Radiohead
Radiohead (left to right): Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Colin Greenwood, Ed O'Brien and Phil Selway
Background information
Origin	Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England
Genre(s)	Alternative rock Art rock Electronic music
Years active	1991 – present
Label(s)	XL, TBD (2007-present) Parlophone, Capitol (1992–2005)
Website	www.radiohead.com
Members
Colin Greenwood Jonny Greenwood Ed O'Brien Phil Selway Thom Yorke

Radiohead are an English alternative rock band from Oxfordshire. Thomas Edward Yorke (born 7 October 1968 is a Grammy -winning English Musician, best known as the lead singer and principal songwriter of the Jonathan Richard Guy Greenwood (born 5 November 1971) is a BAFTA and Grammy -nominated musician and composer-in-residence for the BBC best Colin Charles Greenwood (born 26 June 1969) also known as Coz is a member of English rock band Radiohead. Edward John O'Brien (born April 15, 1968, in Oxford, England) is a member of Radiohead. Philip James Selway (born 23 May 1967) is the Drummer and Backing vocalist of English Alternative rock group History See also History of Oxfordshire The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century and is broadly situated in the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of Art rock is a term describing a subgenre of Rock music that tends to have "experimental or avant-garde influences" and emphasizes "novel sonic texture Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music XL Recordings is an Independent record label which was launched by Tim Palmer Nick Halkes and Richard Russell with Beggars Banquet Records in 1989 to release TBD Records (previously Side One Recordings) is an American Record label co-founded by Coran Capshaw and Phil Costello and is a sublabel Parlophone is a Record label, founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company. Capitol Records is a major United States -based Record label owned by EMI and located in Hollywood California and New York City as Colin Charles Greenwood (born 26 June 1969) also known as Coz is a member of English rock band Radiohead. Jonathan Richard Guy Greenwood (born 5 November 1971) is a BAFTA and Grammy -nominated musician and composer-in-residence for the BBC best Edward John O'Brien (born April 15, 1968, in Oxford, England) is a member of Radiohead. Philip James Selway (born 23 May 1967) is the Drummer and Backing vocalist of English Alternative rock group Thomas Edward Yorke (born 7 October 1968 is a Grammy -winning English Musician, best known as the lead singer and principal songwriter of the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of History See also History of Oxfordshire The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century and is broadly situated in the The band is composed of Thom Yorke (lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano, electronics), Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, other instruments), Ed O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals), Colin Greenwood (bass guitar, synthesisers) and Phil Selway (drums, percussion). Thomas Edward Yorke (born 7 October 1968 is a Grammy -winning English Musician, best known as the lead singer and principal songwriter of the Jonathan Richard Guy Greenwood (born 5 November 1971) is a BAFTA and Grammy -nominated musician and composer-in-residence for the BBC best Edward John O'Brien (born April 15, 1968, in Oxford, England) is a member of Radiohead. Colin Charles Greenwood (born 26 June 1969) also known as Coz is a member of English rock band Radiohead. Philip James Selway (born 23 May 1967) is the Drummer and Backing vocalist of English Alternative rock group Radiohead have released seven albums and have sold over 23 million records throughout their career. ^[1]

Radiohead released their first single, "Creep", in 1992, and their debut album, Pablo Honey, in 1993. " Creep " is a song by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead, written by vocalist Thom Yorke. Pablo Honey is the first studio Album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, first released in early 1993 Though initially unsuccessful, "Creep" was a worldwide hit when reissued a year later. Radiohead's popularity in the United Kingdom increased with the release of their second album, The Bends (1995). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Bends is the second album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead. The band's textured guitar atmospheres and Yorke's falsetto singing were warmly received by critics and fans. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The term falsetto (Italian diminutive of falso, false refers to the Vocal register occupying the frequency range just above the Modal voice register and With the release of OK Computer (1997), Radiohead were propelled to greater fame worldwide. OK Computer is the third album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 16 June 1997 Featuring an expansive sound and themes of alienation from the modern world, OK Computer has often been acclaimed as a landmark record of the 1990s.

The release of Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001) saw Radiohead reach their peak popularity, although the albums divided critical opinion. Kid A is the fourth album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on in the United Kingdom and on in the United States and Canada Amnesiac is the fifth studio Album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead. This period marked a change in Radiohead's musical style, with their incorporation of avant-garde electronic music, Krautrock and jazz influences. Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production Krautrock is a generic name for the Experimental music scene that appeared in Germany in the late 1960s and gained popularity throughout the 1970s especially in Britain Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Hail to the Thief (2003), Radiohead's sixth album, blended styles from throughout the band's career, mixing guitar-driven rock, electronic influences and contemporary lyrics. Hail to the Thief (subtitled The Gloaming) is the sixth studio album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 9 June 2003 Radiohead subsequently left their record label, EMI, and released their seventh album, In Rainbows (2007), through their own website as a digital download for which customers selected their own price. In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music The EMI Group is a British music company comprising the major record company EMI Music – which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in In Rainbows is the seventh album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead.

History

Formation and first years (1986–1991)

Abingdon School, where the band formed.

The musicians who formed Radiohead met while attending Abingdon School, a boys-only public school in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. Abingdon School is an independent day and Boarding school for boys in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, previously known as Roysse's School An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees ^[2] Yorke and Colin Greenwood were in the same year, O'Brien and Selway were one year older and Jonny Greenwood two years younger. In 1986, they formed the band "On a Friday", the name referring to the band's usual rehearsal day in the school's music room. ^[3] The group played their first gig in late 1986 at Oxford's Jericho Tavern;^[4] Jonny Greenwood originally joined as a keyboard player but soon became the lead guitarist. The Jericho Tavern is a music venue Pub in the Jericho area of Oxford at 56 Walton Street Lead guitar refers to the use of a Guitar to perform Melody lines instrumental fill passages, and Guitar solos within a song structure ^[3]

