Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional

Type	Cable television network Defunct broadcast television network
Branding	RCTV Internacional
Country	Venezuela
First air date	November 15, 1953 (as an over-the-air network) July 16, 2007 (as a cable-only network)
Availability	International
Founded	August 18, 1953 by William H. Phelps, Jr.
Slogan	"Tenemos con que" (We have what it takes) "Un amigo es para siempre" (A friend is forever) "Alto Pana" (High-up Friend)
Licence area	Formerly national (expired on May 27, 2007)
Broadcast area	International
Owner	Radio Caracas Televisión RCTV, C.A. / Empresas 1BC
Key people	Marcel Granier, Empresas 1BC Director Eladio Lárez, RCTV President
Launch date	November 15, 1953 (as an over-the-air network) July 16, 2007 (as a cable-only network)
Dissolved	May 27, 2007 (as an over-the-air network)
Former names	Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV)
Former callsigns	YVKS-TV
Website RCTV

Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional (RCTV Internacional) is a Venezuelan cable television network headquartered in the Caracas neighborhood of Quinta Crespo. A television network is a distribution network for Television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many Television stations Terrestrial television is a term which refers to modes of television broadcasting which do not involve satellite transmission A television network is a distribution network for Television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many Television stations Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William Henry Phelps Jr ( December 25, 1902 - August 13, 1988) was a notable Venezuelan ornithologist and businessman Advertising Slogans are short often memorable phrases used in advertising campaigns Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Radio Caracas Televisión RCTV CA is a media and Entertainment company in Venezuela that owns Radio Caracas Televisión, now known as RCTV Empresas 1BC (also known as Grupo Phelps, Centro Corporativo 1BC, and Grupo 1BC) is a privately owned Venezuelan corporation which is comprised of Marcel Granier Haydon (born July 4, 1941) is a Venezuelan Businessperson. Eladio José Lárez Villamizar (born June 8, 1941) is a Venezuelan Businessperson and TV Presenter. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic A television network is a distribution network for Television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many Television stations Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. It is sometimes referred to as the Canal de Bárcenas. Owned by Empresas 1BC, RCTV Internacional was inaugurated as Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV) on November 15, 1953 by William H. Phelps, Jr.. Empresas 1BC (also known as Grupo Phelps, Centro Corporativo 1BC, and Grupo 1BC) is a privately owned Venezuelan corporation which is comprised of William Henry Phelps Jr ( December 25, 1902 - August 13, 1988) was a notable Venezuelan ornithologist and businessman Its radio counterpart is Radio Caracas Radio. This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. Radio Caracas Radio is a Venezuelan Radio station. It is owned by Empresas 1BC, Venezuela's second largest privately-owned media corporation ^[1]

On May 27, 2007, RCTV made international headlines when the Venezuelan government decided not to renew their broadcast license for what it claimed was the station's role in the coup which briefly overthrew Venezuela's democratically elected government. ||} Politics of Venezuela takes place in a framework of a federal Republic, whereby the President of Venezuela is both Head of state and A broadcast license is a specific type of spectrum licence that grants the Licensee the privilege to use a portion of the Radio frequency spectrum The Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 was a failed Coup d'état on April 11, 2002 that lasted only 47 hours whereby the head of state President ^[2]

Currently, as of July 16, 2007, RCTV continues to broadcast on cable and satellite systems under the name Radio Caracas Televisión Internacional (RCTV Internacional).

