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RQ-4 Global Hawk
Type unmanned aerial vehicle
National origin United States
Manufacturer Northrop Grumman
Primary users United States Air Force
United States Navy
Unit cost US$123. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing building testing selling and maintaining Aircraft, Aircraft parts Northrop Grumman Corporation ( is an Aerospace and defense technology company formed by the 1994 purchase of Grumman by Northrop. 2 million

The Northrop Grumman (formerly Ryan Aeronautical) RQ-4 Global Hawk (known as Tier II+ during development) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used by the United States Air Force as a surveillance aircraft. Northrop Grumman Corporation ( is an Aerospace and defense technology company formed by the 1994 purchase of Grumman by Northrop. The Ryan Aeronautical Company was founded by T Claude Ryan in San Diego California, USA in 1934 An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic Surveillance aircraft are military Aircraft used for monitoring enemy activity usually carrying no armament

Contents

Development

Overview

In role and design, it is similar to the Lockheed U-2, the venerable 1950s spy plane. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout It is a theater commander's asset to both provide a broad overview and systematically target surveillance shortfalls. The Global Hawk air vehicle is able to provide high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)—that can penetrate cloud-cover and sandstorms—and Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) imagery at long range with long loiter times over target areas. Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR is a form of Radar in which the highly-directional (and thus very large rotating antenna used by conventional radar is replaced with many low-directivity It can survey as much as 40,000 square miles (100,000 square kilometers) of terrain a day. If a Global Hawk were flown out from San Francisco, it would be able to operate in Maine for 24 hours, observe a 230 X 230 mile (370 x 370 kilometer) grid, and then fly back home.

Potential missions for the Global Hawk cover the spectrum of intelligence collection capability to support forces in worldwide peace, crisis, and wartime operations. According to the Air Force, the capabilities of the aircraft will allow more precise targeting of weapons and better protection of forces through superior surveillance capabilities.

The "R" is the Department of Defense designation for reconnaissance; "Q" means unmanned aircraft system. The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government The "4" refers to it being the fourth of a series of purpose-built unmanned aircraft systems.

The Global Hawk costs about $35 million USD each[1] (actual per-aircraft costs; with development costs also included, the per-aircraft cost rises to $123. 2 million USD each[2]).

United States Air Force

A maintenance crew prepares a Global Hawk for a test at Beale Air Force Base
A maintenance crew prepares a Global Hawk for a test at Beale Air Force Base

The first seven aircraft were built under the Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) program, in order to evaluate the design and its capabilities. Beale Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base near Marysville, California, that was established in 1943 Due to world circumstances, the capabilities of the aircraft were in high demand, so the prototype aircraft were operated in theater in the War in Afghanistan. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U

In an unusual move, the aircraft entered initial low-rate production concurrently while still in engineering and manufacturing development. Nine production Block 10 aircraft (sometimes referred to as RQ-4A configuration) were produced, two of which were transferred to the US Navy. Two more were sent to Iraq to support operations there. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The final Block 10 aircraft was delivered on 26 June 2006. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [3]

In order to increase the aircraft's capabilities, the airframe was redesigned, with the nose section and wings being stretched. The changes, with the designation RQ-4 Block 20, allow the aircraft to carry up to 3,000 pounds of internal payload. These changes were introduced with the first Block 20 aircraft, the 17th Global Hawk produced, which was rolled out in a ceremony on August 25, 2006. [4] First flight of the Block 20 from the USAF Plant 42 in Palmdale, CA to Edwards AFB took place on March 1, 2007. Developmental testing of Block 20 is scheduled for 2007 and 2008. Future Block 30 and 40 aircraft, similar in size to the Block 20, are scheduled for development from 2008 to 2010. [5]