Although Yorke, O'Brien, Selway, and Colin Greenwood had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend university, the band continued to rehearse often on weekends and holidays. ^[5] In 1991, when all the members except Jonny had completed their university degrees, On a Friday regrouped, began to record demos such as the Manic Hedgehog demo tape, and performed live gigs around Oxford. The Manic Hedgehog demo tape is the title of Radiohead 's fourth and final demo tape released in October 1991 on audio cassette Although Oxfordshire and the Thames Valley had an active indie scene in the late 1980s, it centred around shoegazing bands such as Ride and Slowdive; On a Friday were never seen as fitting in this trend, commenting that they had missed it by the time they returned from university. The Thames Valley generally implies the region that drains into the River Thames (the Thames catchment) from west of Cirencester to London In Popular music, independent music, often abbreviated as indie, is a term used to describe independence from major commercial record labels and an autonomous Shoegazing (also known as shoegaze or shoegazer) is a genre of Alternative rock that emerged from the United Kingdom in the late 1980s Ride were a British Shoegazing band The band formed in 1988 in Oxford, England, and officially broke up in 1996 Slowdive were a Shoegazing band formed in 1989 lasting until 1995 ^[6]

As On a Friday's number of live performances increased, record labels and producers became interested. Chris Hufford, the co-owner of Oxford's Courtyard Studios, attended an early On a Friday concert at the Jericho Tavern. Impressed by the band, he and his partner Bryce Edge produced a demo tape and became On a Friday's managers;^[5] they remain the band's managers to this day. Following a chance meeting between Colin Greenwood and EMI representative Keith Wozencroft at the record shop where Greenwood worked, the band signed a six-album recording contract with the label in late 1991. The EMI Group is a British music company comprising the major record company EMI Music – which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in Artists and Repertoire ( A&R) is the division of a Record label that is responsible for talent scouting and artist development ^[5] At the request of EMI, the band changed their name to Radiohead, inspired by the title of a song on Talking Heads' True Stories album. Talking head Talking Heads was an American New Wave band formed in 1974 in New York City and active until 1991 True Stories is the seventh album released by Talking Heads in 1986 it was released at the same time as the David Byrne film of the same name ^[5]

Pablo Honey, The Bends and early success (1992–1995)

Drill, Radiohead's debut EP, was produced by Hufford and Edge at Courtyard Studios and released in March 1992. Drill was the first commercial release of Radiohead, debuting on the UK charts at number 101 on 5 May 1992. An extended play ( EP) is a Vinyl record, CD, or Music download which contains more music than a single, but is too short to qualify In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing Its chart performance was poor, and consequently the band hired Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade—who had previously worked with the Pixies and Dinosaur Jr—to produce their debut album, which was recorded in an Oxford studio late in 1992. Pixies are an American Alternative rock band formed in Boston Massachusetts in 1986 ^[3] With the release of the "Creep" single in late 1992, Radiohead began to receive attention in the British music press, although not all of it was favourable; NME described them as "a lily livered excuse for a rock band,"^[7] and the song was not played on BBC Radio 1 because it was deemed "too depressing". " Creep " is a song by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead, written by vocalist Thom Yorke. The New Musical Express (better known as the NME) is a Popular music Magazine in the United Kingdom which has been ^[8] Radiohead released their debut album, Pablo Honey, in February 1993. Pablo Honey is the first studio Album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, first released in early 1993 Its musical style was compared to the grunge style popular in the early 1990s—to the extent of Radiohead being dubbed "Nirvana-lite"^[9]—yet Pablo Honey did not do well in the UK charts. Nirvana was an American rock band that was formed by singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen Washington. Singles "Stop Whispering" and "Anyone Can Play Guitar" followed the album's release; both did similarly poorly. " Stop Whispering " is a song by Radiohead, released as the band's fourth single " Anyone Can Play Guitar " was a single taken from Radiohead 's first album Pablo Honey, released just in advance of the album

However, "Creep" unexpectedly built momentum around the world, spreading from popularity in Israel to a San Francisco college radio station. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city ^[5] By the time Radiohead began their first United States tour in early 1993, the music video for "Creep" was in heavy rotation on MTV. A music video is a Short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music most commonly a Song with lyrics MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. ^[11] The song rose to number two on the Billboard modern rock charts and to number seven in the UK singles chart when re-released later that year. Hot Modern Rock Tracks (originally called Modern Rock Tracks) is a music chart in the United States that has appeared in ''Billboard'' magazine since September Radiohead nearly broke up due to the pressure of sudden success as the Pablo Honey supporting tour extended into its second year. ^[12] The band described the tour as a miserable experience, as towards its end they were "still playing the same songs that [they had] recorded two years previously… almost like being held in a time warp. "^[13]

After the American tour, Radiohead began work on their second album, hiring veteran Abbey Road studios producer John Leckie. Abbey Road Studios, established in November 1931 by EMI in London, England, is a Recording studio located at number 3 Abbey Road, John Leckie is one of British music's most prolific record producers having worked on such high-profile albums as The Bends by Radiohead, Origin Tensions were high, as the band felt smothered both by "Creep"'s success and the mounting expectations for a superior follow-up. ^[14] The band sought a change of scenery, touring Australasia and the Far East in an attempt to reduce the pressure. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. However, confronted again by their popularity, Yorke became disenchanted at being "right at the sharp end of the sexy, sassy, MTV eye-candy lifestyle" he felt he was helping to sell to the world. ^[15] The 1994 EP My Iron Lung, featuring the single of the same title, was Radiohead's reaction, marking a transition towards the greater depth they aimed for on their second album. An extended play ( EP) is a Vinyl record, CD, or Music download which contains more music than a single, but is too short to qualify My Iron Lung is a 1994 EP by the band Radiohead, including the song of the same name later released on the band's album The Bends ^[16] The single was promoted through underground radio stations; sales were better than expected, starting a loyal fan base for the band. ^[17] Having developed more new songs on tour, Radiohead finished recording their second album, The Bends, in late 1994, releasing it in May 1995. The Bends is the second album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead.