The government also temporarily took power and property of equipment that was property of RCTV, including antennas, transmitters and cameras, to use it in a new government owned channel. RCTV also maintains the right to transmit TV programming via satellite and cable. ^[2]

The Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Supremo de Justicia or TSJ) upheld the decision by the National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL) not to renew RCTV's broadcast license. The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Tribunal Supremo de Justicia is the highest Court of law in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and is the head of the judicial

Contents 1 History 1.1 1953 to 1960 1.2 1960 to 1970 1.3 1970 to 1980 1.4 1980 to 1990 1.5 1990 to 2000 1.6 2000 onwards 2 End of broadcast license 2.1 Background 2.2 Shutdown 2.3 RCTV interpretation 2.4 National reactions 2.5 International reactions 3 Additional criticism 4 Return to the airwaves via cable or satellite 5 Logo, news and broadcasts 6 RCTV on YouTube 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History

1953 to 1960

Radio Caracas Televisión, C.A. was established on August 18, 1953 by the Corporación Radiofónica de Venezuela (more commonly known as Coraven, a subsidiary of the Grupo Phelps and RCA), whose mission was that of launching a television network. Radio Caracas Televisión RCTV CA is a media and Entertainment company in Venezuela that owns Radio Caracas Televisión, now known as RCTV Empresas 1BC (also known as Grupo Phelps, Centro Corporativo 1BC, and Grupo 1BC) is a privately owned Venezuelan corporation which is comprised of RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 ^[1][3] In the month of September, the testing phase for Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV) began, and finally on November 15, the network was officially inaugurated at 7:30 pm. RCTV was the third television network to begin operations in Venezuela after Televisora Nacional and Televisa, seen on channels five and four, respectively. ^[1]

On October 8, during RCTV's testing phase, the inaugural game of the XIV World Cup of Baseball was broadcast. The Baseball World Cup is an international tournament in which national Baseball teams from around the world compete This game matched Cuba and Venezuela) and took place at the recently opened stadium of the Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The City University of Caracas ("Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas" is the main Campus of the Central University of Venezuela. ^[1][4]

The official inauguration of RCTV took place at its studios located between the corners of Bárcenas and Río in Quinta Crespo, and had the presence of the Minister of Communications, Colonel Félix Román Moreno, the proprietors of the network, and a small group of special guests. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country In charge of the inauguration was William H. Phelps, Jr., the president of the company, and his wife, Kathy Phelps. William Henry Phelps Jr ( December 25, 1902 - August 13, 1988) was a notable Venezuelan ornithologist and businessman ^[4]

The first program that was aired by the newly inaugurated network was the musical Fiesta, which hosted by Ramírez Cabrera and sponsored by Cerveza Caracas. Afterwards, RCTV aired a program titled El Farol, which was then followed by a program sponsored by Cigarrillos Alas that was directed by Peggy Walker which featured Alfredo Sadel (who had just returned from New York City in time for RCTV's inauguration). Alfredo Sadel ( February 22 1930 - June 28 1989) was a popular Venezuelan Singer and Actor. The City of New York ^[1]

The first voice that identified the network was that of Héctor Myerston. ^[5]

The following day, RCTV began transmitting its regular programming on channel seven, presenting programs such as El Observador Creole, Cuento Musical Venezolano, Tontín y Tontona, the police adventures of Roy Martin, and the adventures of Kid Carson, to name a few. El Observador Creole was Venezuela's first regular newscast, which remained on the for almost twenty years, being replaced by El Observador Venezolano, and then El Observador. El Observador ( English: The Observer is a Spanish-language newscast aired by Radio Caracas Televisión. ^[1]

RCTV's first board of directors included José Marcano Coello, Peter Bottome, Armando Enrique Guía, Guillermo Tucker Arismendi, William H. Phelps, Jr. , and Antonio Ortol. ^[1]

In 1954, Anecdotario appeared. This was the first cultural program that theatrically represented great works of literature. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter It was directed by Margarita Gelabert and César Henríquez. ^[4] Other cultural programs similar to Anecdotario included Kaleidoscopio, Teatro del Lunes, Gran Teatro, Ciclorama, Cuentos del Camino, and Candilejas. ^[6]

Later that year, RCTV debuted their first telenovela, Camay (which came on at 9:00 pm). A telenovela is a limited-run Television serial Melodrama of the type made famous in Latin America. As a result of Camay's popularity, RCTV began producing more telenovelas, which became an important part of the network's programming throughout the years. In the 1950s, telenovelas contained between 20 to 25 episodes, with each episode lasting 15 minutes (about three minuted were allocated to advertisements), and were televised live. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand ^[4]

