Raetia (so always in inscriptions; classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, and on the south by Cisalpine Gaul. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe and the main occupants of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC Noricum, in ancient Geography, was a Celtic kingdom (perhaps better described as a federation of by tradition twelve tribes stretching over the area of In the pre-Roman Geography of Europe, Vindelicia simply identifies the country inhabited by the Vindelici, a region bounded on the north by the Danube Cisalpine Gaul ( Latin: Gallia Cisalpina, meaning " Gaul on this side of the Alps " was the Roman name for a geographical area (later It thus comprised the districts occupied in modern times by eastern and central Switzerland (containing the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance), southern Bavaria and the Upper Swabia, Vorarlberg, the greater part of Tirol, and part of Lombardy. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Upper Rhine (Oberrhein is the part of the Rhine that flows northbound after Basel, Switzerland, along the Rhine rift, and then westward Under the designation Lake Constance or Lake of Constance ( German Bodensee) one summarizes the three independent bodies of water Obersee Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Upper Swabia (Oberschwaben or Schwäbisches Oberland) is a region in Germany in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Vorarlberg is the westernmost state ( Land) of Austria. Though it is the second smallest in terms of area ( Vienna is the smallest it borders Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the The northern border of Raetia was part of the Limes Germanicus, stretching for 166 km along the Danube. The Limes Germanicus ( Latin for Germanic frontier) was a remarkable line of frontier ( Limes) forts that bounded the ancient Roman Raetia was linked to Italy across the Alpine Resia Pass by the Via Claudia Augusta. Resia Pass (Italian Passo di Resia, German Reschenpass) or Reschen Pass is an Alpine pass (1504 m located at the Italian - The Via Claudia Augusta was an ancient Roman road, which linked the valley of the Po River with Rhaetia (modern Austria across the Alps

Contents 1 History 2 Economy 3 Human geography 3.1 Important cities 4 References 5 Sources 5.1 See also

History

Little is known of the origin or history of the Raetians, who appear in the records as one of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes. Livy states distinctly^[1] that they were of Etruscan origin (a belief that is favored by Niebuhr and Mommsen). Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Barthold Georg Niebuhr ( August 27, 1776 &ndash January 2, 1831) was a German statesman and Historian. Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen ( 30 November 1817 &ndash 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, A tradition reported by Justin^[2] and Pliny the Elder^[3] affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls, when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from their leader Raetus; a more probable derivation, however, is from Celtic rait (mountain land). Justin (Latin Marcus Junianius (or Junianus) Justinus) was a Latin historian who lived under the Roman Empire. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author The Po ( Latin: Padus, Po Ligurian: Bo, Greek: Eridanus) is a river that flows 652 km(405 miles (682 km by considering Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Even if their Etruscan origin be accepted, at the time when the land became known to the Romans, Celtic tribes were already in possession of it and had amalgamated so completely with the original inhabitants that, generally speaking, the Raetians of later times may be regarded as a Celtic people, although non-Celtic tribes (Lepontii, Euganei) were settled among them. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Lepontii were an ancient people occupying portions of Rhaetia (in modern Switzerland and Italy) in the Alps during the time of the Roman The Euganei (fr Lat Euganei, Euganeorum; cf Gr εὐγενής (eugenēs 'well-born' is a semi-mythical proto-Italic ethnic

The modern people of western Austria (a Rhaetian region) have been found to have a relatively high incidence of Y-chromosome Haplogroup G, which has a relatively high incidence in the people of all regions of historical Etruscan occupation. In Human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201 is a Y-chromosome Haplogroup.

The Raetians are first mentioned (but only incidentally) by Polybius^[4], and little is heard of them till after the end of the Republic. Polybius (ca 203 &ndash 120 BC, Greek) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the There is little doubt, however, that they retained their independence until their subjugation in 15 by Tiberius and Drusus. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, born Decimus Claudius Drusus (the date of his name change is unknown and variously called Drusus, Drusus I, Nero ^[5]

At first Raetia formed a distinct province, but towards the end of the 1st century AD Vindelicia was added to it; hence Tacitus (Germania, 41) could speak of Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg) as "a colony of the province of Raetia". Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. The Germania ( Latin title De Origine et situ Germanorum, English for the Origin and Situation of the Germans) written by Gaius Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The whole province (including Vindelicia) was at first under a military prefect, then under a procurator; it had no standing army quartered in it but relied on its own native troops and militia for protection until the 2nd century AD. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service