While Radiohead were seen as outsiders to the Britpop scene that dominated the media's attention at the time, they were finally successful in their home country with The Bends. Britpop is a subgenre of Alternative rock that originated in the United Kingdom. ^[6] The album was driven by dense riffs and ethereal atmospheres from the band's three guitarists, with greater use of keyboards than their debut. A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a Musical keyboard. ^[3] Singles "Fake Plastic Trees", "Just", and "Street Spirit (Fade Out)" achieved chart success in the UK, the latter putting Radiohead in the top 5 for the first time. " Fake Plastic Trees " is a song by Radiohead, from their second album The Bends. " Just " is a single by the English rock band Radiohead, released in 1995 " Street Spirit (Fade Out " (commonly called " Street Spirit " is a single by Radiohead, released in 1996 which is the closing track from their In mid-1995, Radiohead toured in support of R.E.M., one of their formative influences and at the time one of the biggest rock bands in the world. REM is an American rock band formed in Athens, Georgia, in 1980 by Michael Stipe ( lead vocals) Peter Buck ( Guitar ^[13] Introducing his opening act, Michael Stipe said, "Radiohead are so good, they scare me". John Michael Stipe (born January 4 1960 in Decatur Georgia) is an American singer who is the lead vocalist for the Alternative rock band R ^[18] The buzz generated by such famous fans, along with distinctive music videos for "Just" and "Street Spirit (Fade Out)", helped to expand Radiohead's popularity outside the UK. Jonny Greenwood said, "I think the turning point for us came about nine or 12 months after The Bends was released and it started appearing in people's [best of] polls for the end of the year. That's when it started to feel like we made the right choice about being a band. "^[19] Despite critical acclaim and loyal fans, The Bends didn't build on the commercial popularity of "Creep" outside the UK; few of its singles went into heavy rotation worldwide and its peak on the American charts was Radiohead's lowest position there, at number 88. ^[20]

OK Computer, fame and critical acclaim (1996–1998)

Two new songs were already recorded for Radiohead's next album; "Lucky", released as a single to promote the War Child charity's The Help Album,^[21] and "Exit Music (For a Film)", contributed to Baz Luhrmann's 1996 adaptation of Romeo and Juliet. OK Computer is the third album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 16 June 1997 For other uses see War Child (disambiguation War Child is a non-governmental organization founded by British filmmakers Bill Leeson The Help Album is a 1995 charity album devoted to the War Child charity's aid efforts in war-stricken areas such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. OK Computer is the third album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 16 June 1997 Baz Luhrmann (born Mark Anthony Luhrmann on 17 September 1962 is an Oscar and Golden Globe -nominated Australian Film director, Screenwriter William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet is an Academy Award -nominated 1996 American film and the 10th on-screen adaptation of William With the assistance of producer Nigel Godrich, their collaborator on "Lucky" and on b-side "Talk Show Host," Radiohead produced their next album themselves, beginning work in early 1996. In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing Nigel Godrich, born in England on February 28 1971, is a recording engineer and Record producer. " Street Spirit (Fade Out " (commonly called " Street Spirit " is a single by Radiohead, released in 1996 which is the closing track from their By July they had recorded four songs with Godrich at their rehearsal studio, Canned Applause, a converted apple shed in the countryside near Didcot, Oxfordshire. Didcot is a Town in the Thames Valley, in the English county of Oxfordshire (although formerly in Berkshire) ^[22] They decided to perfect the songs live, touring as an opening act for Alanis Morissette, before completing the record. Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1 1974 is a Canadian-born Singer-songwriter, Record producer, and Actress. The rest of the album was recorded in actress Jane Seymour's 15th-century mansion, St. Catherine's Court, near Bath. Jane Seymour, OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg on February 15 1951) is an English actress best known St Catherine's Court is a grade I listed Tudor Manor house in a secluded Valley north of Bath, England. ^[23] The recording sessions were relaxed, with the band playing at all hours of the day, recording songs in different rooms, and listening to The Beatles, DJ Shadow, Ennio Morricone and Miles Davis for inspiration. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 DJ Shadow (born Josh Davis, June 29, 1972) is an American music producer, DJ and Songwriter. Ennio Morricone OMRI (born November 10, 1928) is an acclaimed Italian Academy Award -winning composer Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. ^[19][3] Recording on the album was completed by the end of 1996, and by March 1997, it was mixed and mastered.

Radiohead released their third album, OK Computer, in June 1997. OK Computer is the third album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 16 June 1997 Largely composed of melodic rock songs, the new record also found the band experimenting with song structures and incorporating some ambient, avant garde and electronic influences. Ambient music is a Musical genre in which sound is more important than notes Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production ^[24] OK Computer was the band's first number one UK chart debut, propelling Radiohead to commercial success around the world. Despite peaking at number 21 in the American charts, the album eventually met with mainstream recognition there, receiving a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album and a nomination for Album of the Year. The Billboard 200 is a ranking of the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard The Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album has been awarded since 1991 The Grammy Award for Album of the Year is the most prestigious award category at the Grammys ^[25] "Paranoid Android", "Karma Police" and "No Surprises" were released as singles from the album, of which "Karma Police" was most successful in the U. " Paranoid Android " is a song by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released as the first single from their 1997 album OK Computer " Karma Police " is the second single from Radiohead 's 1997 album OK Computer. " No Surprises " is the third single from Radiohead 's 1997 album OK Computer. S. , peaking at number 14 on the Modern Rock charts. ^[26]