Cost overruns

Program development cost overruns had put the Global Hawk system at risk of cancellation. Cost overrun is defined as excess of actual Cost over Budget. Per-unit costs in mid-2006 were 25% over baseline estimates, caused by both the need to correct design deficiencies as well as increase the system's capabilities. This caused some concerns about a possible congressional termination of the program if its national security benefits could not be justified. [6][7] However, in June 2006, the Global Hawk program was restructured. Completion of an operational assessment report by the Air Force was slipped due to manufacturing and development delays from August 2005 to November 2007. The operational assessment report was released in March 2007 and production of the 54 air vehicles planned has been extended by two years to 2015. [8]

United States Navy

The United States Navy took delivery of two of the Block 10 aircraft to be used to evaluate maritime surveillance capabilities, designated N-1. The initial example, tail number 166509, was tested in a naval configuration at Edwards Air Force Base for several months, later ferrying to NAS Patuxent River on March 28, 2006 to begin the Global Hawk Maritime Demonstration (GHMD) program. Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope "Pax River" redirects here For the river see Patuxent River. Navy squadron VX-20 was tasked with operating the GHMD system. [9][10] [11]

In the spring of 2006, the GHMD aircraft took part in a demonstration of the type's ability to conduct maritime drug interdiction surveillance, completing four flights over the Caribbean and off the coast of Florida, locating and identifying numerous airborne and surface targets. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the [12]

The GHMD aircraft flew in the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise for the first time in July, 2006. RIMPAC, the Rim of the Pacific Exercise, is the world's largest international maritime exercise Although RIMPAC operations were in the vicinity of Hawaii, the aircraft was operated from Edwards, requiring flights of approximately 2,500 miles (4,000 km) each way to the operations area. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Four flights were performed, resulting in over 24 hours of persistent maritime surveillance coordinated with USS Abraham Lincoln and Bonhomme Richard. Ship history Construction Lincoln' s contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982 her keel was laid 3 November 1984 at Mission The primary mission of USS Bonhomme Richard is to embark deploy and land elements of a Marine landing force in amphibious assault operations by Helicopter As a part of the demonstration program, Global Hawk was tasked with maintenance of maritime situational awareness, contact tracking, and imagery support of various exercise operations. The imagery obtained by Global Hawk was transmitted to NAS Patuxent River for processing before being forwarded on to the fleet operations off Hawaii, thus exercising the global nature of this aircraft's operations. "Pax River" redirects here For the river see Patuxent River. [13]

Northrop Grumman entered a version of the RQ-4B in the US Navy's Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) UAV contract competition. Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS is a UAV system which will provide continuous maritime surveillance for the US Navy and complement the 737 On 22 April 2008 the announcement was made that the Northrop Grumman RQ-4N had won the bid, with the Navy awarding a contract worth $1. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 16 billion. [14]

NASA

In December 2007, two Global Hawks were transferred from the U. S. Air Force to NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base. The Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC located inside Edwards Air Force Base, is an aeronautical research center operated by NASA. Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope Initial research activities beginning in 2009 will support NASA's Airborne Science Program. The two Global Hawks were the first and sixth aircraft built under the original Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration program sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and were made available to NASA when the Air Force had no further need for them. [15]

Luftwaffe

EuroHawk mock-up at the ILA 2006
EuroHawk mock-up at the ILA 2006

The German Luftwaffe has ordered a variant of the RQ-4B equipped with European sensors, dubbed EuroHawk. International Aerospace Exhibition ILA Held bi-annually on the southern section of Berlin - Schönefeld Airport, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. It combines a normal RQ-4B airframe with an EADS reconnaissance payload. The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS NV ( EADS) is a large European aerospace corporation formed by the merger on July 10,

The aircraft is based on the Block 20/30/40 RQ-4B, but will be equipped with EADS' SIGINT package to fulfil Germany's desire to replace their aging Dassault-Breguet Atlantique electronic surveillance aircraft. Dassault Aviation is a French aircraft manufacturer of military, regional and business jets, a subsidiary of WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A first batch of 5 EuroHawks will be delivered for the Luftwaffe from 2010 on.

The costs for the initial five aircraft are approx. €430 million for the development, and €430 million for the actual procurement.

