–1971 evangelical Methodist archaeologist biblical authority linguist and expert on ceramics David Thomas Roberts (born January 16, 1955 in Moss Point Mississippi) is an American composer and musician known primarily as a modern Frank French, drummer of Sacramento CA Former member of a number of U Mark Birnbaum (born 1952 is an American Musician. A classically-trained Composer and Pianist, and a Television personality Reginald R Robinson, born October 19 1972 is a noted composer and performer of Ragtime music John Edward Roache (1940 - March 3rd 1999 was an accomplished Pianist, and prolific MIDI sequencer exponent and composer of Ragtime; notable for

Quotations

"There are a great many colored people who are ashamed of the cake-walk, but I think they ought to be proud of it. It is my opinion that the colored people of this country have done four things which refute the oft-advanced theory that they are an absolutely inferior race, which demonstrate that they have originality and artistic conception, and, what is more, the power of creating that which can influence and appeal universally. The first two of these are the Uncle Remus stories, collected by Joel Chandler Harris, and the Jubilee songs, to which the Fisk singers made the public and the skilled musicians of both America and Europe listen. Uncle Remus is a Fictional character, the title character and fictional narrator of a collection of African American folktales adapted and compiled by Joel The other two are ragtime music and the cake-walk. No one who has traveled can question the world-conquering influence of ragtime, and I do not think it would be an exaggeration to say that in Europe the United States is popularly known better by ragtime than by anything else it has produced in a generation. In Paris they call it American music. "

James Weldon Johnson: The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, 1912. James Weldon Johnson ( June 17, 1871 – June 26, 1938) was an American author politician diplomat critic journalist poet anthologist The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man by James Weldon Johnson is the fictional telling of the story of a young Biracial man referred to only as the

Samples

• Download recording — "The Wagon" ragtime from the Library of Congress' Gordon Collection; an early ragtime song sung by Ben Harney in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on about September 9, 1925

References

1. ^ King of Ragtime by Edward A. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Berlin, Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-19-510108-1, page vi.
2. ^ "School of Ragtime"(1908) in SCOTT JOPLIN Collected Piano Works, Edited by Vera Brodsky Lawrence, The New York Public Library, 1971, ISBN 0-87104-242-8, page 284.
3. ^ van der Merwe 1989, p. 63
4. ^ ibid
5. ^ Ragging It: Getting Ragtime into History (and Some History into Ragtime) by Loring White, iUniverse, 2005. xiv, 419 pp. ISBN 0-595-34042-3, page 99
6. ^ Ragging It: Getting Ragtime into History (and Some History into Ragtime) by Loring White, iUniverse, 2005. xiv, 419 pp. ISBN 0-595-34042-3, page 100
7. ^ Dvorak to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and Its African American Roots by Maurice Peress, Oxford University Press, 2003, page 39.
8. ^ Bastin, Bruce. "Truckin' My Blues Away: East Coast Piedmont Styles. " Nothing But the Blues: The Music and the Musicians. Ed. Lawrence Cohn. New York: Abbeville Press, 1993.
9. ^ Past Winner Database, "1971 14th Grammy Awards. " Accessed Feb. 19, 2007.

Further reading

• Berlin, E. A. (1980). Ragtime: a musical and cultural history. University of California Press.  
• Blesh, R. , and Janis, H. (1971). They all played ragtime, 4th ed. . Oak Publications.  
• Jasen, D. A. , and Tichenor, T. J. (1980). Rags and ragtime. Dover.  
• Schafer, W. J. , and Riedel, J. (1973). The art of ragtime: form and meaning of an original black American art. Louisiana State University Press.  

External links

• Origins of Rag
• Rag time Blog
• Interview with Ragtime Pianist and Historian Max Morath on AdventuresInMusic.biz, 2005
• "Perfessor" Bill Edwards' Ragtime/Old-time Piano Gallery
• Swedish Ragtime Home Page
• The late John Roache's MIDI ragtime library

• Ragtime history in France
• Rocky Mountain Ragtime Radio
• Elite Syncopations Radio
• Aussie Dixieland/Ragtime Radio
• Classic Ragtime Piano by Ted Tjaden
• Warren Trachtman's Ragtime MIDI Website