OK Computer was eventually met with great critical acclaim, and Yorke admitted that he was "amazed it got the reaction it did. None of us fucking knew any more whether it was good or bad. What really blew my head off was the fact that people got all the things, all the textures and the sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create. "^[27] The release of OK Computer was followed by the "Against Demons" world tour. Grant Gee, the director of the "No Surprises" video, accompanied and filmed the band, releasing the footage in the 1999 documentary Meeting People Is Easy. Grant Gee (general Information Grant Gee is a film director and cinematographer currently living in Brighton. Meeting People Is Easy (1998 is a Rockumentary by Grant Gee following British Alternative rock band Radiohead on their ^[28] The film portrays the band's disaffection with the music industry and press, showing their burnout as they progressed from their first tour dates in mid-1997 to mid-1998, nearly a year later. ^[3] During this time the band also released a music video compilation, 7 Television Commercials, as well as two EPs, Airbag/How Am I Driving? and No Surprises/Running from Demons, that compiled B-sides from OK Computer. 7 Television Commercials is a collection of Music videos from Radiohead, covering the period from their The Bends (1995 to Airbag / How Am I Driving? is an EP by Radiohead, released in 1998 specifically to the North American market No Surprises/Running From Demons is an EP by Radiohead. Released on 10 December 1997, the EP was aimed at the Japanese A-side and B-side originally referred to the two sides of 7 inch Vinyl records on which singles were released beginning in the 1950s

Kid A, Amnesiac and a change in sound (1999–2001)

Jonny Greenwood has used a variety of electronic instruments in live performances and in the recording of Kid A and Amnesiac. An electronic musical instrument is a Musical instrument that produces its sounds using Electronics.

Radiohead were largely inactive following their 1997–1998 tour; after its end, their only public performance in 1998 was at an Amnesty International concert in Paris. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to ^[29] Yorke later admitted that during that period the band came close to splitting up, and that he had developed severe depression: "New Year's Eve [1998] was one of the lowest points of my life. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe . . I felt like I was going fucking crazy. Every time I picked up a guitar I just got the horrors. I would start writing a song, stop after 16 bars, hide it away in a drawer, look at it again, tear it up, destroy it. "^[30] In early 1999, Radiohead began work on a follow-up to OK Computer. Although there was no longer any pressure or even a deadline from their record label, tension during this period was high. Band members all had different visions for Radiohead's future, and Yorke was still experiencing writer's block, influencing him toward a more abstract, fragmented form of songwriting. Writer's block is a Phenomenon involving temporary loss of ability to begin or continue writing usually due to lack of inspiration or Creativity. ^[30] Eventually, all the members agreed on a new musical direction, redefining their instrumental roles in the band. ^[9] Radiohead secluded themselves with producer Nigel Godrich in studios in Paris, Copenhagen, and Gloucester, and in their newly completed studio in Oxford. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Gloucester (ˈɡlɒstɚ) is a city, district and County town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, After nearly 18 months, Radiohead's recording sessions were completed in April 2000. ^[30]

Radiohead released their fourth album, Kid A, in October 2000, the first of two albums from these recording sessions. Kid A is the fourth album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on in the United Kingdom and on in the United States and Canada Rather than being a stylistic sequel to OK Computer, Kid A featured a minimalist and textured style with less overt guitar parts and more diverse instrumentation including the ondes Martenot, programmed electronic beats, strings, and jazz horns. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features The ondes Martenot (IPA maʀtəno French for "Martenot waves" also known as the ondium Martenot, Martenot and ondes musicales) is an early Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production A string orchestra is understood as an Orchestra composed solely of instruments of the Violin family. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States ^[30] It was Radiohead's greatest commercial success to date, debuting at number one in many countries, including the United States, where its debut atop the Billboard chart marked a first for the band. The Billboard 200 is a ranking of the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard ^[31] This success has been variously attributed to hype; to the leaking of the album on the file-sharing network Napster a few months before its release; and to anticipation after OK Computer. Promotion involves disseminating information about a product, Product line, Brand, or company Napster was an online music file sharing service created by Shawn Fanning while he was attending Northeastern University in Boston and operating ^[32][33] Although Radiohead did not release any singles from Kid A, promos of "Optimistic" and "Idioteque" received radio play, and a series of "blips", or short videos set to portions of tracks, were played on music channels and released freely on the Internet. A promotional recording, or promo (recently known as a radio single) is a recording issued on vinyl, CD, Cassette tape, VHS "Optimistic " is the sixth track on the 2000 album Kid A by the band Radiohead. "Idioteque " is the eighth track on Radiohead 's album Kid A ( 2000) Kid A is the fourth album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on in the United Kingdom and on in the United States and Canada The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks ^[34]

In early 2001, Kid A received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album and a nomination for Album of the Year. The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences The Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album has been awarded since 1991 The Grammy Award for Album of the Year is the most prestigious award category at the Grammys Yet it received both praise and criticism in independent music circles for appropriating underground styles of music, while many mainstream critics saw Kid A as a "commercial suicide note", labelling it "intentionally difficult" and longing for a return to the band's earlier style. In Popular music, independent music, often abbreviated as indie, is a term used to describe independence from major commercial record labels and an autonomous Underground music refers to a variety of post-1960s rock pop or dance subgenres that developed a Cult following despite their lack of Mainstream appeal visibility ^[7][6] Radiohead's fans were similarly divided; along with those who were appalled or mystified, there were many who saw the album as the band's best work. ^[15][35] Yorke, however, denied that Radiohead had purposely set out to eschew commercial expectations, saying, "I was really, really amazed at how badly [Kid A] was being viewed… because the music's not that hard to grasp. We're not trying to be difficult… We're actually trying to communicate but somewhere along the line, we just seemed to piss off a lot of people… What we're doing isn't that radical. "^[6] While promoting Kid A, the band, having read Naomi Klein's anti-globalization book No Logo, decided to mount a tour of Europe in a custom-built tent free of advertising, and of North America, playing smaller theatres. Naomi Klein (b 8 May 1970, Montreal Quebec) is a Canadian Journalist, Author and activist well known for her " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas No Logo Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies is a book by Canadian journalist Naomi Klein. ^[34]