Potential operators

Australia is considering the purchase of a number of Global Hawk aircraft for maritime and land surveillance. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Global Hawk will be assessed against the RQ-1 Mariner in trials planned for 2007. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [16] If selected the Global Hawk aircraft will be operated in conjunction with manned P-8A Poseidon aircraft by 10 and 11 Squadrons of the RAAF. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout This combination, or a similar one, will replace existing AP-3C Orion aircraft in 2018. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Canada is also a potential customer, looking at the Global Hawk for maritime and land surveillance as either a replacement for its fleet of CP-140 Aurora patrol aircraft or to supplement manned patrols of remote Arctic and maritime environments. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Spain has a similar requirement, existing contacts with Northrop Grumman at this issue. [17]

South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) has continuously expressed interest in acquiring at least four RQ-4B and support equipment by 2011 to increase the intelligence capabilities of the South Korean military after the return of the Wartime Operational Control from the U. S. to ROK, and has allocated approximately USD$19m for evaluation purposes.

Design

The RQ-4 is powered by an Allison Rolls-Royce AE3007H turbofan engine with 7,050lbf (3,200 kgf / 31. Rolls-Royce plc ( is a British Aircraft engine maker and the second-largest in the world behind GE Aviation. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A turbofan is a type of Jet engine, similar to a Turbojet. It essentially consists of a Ducted fan with a smaller diameter turbojet engine 4 kN) thrust, and carries a payload of 2,000 pounds (900 kilograms). The fuselage is mostly of conventional aluminum airframe construction, while the wings are made of carbon composite.

The Global Hawk is the first UAV to be certified by the FAA to file its own flight plans and use civilian air corridors in the United States with no advance notice. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic The Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [18] This potentially paves the way for a revolution in unmanned flight, including that of automatically piloted passenger airliners.

Integrated system

The Global Hawk's wings, fuselage, fairings, nacelles, and tails are manufactured from high strength-to-weight Composites.
The Global Hawk's wings, fuselage, fairings, nacelles, and tails are manufactured from high strength-to-weight Composites. Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical

The Global Hawk UAV system comprises an air vehicle segment consisting of air vehicles with sensor payloads, avionics, and data links; a ground segment consisting of a Launch and Recovery Element (LRE), and a Mission Control Element (MCE) with embedded ground communications equipment; a support element; and trained personnel. Avionics means "aviation electronics" It comprises electronic systems for use on aircraft artificial satellites and spacecraft comprising Communications

The Integrated Sensor Suite (ISS) is provided by Raytheon and consists of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR), electro-optical (EO), and infrared (IR) sensors. Raytheon Company ( is a major American Defense contractor and industrial corporation with core Manufacturing concentrations in Defense systems Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR is a form of Radar in which the highly-directional (and thus very large rotating antenna used by conventional radar is replaced with many low-directivity Electro-optics is a branch of Technology involving components devices and systems which operate by modification of the optical properties of a material by an Electric field Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of Either the EO or the IR sensors can operate simultaneously with the SAR. Each of the sensors provides wide area search imagery and a high-resolution spot mode. The SAR has a ground moving target indicator (GMTI) mode, which can provide a text message providing the moving target's position and velocity. Both SAR and EO/IR imagery are processed onboard the aircraft and transmitted to the MCE as individual frames. The MCE can mosaic these frames into images prior to further dissemination.

Navigation is via inertial navigation with integrated Global Positioning System updates. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth Global Hawk is intended to operate autonomously and "untethered" using a satellite data link (either Ku or UHF) for sending sensor data from the aircraft to the MCE. The common data link can also be used for direct down link of imagery when the UAV is operating within line-of-sight of users with compatible ground stations.