During the reign of Marcus Aurelius, Raetia was governed by the commander of the Legio III Italica, which was based in Castra Regina (Regensburg) by 179 AD . Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Legio III Italica was a Roman legion levied by Marcus Aurelius around 165, for his campaign against the Marcomanni tribe Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany Under Diocletian, Raetia formed part of the diocese of the vicarius Italiae, and was subdivided into Raetia prima and Raetia secunda (each under a praeses), the former corresponding to the old Raetia, the latter to Vindelicia. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. The boundary between them is not clearly defined, but may be stated generally as a line drawn eastwards from the lacus Brigantinus (Lake Constance) to the Oenus (River Inn). Under the designation Lake Constance or Lake of Constance ( German Bodensee) one summarizes the three independent bodies of water Obersee The Inn is a River in Switzerland, Austria and Germany. It is a right Tributary of the Danube and is approximately 500km

During the last years of the Western Empire, the land was in a desolate condition, but its occupation by the Ostrogoths in the time of Theodoric the Great, who placed it under a dux, to some extent revived its prosperity. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late Theodoric the Great (454 – August 30, 526) known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (471-526 ruler of

Economy

The land was very mountainous, and the inhabitants, when not engaged in predatory expeditions, chiefly supported themselves by cattle-breeding and cutting timber, little attention being paid to agriculture. Some of the valleys, however, were rich and fertile, and produced wine, which was considered equal to any in Italia. Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. Augustus Caesar preferred Raetian wine to any other. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Considerable trade in pitch, honey, wax, and cheese occurred. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation.

Human geography

The chief towns of Raetia (excluding Vindelicia) were Tridentum (Trento) and Curia (Coire or Chur). Trento (traditional English Trent; Italian: Trento; German: Trient; Latin: Tridentum; Note that many CHUR may refer to CHUR-FM, a radio station in North Bay Ontario Canada Chur, is a city in Switzerland It was traversed by two great lines of Roman roads — one leading from Verona and Tridentum across the Brenner Pass (in which the name of the Brennii has survived) to Innsbruck and thence to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), the other from Brigantium (Bregenz) on Lake Constance by Chur and Chiavenna to Como and Milan. Verona is a city and provincial capital in Veneto, Northern Italy. Brenner Pass ( Italian: Passo del Brennero; German: Brennerpass; Latin: Brennus Mons) is a Mountain pass through Brenner Pass ( Italian: Passo del Brennero; German: Brennerpass; Latin: Brennus Mons) is a Mountain pass through Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Bregenz is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. This article is about the Italian municipality For the astronomer see Paolo Chiavenna. Como is a City in Lombardy, Italy, north of Milan. Situated at the southern tip of the south-west arm of Lake Como, it Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.

The Rätikon mountain range derives its name from Raetia. The Rätikon is a Mountain range of the Central Eastern Alps located at the border between Vorarlberg, Liechtenstein and Graubünden

Important cities

• Alae (Aalen)
• Arbor Felix (Arbon)
• Apodiacum (Epfach)
• Aquilea (Heidenheim an der Brenz)
• Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg)
• Ausugum (Borgo Valsugana)
• Bauzanum or Pons Drusi (Bolzano)
• Belunum (Belluno)
• Bilitio (Bellinzona)
• Brigantium (Bregenz)
• Cambodunum (Kempten im Allgäu)
• Castra Batava (Passau)
• Castra Regina (Regensburg)
• Clavenna (Chiavenna)
• Clunia (probably Feldkirch or Balzers)
• Curia (Chur)
• Endidae (Egna/Neumarkt)
• Feltria (Feltre)
• Foetes (Füssen)
• Guntia (Günzburg)
• Gamundia Romana (Schwäbisch Gmünd)
• Oscela (Domodossola)
• Parthanum (Partenkirchen)
• Sebatum (San Lorenzo di Sebato/St. Lorenzen)
• Sorviodurum (Straubing)
• Sublavio (Ponte Gardena/Waidbruck)
• Tridentum (Trento)
• Veldidena (Wilten district of Innsbruck)
• Vipitenum (Vipiteno/Sterzing)

References

Sources

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

See also

• PC von Planta, Das alte Rätien (Berlin, 1872)
• T Mommsen in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, iii. p. 706
• Joachim Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, 1. Karl Joachim Marquardt ( April 19, 1812 - November 30, 1882) was a German Historian and writer on Roman antiquities (2nd ed. , 1881) p. 288
• Ludwig Steub, Ueber die Urbewohner Rätiens und ihren Zusammenhang mit den Etruskern (Munich, 1843)
• Julius Jung, Römer und Romanen in den Donauländern (Innsbruck, 1877)
• Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1873)
• T Mommsen, The Roman Provinces (English translation, 1886), i. Sir William Smith (1813 &ndash 1893 English Lexicographer, was born at Enfield in 1813 of Nonconformist parents pp. 16, 161, 196
• Mary B Peaks, The General Civil and Military Administration of Noricum and Raetia (Chicago, 1907).

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