Amnesiac, released in June 2001, comprised additional tracks from the Kid A recording sessions. Amnesiac is the fifth studio Album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead. Radiohead's musical style on these tracks was similar to that of Kid A in their fusion of electronic music and art rock, but the album incorporated more jazz influence. Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production Art rock is a term describing a subgenre of Rock music that tends to have "experimental or avant-garde influences" and emphasizes "novel sonic texture Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Amnesiac was a critical and commercial success worldwide, reaching #2 in the US and being nominated for a Grammy Award and the Mercury Music Prize. The Mercury Prize, formerly the Mercury Music Prize and currently known as the Nationwide Mercury Prize for Sponsorship reasons is an annual music prize ^[36][7] "Pyramid Song" and "Knives Out", Radiohead's first singles since 1997, were modestly successful, but "I Might Be Wrong," initially planned as a third single, expanded into Radiohead's thus far only live record. "Pyramid Song" is a song by the English band Radiohead. " Knives Out " is a song by English Alternative rock band Radiohead. I Might Be Wrong is a song by the English Rock band Radiohead from their 2001 Album, Amnesiac. I Might Be Wrong: Live Recordings, released in November 2001, featured live performances of songs from Kid A and Amnesiac, and an acoustic performance of the previously unreleased "True Love Waits. I Might Be Wrong is a song by the English Rock band Radiohead from their 2001 Album, Amnesiac. "True Love Waits" may also refer to a Radiohead song on the album I Might Be Wrong Live Recordings. " After Amnesiac's release, the band embarked on a world tour, visiting North America, Europe and Japan.

Hail to the Thief and a hiatus (2002–2004)

During July and August 2002, Radiohead toured Portugal and Spain, playing several new songs. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. They completed their sixth album in two weeks in a Los Angeles studio with Nigel Godrich, adding a few tracks later in Oxford. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Nigel Godrich, born in England on February 28 1971, is a recording engineer and Record producer. Band members described the recording process as relaxed, in contrast to the tense Kid A/Amnesiac sessions. ^[2] The new album, Hail to the Thief, was released in June 2003. Hail to the Thief (subtitled The Gloaming) is the sixth studio album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 9 June 2003 Mixing influences from throughout Radiohead's career, Hail to the Thief combined guitar-based rock with an electronic sound and topical lyrics. ^[37] Although the album was critically acclaimed, many critics felt that the band was treading water creatively rather than continuing the "genre-redefining" trend that OK Computer had begun. ^[38] Nevertheless, Hail to the Thief enjoyed commercial success, debuting at #3 on the Billboard chart and eventually being certified platinum in the UK and gold in the US. The British Phonographic Industry (BPI is the British record industry's trade association. In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of Albums and singles sold through retail and The album's singles, "There There", "Go to Sleep" and "2+2=5" achieved a level of play on modern rock radio. " There There " is a song by the English Rock band Radiohead, featured on their album Hail to the Thief ( 2003 " Go To Sleep (Little Man Being Erased " is a song by Radiohead and was released as the second single from their sixth album Hail to the " 2 + 2 = 5 (The Lukewarm " is a song by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released as the third and last single Modern rock is a term commonly used to describe a Rock music format found on American commercial Radio. At the 2003 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Best Alternative Album, while producers Nigel Godrich and Darrell Thorp received the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album. The Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album has been awarded since 1991 The Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album Non-Classical has been awarded since 1959. ^[39]

Yorke denied that Hail to the Thief's title was a comment on the controversial 2000 American presidential election, explaining that he first heard the phrase during a Radio 4 discussion of John Quincy Adams, "who stole the election and who was known as 'The Thief' throughout his presidency". The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States ^[2] Yorke explained that although the album was influenced by world events of late 2001 and early 2002, it also "struck [him] as the most amazing, powerful phrase… It will annoy me if people say it's a direct protest because I feel really strongly that [Radiohead] didn't write a protest record, we didn't write a political record. "^[2] After the release of Hail to the Thief, Radiohead embarked on an international tour, which began in May 2003 and included a headlining performance at the Glastonbury Festival. For the classical music and theatre festivals co-founded by Rutland Boughton between 1914 and 1926 see Glastonbury Festival (1914-1925 The The tour finished in May 2004 with a performance at the Coachella Festival. The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (commonly known as Coachella) is a three-day (formerly a one or two-day annual music and arts festival organized by Goldenvoice During their tour, the band released COM LAG, an EP compiling most of the b-sides from Hail to the Thief. COM LAG (2plus2isfive is an EP by English Rock band Radiohead, first released in Japan and Australia in Following their tour, the band began writing and rehearsing in their Oxford studio, but soon went on hiatus; free of contractual obligations, Radiohead spent the remainder of 2004 resting and working on solo projects. ^[40]

In Rainbows and independent work (2005–present)

Yorke in concert with Radiohead in 2006.

Radiohead began work on their seventh album in February 2005. ^[40] In September 2005, the band recorded a piano-based song, "I Want None of This", for the War Child charity album Help: A Day in the Life. For other uses see War Child (disambiguation War Child is a non-governmental organization founded by British filmmakers Bill Leeson Help! A Day in the Life, released in 2005 brought together many contemporary artists from Britain and Canada. The album was sold online, with "I Want None of This" being the most downloaded track, although it was not released as a single. ^[41] At the time, Radiohead were without a record contract, having fulfilled their recording contract with EMI in 2004 with the release of COM LAG. The EMI Group is a British music company comprising the major record company EMI Music – which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in Shortly before the band began writing new songs for the album, Yorke told Time, "I like the people at our record company, but the time is at hand when you have to ask why anyone needs one. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and And, yes, it probably would give us some perverse pleasure to say 'Fuck you' to this decaying business model. "^[42] Radiohead had begun recording their next album on their own and then with producer Mark Stent, but in late 2006, after a tour of Europe and North America during which they debuted 13 new songs, they resumed work with Nigel Godrich in several rural locations in England. Mark Stent is a Record producer, and Audio engineer who has worked with The KLF, Björk, Keane, Depeche Mode, Erasure ^[43] The album was completed in June 2007 and was mastered the following month in a New York City studio. ^[44]