The ground segment consists of a Mission Control Element (MCE) and Launch and Recovery Element (LRE), provided by Raytheon. The MCE is used for mission planning, command and control, and image processing and dissemination; an LRE for controlling launch and recovery; and associated ground support equipment. (The LRE provides precision differential global positioning system corrections for navigational accuracy during takeoff and landings, while precision coded GPS supplemented with an inertial navigation system is used during mission execution. ) By having separable elements in the ground segment, the MCE and the LRE can operate in geographically separate locations, and the MCE can be deployed with the supported command's primary exploitation site. Both ground segments are contained in military shelters with external antennas for line-of-sight and satellite communications with the air vehicles.

Sensor packages

The Global Hawk carries the "Hughes Integrated Surveillance & Reconnaissance (HISAR)" sensor system. HISAR is a lower-cost derivative of the ASARS-2 package that Hughes developed for the Lockheed U-2. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout HISAR is also fitted in the US Army's RC-7B Airborne Reconnaissance Low Multifunction (ARLM) manned surveillance aircraft, and is being sold on the international market. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout HISAR integrates a SAR-MTI system, along with an optical and an infrared imager. All three sensors are controlled and their outputs filtered by a common processor. The digital sensor data can be transmitted at up to 50 Mbit/s to a ground station in real time, either directly or through a communications satellite link.

The SAR-MTI system operates in the X-band and provides a number of operational modes:

The visible and infrared imagers share the same gimballed sensor package, and use common optics, providing a telescopic close-up capability. It can be optionally fitted with an auxiliary SIGINT package. To improve survivability, the Global Hawk is fitted with a Raytheon developed AN/ALR-89 self-protection suite consisting of the AN/AVR-3 Laser Warning System, AN/APR-49 Radar Warning Receiver and a jamming system. An ALE-50 towed decoy also aids in the Global Hawk's deception of enemy air defenses. [19] [20]

In July, 2006, the Air Force began testing segments of the improved Global Hawk Block 30 upgrades in the Benefield Anechoic Facility at Edwards AFB. Benefield Anechoic Facility (BAF supports installed systems testing for Avionics test programs requiring a large shielded chamber with Radio frequency (RF absorption Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope This version incorporates an extremely sensitive SIGINT processor known as the Advanced Signals Intelligence Payload. [21]

In September 2006, testing began on a new specialty radar system, the Multi-Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program, or MP-RTIP, onboard the Scaled Composites Proteus. The Multi-Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program ( MP-RTIP) a U The Scaled Composites Model 281 Proteus is a Tandem-wing high-endurance Aircraft designed by Burt Rutan to investigate the use of aircraft Once validated, one Global Hawk will be modified to carry this radar set, and the other, larger variant (known as the Wide-Area Surveillance or WAS sensor) will be installed on the Air Force E-10 MC2A testbed or E-8 Joint STARS aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Operational history

Air Force Global Hawk flight test evaluations are performed by the 452nd Flight Test Squadron at Edwards AFB. Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope Operational aircraft are flown by the 9th Reconnaissance Wing, 12th Reconnaissance Squadron at Beale Air Force Base. Beale Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base near Marysville, California, that was established in 1943

Global Hawk ATCD prototypes have been used in the War in Afghanistan and in the Iraq War. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign While their data-collection capabilities have been praised, the aircraft did suffer a high number of accidents, with two of the aircraft, more than one quarter of the aircraft used in the wars, being lost. According to Australian press reports, the crashes were due to "technical failures or poor maintenance", with a failure rate per hour flown over 100 times higher than the F-16 fighters flown in the same wars. The manufacturers stated that it was unfair to compare the failure rates of a mature design to that of a prototype plane, and pointed to a lack of trained maintenance staff and spare parts.

On April 24, 2001 a Global Hawk flew non-stop from Edwards Air Force Base in the US to RAAF Base Edinburgh in Australia, making history by being the first pilotless aircraft to cross the Pacific Ocean. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Edwards Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located on the border of Kern County and Los Angeles County California in the Antelope RAAF Base Edinburgh is a Royal Australian Air Force base in the northern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The flight took 22 hours. [22]

The Global Hawk Maritime Demonstration program has seen two aircraft delivered to the United States Navy, with the second making a delivery flight in December 2006 to its duty station at NAS Patuxent River in Maryland. "Pax River" redirects here For the river see Patuxent River. The two aircraft are involved in a program to develop sensors, operational tactics, and procedures for integrating operations with manned aircraft at sea, for use in a maritime surveillance role[23].

