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 Rafflesia arnoldii flower and bud
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See text. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The Malpighiales are a large order of Flowering plants included in the group named Eurosids I in the recent APG classification Rafflesiaceae is a family of parasitic plants found in east and southeast Asia including Rafflesia arnoldii, the plant with the largest flower of all plants Robert Brown FRS ( 21 December, 1773 &ndash 10 June, 1858) was a Scottish scientist who is acknowledged as the leading botanist In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. |
Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group It was discovered in the Indonesian rain forest by an Indonesian guide working for Dr. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Joseph Arnold in 1818, and named after Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the leader of the expedition. Joseph Arnold ( 28 December 1782 &ndash 26 July 1818 in Padang, Sumatra, Netherlands East Indies ( Indonesia Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common It contains approximately 26 species (including four incompletely characterized species as recognized by Meijer 1997), all found in southeastern Asia, on the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and Kalimantan, West Malaysia, and the Philippines. Willem 'Wim' Meijer (1923 – October 22, 2003) was a Dutch botanist and plant collector Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula (Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (คาบสมุทรมลายู is a major Peninsula located in Southeast Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two In most languages in the world the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while for Indonesians the name "Kalimantan" Peninsular Malaysia ( Semenanjung Malaysia) also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The plant has no stems, leaves or true roots. It is an endoparasite of vines in the genus Tetrastigma (Vitaceae), spreading its root-like haustoria inside the tissue of the vine. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. Tetrastigma is a Genus of plants in the grape family Vitaceae. Vitaceae are a family of Dicotyledonous Flowering plants including the Grape and Virginia creeper. In botany a haustorium (plural haustoria) is the Hyphal tip of a parasitic Fungus or of the root of a Parasitic plant (such The only part of the plant that can be seen outside the host vine is the five-petaled flower. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also In some species, such as Rafflesia arnoldii, the flower may be over 100 cm in diameter, and weigh up to 10 kg. Rafflesia arnoldii is a member of the genus Rafflesia. It is noted for producing the largest individual flower on earth Even the smallest species, R. manillana, has 20 cm diameter flowers. The flowers look and smell like rotting meat, hence its local names which translate to "corpse flower" or "meat flower" (but see below). In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer The vile smell that the flower gives off attracts insects such as carrion flies, which transport pollen from male to female flowers. Carrion (from the Latin caro, meaning meat refers to the carcass of a dead animal Little is known about seed dispersal, however, tree shrews and other forest mammals apparently eat the fruits and disperse the seeds. The treeshrews (or tree shrews) are small Mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Rafflesia is an official state flower of Sabah in Malaysia, as well as for the Surat Thani Province, Thailand. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Surat Thani (often in short Surat, สุราษฎร์ธานี is the largest of the southern provinces ( changwat) of Thailand, on The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj
The name "corpse flower" applied to Rafflesia is confusing because this common name also refers to the Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum) of the family Araceae. The titan arum or Amorphophallus titanum (from Ancient Greek amorphos, "without form misshapen" + phallos, " Penis The arums comprise the Family Araceae (including the numerous Aroids subfamily monocotyledonous Flowering plants in which Flowers Moreover, because Amorphophallus has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, it is sometimes mistakenly credited as having the world's largest flower. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches Both Rafflesia and Amorphophallus are flowering plants, but they are still distantly related. Rafflesia arnoldii has the largest single flower of any flowering plant, at least when one judges this by weight. Rafflesia arnoldii is a member of the genus Rafflesia. It is noted for producing the largest individual flower on earth Amorphophallus titanum has the largest unbranched inflorescence, while the Talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera) forms the largest branched inflorescence, containing thousands of flowers; this plant is monocarpic, meaning that individuals die after flowering. Corypha umbraculifera ( Talipot palm) is a species of palm, native to southern India ( Malabar coast) and Sri Lanka.