Also in 1954, RCTV began airing El Show de las Doce with Víctor Saume. It was one of the first variety shows to air in Venezuela. A variety show or variety entertainment is an entertainment made up of a variety of acts especially Musical performances and Comedy Skits and Celebrities such as Pedro Infante, Libertad Lamarque, Magdalena Sánchez, Lucho Gatica, and some others guest starred. José Pedro Infante Cruz ( November 18, 1917 - April 15, 1957) better known as Pedro Infante, is perhaps the most famous actor Libertad Lamarque (born November 24 1908 in Rosario &mdashdied December 12 2000 in Mexico City) was an iconic Magdalena Sánchez, Venezuelan singer better known like the Queen of the Venezuelan song, was born in Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, April 9 Luis Gatica, better known as Lucho Gatica, is a Chilean Bolero singer ^[6]

In December 1954, RCTV began broadcasting simultaneously on channels two and seven. ^[1]

In early 1955, RCTV began to transmit exclusively to Caracas, on channel two, from a new transmitting station located in the neighborhood of La Colina. In the month of July, RCTV began its regular service to the interior of the country. A repeater antenna was installed in Altamira, south of Lake Valencia, allowing RCTV to reach, by way of channel seven, Valencia, Maracay, and surrounding towns. Lake Valencia ( Lago de Valencia) is the third largest Lake in Venezuela, exceeded in size only by Lake Maracaibo and Lake Guri. Valencia is the capital city of Carabobo State, and the third largest city of Venezuela. Maracay is a city in central Venezuela and is the capital and most important city of the Aragua State. Later, RCTV put into service their repeater antenna in Curimagua, Falcón State, so that their signal could reach the entire state and the Netherlands Antilles on channel 10. The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles This station was one of the most modern stations in the moment of its installation. ^[1]

Also in 1955, the morning show that projected Renny Ottolina, arrived. Renaldo José "Renny" Ottolina Pinto (born December 11, 1928 in Valencia Carabobo, died March 16, 1978) was a Lo de Hoy came on at 7:30 a. m. and lasted until 9:00 a. m. It was an adaptation of NBC's Today Show, and as a result of the record audience that it obtained, the show was extended to two hours. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Today, also referred to as The Today Show, is an American morning news and talk show airing weekday mornings on NBC. ^[4] In 1958, Ottolina left Lo de Hoy, and went on to host his very own variety show, El Show de Renny. ^[1]

In March 1956, the operations of the repeater station of Isla de Toas commenced, by which, on channel two, RCTV's signal arrived in the Zulia State. Estado Zulia is one of Venezuela 's 23 states ''(estados''. The state capital is Maracaibo. In September 1956, RCTV installed an antenna in Pariata, to serve what is now the Vargas State. Estado Vargas is one of the 23 states ''(estados'' of Venezuela. ^[1]

In 1957, RCTV expanded their coverage to the national level, offering an uninterrupted signal of high quality. ^[4]

In January 1957, RCTV improved their installations at Curimagua and were able to offer an uninterrupted and higher quality signal to the Falcon State and the Netherlands Antilles. The network also began service to the Lara State by way of channel three, transmitting from Mount Manzano in Barquisimeto. Estado Lara is one of the 23 states ''(estados'' into which Venezuela is divided Barquisimeto is the capital city of the State of Lara located in west central Venezuela, halfway between Caracas and Maracaibo on the Turbio On October 31, 1957, RCTV began its first service from Puerto La Cruz to cover the northeastern region of Venezuela on channel three. Puerto la Cruz is a Venezuelan city and port in the state of Anzoátegui. ^[1]

In 1958, after the fall of dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez on January 23, RCTV began airing La Voz de la Revolución, the first political talk show to air in Venezuela. Marcos Pérez Jiménez ( April 25, 1914 &ndash September 20, 2001) was a soldier and President of Venezuela from 1952 ^[6]