The Global Hawk was used for a bird's-eye—view vantage point during the October 2007 California wildfires

Variants

RQ-4A 
RQ-4B 
RQ-4N 
For USN Broad Area Maritime Surveillance role. Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS is a UAV system which will provide continuous maritime surveillance for the US Navy and complement the 737

Miniature variant

Scaled Composites and Northrop Grumman are also offering a 50% proportional shrink of the RQ-4A, currently known as the Model 396, as part of the USAF Hunter-Killer program. Scaled Composites (often abbreviated as Scaled) formerly the Rutan Aircraft Factory, is a company currently owned by Northrop Grumman that is located The Scaled Composites Model 396 is a derivative of the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk aircraft Hunter-Killer is an unofficial project name based upon an Aviation Week & Space Technology article

Operators

Flag of the United States United States

Specifications (RQ-4A)

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development

Comparable aircraft

Related lists

References

  1. ^ "$143M for Global Hawk Cost Overruns", Defense Industry Daily, April 25, 2005
  2. ^ "Price of Global Hawk Surveillance Program Rises" Washington Post, December 7, 2004
  3. ^ "Last Block 10 Global Hawk Arrives For Check Flights. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV is an unpiloted Aircraft. UAVs can be remote controlled or fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic An unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV or "combat drone" is an experimental class of Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs The Scaled Composites Model 396 is a derivative of the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk aircraft WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout * List of active United States military aircraft This is a list of currently-active Military aircraft in use by the United States "
  4. ^ "Northrop unveils next generation Global Hawk", Aerotech News and Review, September 1, 2006
  5. ^ McGee, Chris, "Global Hawk in demand, passes 10,000 flight hours milestone", Aerotech News and Review, August 11, 2006
  6. ^ Flight article, April 18, 2006
  7. ^ [http://www.sbac.co.uk/community/cms/content/preview/news_item_view.asp?i=10233&t=0 Cost overruns put Global Hawk at risk, SBAC. com
  8. ^ Flight article, November 21, 2006
  9. ^ "U.S. Navy To Receive First Global Hawk Next Week. " Selinger, M. Aviation Week & Space Technology. Aviation Week & Space Technology, often abbreviated Aviation Week or AW&ST, is a weekly Magazine. October 1, 2004. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
  10. ^ First Unmanned Global Hawk Delivered to U.S. Navy - U.S. Department of Defense Transformation News Story
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ "Northrop unveils next generation Global Hawk", Aerotech News and Review, September 1, 2006
  13. ^ "Navy Global Hawk Performs in RIMPAC", Aerotech News and Review, August 18, 2006
  14. ^ Navy Awards Northrop Grumman Unmanned Aircraft System Contract
  15. ^ NASA Dryden Receives Two Early Global Hawk Aircraft
  16. ^ Australia funds study. Flight International 09/05/06.
  17. ^ Northrop negocia la venta de diez aviones espía a España - CincoDias.com
  18. ^ "FAA Clears Global Hawk For Routine Operation In US National Airspace. " Space Daily. SpaceDailycom is a popular online news site for space industry professionals August 13, 2003. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
  19. ^ Aerotech News and Review, vol 21, issue 27, August 4, 2006
  20. ^ AN/ALQ to AN/ALT - Equipment Listing
  21. ^ Aerotech News and Review, vol 21, issue 27, August 4, 2006
  22. ^ "Aviation history as Global Hawk completes US-Australia flight. " Australian Ministry of Defence press release. April 24, 2001. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
  23. ^ "News Breaks", Aviation Week & Space Technology, 18 December 2006. Aviation Week & Space Technology, often abbreviated Aviation Week or AW&ST, is a weekly Magazine. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

This article contains material that originally came from the web article Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.

External links

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