Contents |
Classification
- Species
- Rafflesia arnoldii
- Rafflesia azlanii
- Rafflesia baletei
- Rafflesia banahawensis
- Rafflesia bengkuluensis
- Rafflesia cantleyi
- Rafflesia gadutensis
- Rafflesia hasseltii
- Rafflesia keithii
- Rafflesia kerrii
- Rafflesia lobata
- Rafflesia manillana
- Rafflesia micropylora
- Rafflesia mira
- Rafflesia patma
- Rafflesia pricei
- Rafflesia rochussenii
- Rafflesia schadenbergiana
- Rafflesia speciosa
- Rafflesia tengku-adlinii
- Rafflesia tuan-mudae
- Unverified species
- Rafflesia borneensis
- Rafflesia ciliata
- Rafflesia titan
- Rafflesia witkampii
Comparison of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of Rafflesia with other angiosperm mtDNA indicated that this parasite evolved from photosynthetic plants of the order Malpighiales. Rafflesia arnoldii is a member of the genus Rafflesia. It is noted for producing the largest individual flower on earth Rafflesia azlanii is a parasitic Flowering plant endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. Rafflesia keithii is a parasitic Flowering plant endemic to Borneo. Rafflesia kerrii is a member of the genus Rafflesia. It is found in the rainforest of Southern Thailand and peninsular Malaysia Rafflesia pricei is a parasitic Flowering plant endemic to Borneo. Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. The Malpighiales are a large order of Flowering plants included in the group named Eurosids I in the recent APG classification [1]. Another study from that same year confirmed this result using both mtDNA and nuclear DNA sequences, and showed that three other groups traditionally classified in Rafflesiaceae were unrelated. [2] A more recent study found Rafflesia and its relatives to be embedded within the family Euphorbiaceae, which is surprising as members of that family typically have very small flowers. The Spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae) is a large family of Flowering plants with 300 genera and around 7500 species [3] According to their analysis, the rate of flower size evolution was more or less constant throughout the family except at the origin of Rafflesiaceae, where the flowers rapidly evolved to become much larger before reverting to the slower rate of change. Rafflesiaceae is a family of parasitic plants found in east and southeast Asia including Rafflesia arnoldii, the plant with the largest flower of all plants
Philippine species
Since 2002 there has been a tremendous amount of activity by Filipino scientists who have discovered and named several new species of Rafflesia. Filipinos or the Filipino people are the citizens of the Philippines. Before this time there were two species known: R. manillana and R. schadenbergiana, the latter of which was last seen in 1882 on Mt. Apo in Davao Province on Mindanao Island, but was thought to be extinct. Mount Apo is a large Stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Davao Region, designated as Region XI, is one of the regions of the Philippines, located on the southeastern portion of Mindanao. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. The following gives a chronical of these activities:
- 2002. A Rafflesia was found in the mountains of Antique Province that differed from any previously described. An antique ( Latin: antiquus; old is an old Collectible item It is collected or desirable because of its age rarity condition utility or other unique It was named Rafflesia speciosa by Barcelona and Fernando (Kew Bulletin, 57: 647-651, 2002).
- 2005. Another Rafflesia was discovered in the Philippines by Drs. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Fernando and Ong on remote Mt. Candalaga, Maragusan, Campostela Valley Province on Mindanao. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. It was named Rafflesia mira by Fernando and Ong (2005. Asia Life Sciences 14: 263-270). Another group (Madulid et al. 2005 Acta Manilana 53: 1-6) published another name (R. magnifica) later, thus R. mira stands as the nomenclaturally valid name. R. mira (29 cm in diameter), is much larger than R. speciosa (18-20 cm) of Antique Province, and definitely larger than Luzon’s R. manillana (14-20 cm in diameter). [4]
- 2005. During his expedition to Mt. Igtuog and Mt. Sakpaw in the Central Panay mountain range in April 2005, Renee Galang discovered a previously undescribed Rafflesia. This was named R. lobata by Galang and Madulid (2006, Folia Malaysiana 7: 1-8).
- 2006. Danny Balete collected a previously undescribed species of Rafflesia in 1991 in the Bicol Region of southern Luzon. The collection was not recognized as a new species until further field work confirmed that this taxon was different than R. manillana. Several new populations have also been seen in the Camarines Sur Province [Mt. Isarog and Mt. Asog (or Mt. Iriga)] in the vicinity of Buhi and Iriga City. This was named R. baletei by Barcelona, Cajano, and Hadsall (2006. Kew Bulletin 61: 231-237). The names R. irigaense or R. irigaenses are invalid and refers to the same taxon.
- 2007. In 1994 Pascal Lays rediscovered buds of R. schadenbergiana in South Cotabato. His paper reporting this result has only recently been published. Moreover, Dr. Julie Barcelona reports on the discovery of yet another population of this rare species in Bukidnon (Flora Malesiana Bulletin, submitted; see also Parasitic Plant Connection). [5]
- 2007. Mt. Banahaw in Luzon, a popular destination for mountaineering and religious groups seemed, until recently, an unlikely spot to find a new species of Rafflesia. But such was the case. Ironically, two papers have been published naming this Rafflesia as a new species. Apparently the first one was by Madulid et al. in 2006 (Philippine Scientist 43: 43–51) and the second by Barcelona et al. in 2007 (Blumea 52: 345–350). Thus, the correct name is R. banahawensis, not R. banahaw.
See also
- Amorphophallus titanum, similar smelling plant, sometimes known as "corpse flower". The titan arum or Amorphophallus titanum (from Ancient Greek amorphos, "without form misshapen" + phallos, " Penis
- Parasitic plant
- Carrion plant
- Vileplume
References
- ^ "Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives of Rafflesia, the world's largest flower" (January 20, 2004). A parasitic plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant Carrion flowers or Stinking flowers are flowers that emit an odor that smells like rotting flesh At the core of the multi-billion dollar Pokémon Media franchise of various electronic games, ongoing anime, several manga series PNAS 101 (3): 787-792.
- ^ "Phylogenetic inference in Rafflesiales: the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer" (October 20, 2004). BMC Evolutionary Biology 4: 40. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ "Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae" (January 11, 2007). Science doi: 10. 1126/science. 1135260.
- ^ Haribon Foundation, Raffesia mira: yet another reason to be proud of the Philippines!
- ^ Rediscovery of Rafflesia schadenbergiana. Rafflesia in bloom blog.
- Jamili Nais. Rafflesia of the world. ISBN 9838120421.
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