Radiohead's seventh album, In Rainbows, was released in October 2007 as a digital download for which customers chose their own price. In Rainbows is the seventh album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead. MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a Digital audio encoding format using a form of Lossy data compression Although it was reported that 1. 2 million digital downloads were sold by the day of the album's release,^[45] the band's management did not release official sales figures, claiming that the Internet-only distribution was intended to boost sales of the physical album. ^[45][46] Yet according to Yorke, Radiohead's profits from the digital download of In Rainbows outstripped combined profits from digital downloads of all of the band's other studio albums. ^[47] A "discbox" including a bonus CD from the recording sessions, a double vinyl edition of the album, and a hardcover book of artwork was released in early December. A double album is an audio Album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold (especially records and Compact Discs. ^[48] In Rainbows was physically released in the UK in late December on XL Recordings and in North America in January 2008 on TBD Records,^[48] and charted at number one both in the UK and in the US. XL Recordings is an Independent record label which was launched by Tim Palmer Nick Halkes and Richard Russell with Beggars Banquet Records in 1989 to release TBD Records (previously Side One Recordings) is an American Record label co-founded by Coran Capshaw and Phil Costello and is a sublabel ^[49][50] The album's success in the US marked Radiohead's highest chart success in that country since Kid A, while it was their fifth UK number one album. "Jigsaw Falling into Place", the first single from the album, was released in the UK in January 2008. " Jigsaw Falling into Place " is a song by English band Radiohead and is the penultimate track on their 2007 album In Rainbows ^[51] The second single, "Nude", debuted at #37 in the Billboard Hot 100, Radiohead's first song to make that chart since 1995's "High and Dry" and their first time in the top 40 since "Creep". " Nude " is a song by English Alternative rock band Radiohead and is the third track on their 2007 album In Rainbows. ^[52]

In Rainbows received overwhelmingly positive reviews, among the best of Radiohead's career. Critics praised the album for having a more accessible sound and personal style of lyrics than their past work. ^[53] Explaining the reasons behind the album's delivery and pricing scheme, Jonny Greenwood said, "It was an experiment that felt worth trying. . . [and] it's fun to make people stop for a few seconds and think about what music is worth. "^[54] Yorke described the album as Radiohead's attempt to "describe. . . as coherently and conclusively as possible, what moves us. " He said that with In Rainbows, Radiohead wanted to make a concise album, such as classic albums as Transformer, Revolver, and Hunky Dory. Transformer is Lou Reed 's breakthrough second solo album released in December 1972 Revolver is the seventh album by English rock band The Beatles, released on 5 August 1966. Hunky Dory is the fourth album by English singer-songwriter David Bowie, released by RCA Records in 1971 (see 1971 in music) ^[55][56] Radiohead will tour North America, Europe, South America and Japan from May 2008 to the end of the year to promote In Rainbows. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ^[45] A greatest hits compilation, titled Radiohead: The Best of, was released by EMI in June 2008. A greatest hits album (sometimes referred to as a " best of " album is a Compilation album of successful previously released Songs by a particular Radiohead The Best Of is a Compilation album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead. ^[57] This compilation does not contain any of the tracks from In Rainbows, as In Rainbows was not released through EMI.

Style and songwriting

Musical influences

Among Radiohead members' earliest influences were Queen and Elvis Costello; post-punk acts such as Joy Division and Magazine; and 1980s alternative rock bands such as R.E.M., the Pixies, The Smiths, and Sonic Youth. Queen were an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist Elvis Costello (born Declan Patrick MacManus 25 August 1954 is an English Musician and Singer-songwriter, with Irish ancestry Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s Joy Division were an English rock band formed in 1976 in Salford, Greater Manchester. Magazine were an English Post-punk group active between 1977 and 1981 Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of REM is an American rock band formed in Athens, Georgia, in 1980 by Michael Stipe ( lead vocals) Peter Buck ( Guitar Pixies are an American Alternative rock band formed in Boston Massachusetts in 1986 The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982 Sonic Youth is an American Alternative rock band formed in New York City in 1981 ^[5][3][15] By the mid-1990s, Radiohead began to mention an interest in electronic music, especially that of trip-hop act Massive Attack, and the instrumental hip hop of DJ Shadow, which Radiohead claimed as an influence on parts of OK Computer. Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production Trip hop is a music Genre also known as the Bristol sound or Bristol acid rap. Massive Attack are an English Trip hop group founded in 1988 by Robert Del Naja, Grantley Marshall, and Andrew Vowles in Bristol Hip hop production is the creation of Hip hop music. Modern hip hop production utilizes samplers, sequencers, Drum machines, Synthesizers DJ Shadow (born Josh Davis, June 29, 1972) is an American music producer, DJ and Songwriter. ^[58] Other influences on the album were Miles Davis and Ennio Morricone, along with 1960s pop groups such as The Beatles and The Beach Boys. Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Ennio Morricone OMRI (born November 10, 1928) is an acclaimed Italian Academy Award -winning composer The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 The Beach Boys is an American rock band Formed in 1961 the group gained popularity for its close vocal harmonies and lyrics reflecting a California Youth culture ^[19][3] Jonny Greenwood also cited composer Krzysztof Penderecki as an inspiration on the sound of OK Computer. Krzysztof Penderecki (ˈkʂɨʂtɔf pɛndɛrˈɛ͡tski born November 23 1933 in Dębica) is a Polish Composer and conductor of classical ^[19] During this era, critics noted musical similarities between OK Computer and the albums of progressive rock bands such as Pink Floyd,^[59] but the band have denied that their musical style is directly influenced by progressive rock. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved Pink Floyd are ^[60]

The electronic style of Kid A and Amnesiac was the result of Yorke's admiration for glitch, ambient techno and IDM as exemplified by Warp Records artists such as Autechre, Aphex Twin, Boards of Canada and Squarepusher. Glitch is a term used to describe a genre of experimental Electronic music that emerged in the mid to late 1990s Ambient music is a Musical genre in which sound is more important than notes Intelligent dance music (commonly IDM) is a genre name invented in the early 1990s by the creators of an American online mailing list Warp Records is a pioneering independent English Record label, founded in Sheffield in 1989 notable for discovering some of the most enduring artists in Autechre are an English Electronic music group consisting of Rob Brown and Sean Booth both natives of Rochdale, England. Boards of Canada (BoC are a Scottish Electronic music duo consisting of brothers Michael Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin Sandison Squarepusher is the performing Pseudonym of Tom Jenkinson, an English Electronic music artist signed to Warp Records. ^[9] The jazz of Charles Mingus, Alice Coltrane, and Miles Davis, and 1970s Krautrock bands such as Can and Neu!, were other major influences during this period. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Charles Mingus ( 22 April 1922 &ndash 5 January 1979) was an American Jazz Bassist, Composer, Alice Coltrane (neé McLeod) ( August 27 1937 &ndash January 12 2007) was an American Jazz Pianist Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Krautrock is a generic name for the Experimental music scene that appeared in Germany in the late 1960s and gained popularity throughout the 1970s especially in Britain Can was a musical group formed in West Germany in 1968 One of the most important Krautrock groups Can had a style grounded in the Experimental rock of ^[61] Jonny Greenwood's interest in 20th century classical music continued to play a role, and the influence of Penderecki and composer Olivier Messiaen was increasingly apparent; for several tracks on Kid A and later albums, Greenwood has played the Ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument popularised by Messiaen. At the turn of the 20th century classical music was characteristically late Romantic in style while at the same time the Impressionist movement spearheaded by Claude Debussy Olivier Messiaen ( December 10 1908 &ndash April 27 1992 was a French Composer, organist and ornithologist. The ondes Martenot (IPA maʀtəno French for "Martenot waves" also known as the ondium Martenot, Martenot and ondes musicales) is an early ^[5]

While working on Hail to the Thief, Radiohead placed renewed emphasis on guitar rock. ^[37] The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and particularly Neil Young were reportedly sources of inspiration to the band during this period. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Neil Percival Young OM (born November 12, 1945, Toronto Ontario) is a Canadian Singer-songwriter, Musician Radiohead also continued to cite the electronic influences of their previous two albums, along with classical musicians and Can. ^[62][63] Since beginning to record In Rainbows, Radiohead members have mentioned a variety of rock, electronic, hip hop and experimental musicians as influences, including Liars, Modeselektor, Spank Rock and M.I.A.. Liars is a four-piece American band consisting of Australian-born Angus Andrew (vocals/guitar Aaron Hemphill (percussion guitar synth Evan Shewchuk (maracas/xylophone and Julian Modeselektor is an Electronic music band formed in Berlin featuring Gernot Bronsert and Sebastian Szary Spank Rock is an American rap group Their style is generally described as a mix of underground Alternative rap, and electro. Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born July 17 1977 better known by her Stage name M ^[64][65] Band members have also been inspired by reggae and dub music. Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Dub is a form of music which evolved from Reggae in the late 1960s ^[66] The 2007 Trojan Records release Jonny Greenwood Is the Controller is a selection of songs from Greenwood's favourite dub artists. Trojan Records is a British Record label specialising in Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae and Dub music. Jonny Greenwood Is the Controller is a Compilation album curated by Jonny Greenwood, lead Guitarist of Radiohead.

Changing roles

Radiohead's evolving musical style has been seen as a consequence of band members' varied tastes and accomplishments. Lead guitarist Jonny Greenwood is the only classically-trained member of the band and served as the BBC's Composer in Residence. Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works ^[67] Greenwood is a multi-instrumentalist; aside from guitar and keyboard, he plays the ondes Martenot, banjo, viola and harmonica. A multi-instrumentalist is a Musician who plays a number of different instruments The Bachelor of Music degree usually requires a second instrument The ondes Martenot (IPA maʀtəno French for "Martenot waves" also known as the ondium Martenot, Martenot and ondes musicales) is an early The banjo is a Stringed instrument developed by enslaved Africans in the United States, adapted from several African instruments The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, He also in recent years has done electronic and digital manipulation. However, not all of these instruments have appeared on record. Greenwood has also arranged string orchestrations for Radiohead songs, including "Climbing Up the Walls", "How to Disappear Completely" and "Pyramid Song". In Music, an arrangement refers either to a rewriting of a piece of existing Music with additional new material or to a fleshing-out of a compositional sketch such OK Computer is the third album by English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 16 June 1997 Kid A is the fourth album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead, released on in the United Kingdom and on in the United States and Canada "Pyramid Song" is a song by the English band Radiohead. Yorke plays guitar and piano and, at Exeter University, was once a DJ and part of a techno group, "Flickernoise". The University of Exeter (usually abbreviated as Exon for post-nominals) is a University in the South West of A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s ^[9] In recent years he has focused on the digital manipulation of sound, claiming in 2003 that if forced to choose, he would rather make music only on computer than only on guitar. ^[68]

Since their formation, Radiohead have, lyrically and musically, been dominated by Yorke. In a 2000 interview, Yorke said, "We operate like the UN, and I'm America. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security "^[9] An exception to this dynamic is songwriting. Although Yorke is responsible for writing nearly all the lyrics, songwriting is actually a collaborative effort, as interviews have revealed that all members have had an integral songwriting role. Lyrics (in singular form Lyric) are a set of words that accompany music either by speaking or singing ^[30] As a result, all the band's songs are officially credited to "Radiohead". The Kid A/Amnesiac sessions brought about a change in Radiohead's musical style, and an even more radical change in the band's working method. ^[30] Ed O'Brien described the situation in 2000: "If you're going to make a different-sounding record, you have to change the methodology. . . everyone feels insecure. I'm a guitarist and suddenly it's like, well, there are no guitars on this track, or no drums. Jonny, me, Coz, and Phil had to get our heads round that. "^[30]

Since the band's shift from standard rock music instrumentation toward an emphasis on electronic sound, band members have had greater flexibility and now regularly switch instruments depending on the particular song requirements. ^[30] On Kid A and Amnesiac, Yorke played keyboard and bass, while Jonny Greenwood often played ondes Martenot rather than guitar, bassist Colin Greenwood worked on sampling, and O'Brien and Selway branched out to drum machines and digital manipulations, also finding ways to incorporate their primary instruments, guitar and percussion, respectively, into the new sound. ^[30] The relaxed 2003 recording sessions for Hail to the Thief led to a different dynamic in Radiohead, with Yorke admitting in interviews that "[his] power within the band was absolutely unbalanced and [he] would subvert everybody else's power at all costs. But. . . it's actually a lot more healthy now, democracy wise, than it used to be. "^[69]

Collaborators

This bear logo was a collaborative effort between Stanley Donwood and Tchock (Thom Yorke) for the purpose of advertising Kid A.

The band maintains a close relationship with their producers and engineers, in particular Nigel Godrich, as well as with graphic artist Stanley Donwood. In the Music industry, a record producer or music producer has many roles among them controlling the recording sessions coaching and guiding the musicians organizing Audio engineering is a part of audio science dealing with the recording and reproduction of Sound through mechanical and electronic means Nigel Godrich, born in England on February 28 1971, is a recording engineer and Record producer. The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation Stanley Donwood is the Pen name of English Writer and Artist Dan Rickwood. Godrich made his name with Radiohead, working with the band ever since The Bends, and as co-producer ever since OK Computer. ^[70] He has, at times, been dubbed the "sixth member" of the band in an allusion to George Martin's work with the Beatles. Sir George Henry Martin CBE (3 January 1926 is a British record producer arranger and Composer. ^[70] Donwood, another longtime associate of the band, has produced all of Radiohead's album covers and visual artwork since 1994. ^[71] He often works directly with Yorke, whom he met at art school; Yorke is credited in these collaborations under the pseudonyms "Tchock" or "The White Chocolate Farm". A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) ^[72] Donwood's graphics work with the band has encompassed oil paintings, computer-generated imagery, collage and antique posters, as well as work on the band's official web site. Oil painting is the process of painting with Pigments that are bound with a medium of Drying oil — especially in early modern Europe Linseed oil Computer animation Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of Computer graphics or more specifically 3D computer graphics A collage (From the coller to glue is a work of formal art primarily in the Visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms thus creating a new whole An antique ( Latin: antiquus; old is an old Collectible item It is collected or desirable because of its age rarity condition utility or other unique In interviews, he has said that he works near where the band is recording so as to find a visual equivalent for their sound. ^[73] Together with Yorke, Donwood won a Grammy in 2002 for a special edition of Amnesiac packaged as a library book. The Grammy Award for Best Recording Package is the latest in a series of Grammy Awards presented for the visual look of an album ^[71]

Other collaborators include Graeme Stewart, Dilly Gent, and Peter Clemens. Stewart has been Radiohead's sound engineer since their Kid A/Amnesiac sessions. He has also engineered Jonny Greenwood's and Yorke's respective solo albums Bodysong and The Eraser. Bodysong is an Album by Radiohead The Eraser is the debut solo Album by Radiohead lead singer Thom Yorke, released on 10 July 2006 in the United Gent has been responsible for commissioning all Radiohead music videos since OK Computer, working with the band to find a director suitable for each project. ^[74] The band's live technician, Peter Clemens, or "Plank", has worked with the band since before The Bends, setting up their instruments for both studio recordings and live performances. ^[3]

Influence

Despite the increasing profile and popularity that Kid A and Amnesiac brought to the band,^[36] the continued popularity of The Bends and OK Computer ensured the influence of Radiohead's earlier style on British rock music. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, many critics compared the sound of contemporary bands to that of Radiohead at some time during their recording output, and in some cases, these bands used the band's own producers Nigel Godrich or John Leckie. When asked in 2001 by MTV, "How do you guys feel about the fact that bands like Travis, Coldplay and Muse are making a career sounding exactly like your records did in 1997?", Yorke replied, "Good luck with Kid A. Travis are a Scottish Alternative rock band from Glasgow, comprising Fran Healy ( lead vocals, Guitar, Piano, Coldplay TalkColdplay#Is_or_Are_dispute_again Muse are "^[5] Yet, other artists, notably Bloc Party, have cited influence from Radiohead's more recent work. Bloc Party are a British Indie rock band composed of Kele Okereke on vocals and Rhythm guitar, Russell Lissack on ^[75][76] Acts in various genres including The Roots,^[77] Hanson^[78] and John Mayer,^[79] as well as jazz and classical musicians,^[80] have covered or sampled Radiohead songs from their Kid A and Amnesiac period. The Roots are an American hip-hop band from Philadelphia Pennsylvania. Hanson is an American Pop rock band formed in Tulsa, Oklahoma by brothers Isaac, Taylor, and Zac Hanson. John Clayton Mayer (; born October 16 1977 is an American musician In 2005, Radiohead were ranked number 73 in Rolling Stone's list of the greatest artists in history. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published ^[81]

Discography

Main article: Radiohead discography

• Pablo Honey (1993)
• The Bends (1995)
• OK Computer (1997)
• Kid A (2000)
• Amnesiac (2001)
• Hail to the Thief (2003)
• In Rainbows (2007)

References

Sources

• Randall, Mac. Exit Music: The Radiohead Story. 2000. ISBN 0-385-33393-5
• Clarke, Martin. Radiohead: Hysterical and Useless. 2000. ISBN 0-85965-332-3

Further reading

• Doheny, James. Radiohead: Back to Save the Universe. 2002. ISBN 0-82641-663-2
• Footman, Tim. Tim Footman (born 1968 is a British author journalist and editor. Welcome to the Machine: OK Computer and the Death of the Classic Album. 2007. ISBN 1-8424-03885
• Griffiths, Dai. Radiohead's OK Computer (33⅓ series). 33⅓ (Thirty-Three and a Third is a series of books written about important and/or seminal music Albums Written by one author per album the series is published by Continuum 2004. ISBN 1-56025-398-3
• Johnstone, Nick. Radiohead: An Illustrated Biography. 1997. ISBN 0-7119-6581-1
• Paytress, Mark. Radiohead: The Complete Guide to their Music. 2005. ISBN 1-84449-507-8
• Tate, Joseph (ed). The Music and Art of Radiohead. 2005. ISBN 0-7546-3979-7.

External links

• Radiohead.com, official site
• RHDiscog.com, comprehensive discography
• Radiohead at Last.fm