In 1959, Tito Martinez Del Box, a producer from Argentina, created the comedy series La Gran Cruzada del Buen Humor, later known as Radio Rochela. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. In 2001, Radio Rochela made the Guinness World Records for being on the air for over five decades uninterrupted (it was seen every Monday at 8:00 pm). Guinness World Records, known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records (and in previous U ^[6]

By the end of the 1950s, there existed five television channels in Venezuela: Televisora Nacional, Televisa, Radio Caracas Televisión, Televisa del Zulia, and Ondas del Lago Televisión. ^[1]

1960 to 1970

By the 1960s, the American television network, NBC, had purchased a twenty percent stake in RCTV. ^[7] Although today, NBC no longer owns any part of RCTV, RCTV is affiliated with Telemundo, NBC's Spanish-language network. Telemundo is an American television network based in Hialeah Florida a suburb of Miami Florida.

In 1961, RCTV realized their first experience with stereo sound during the broadcast of a variety show in conjunction with its radio counterpart, Radio Caracas Radio. ^[1]

On September 17, 1961, the videotape appeared, a technology which permitted the consolidation of recordings of sounds and images. Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto Magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. ^[4]

Also in 1961, a major fire affected eighty percent of the operating facilities of the network. As a result of this event, RCTV went on the air with an emergency programming. ^[1]

Later in 1961, the network offered their first service to the city of Puerto Cabello from an antenna located at the naval base in that city. Puerto Cabello is a City on the north coast of Venezuela. It is located in the state of Carabobo about 75km west of Caracas. ^[1]

In 1962, RCTV began into using the first selector of images that was fabricated entirely in the country, demonstrating a technological advancement for the network. ^[1]

Also in 1962, RCTV began its first service to the Táchira State and the Norte de Santander Department in Colombia from an antenna located in the high barren plain of El Zumbador. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. ^[1]

On August 24, 1963, RCTV was given the exclusive rights to broadcast the inauguration of the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge over Lake Maracaibo. The General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge is located at the outlet Lake Maracaibo, in western Venezuela. Lake Maracaibo is a large Brackish Lake in Venezuela at. It is connected to the Gulf of Venezuela by Tablazo Strait (55km on the northern edge ^[1] On this day, RCTV realized their first transmission via microwave transmitters from the antennas in Curimagua and Maracaibo. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 The use of the electronic pointer was incorporated. ^[4]

Every December 17th between the years 1963 and 1969, RCTV presented, and reran by popular demand, a made-for-TV movie that re-created the death of Simón Bolívar. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Written by Alfredo Cortina, starred by the Peruvian actor Luis Muñoz Lecaro (Simón Bolívar), directed by José Antonio Ferrara, and presented by Ruben Darío Villasmil, El Ocaso de un Sol made its mark by being one of the first creations by RCTV recorded on videotape. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. ^[1]

In 1964, RCTV began using their new transmitters located in the mountains southeast of Puerto la Cruz and Barcelona to offer a higher quality signal by way of channel three to Isla Margarita, Cumaná, Barcelona, Puerto La Cruz, and surrounding areas in the Sucre and Anzoátegui States. Barcelona is the capital of Anzoátegui State, Venezuela. Founded in 1671, Barcelona together with Puerto La Cruz, Lecheria Cumaná (305000 inhabitants is the capital of Venezuela 's Sucre State. Estado Sucre is one of the 23 states ''(estados'' into which Venezuela is divided Anzoátegui State (In Spanish: Estado Anzoátegui) is one of the 23 component states of Venezuela, located in the northeastern region of Later, RCTV inaugurated the transmitters on Pico Terepaima, to the south of Barquisimeto, to serve with quality the Lara, Yaracuy, and Portuguesa States by way of channel three, and the one in Maracaibo, covering with better image and sound the Zulia State. Maracaibo is the second-largest city in Venezuela after the national capital Caracas and is the capital of Zulia state In November, from Pico Zamuro, Trujillo, RCTV began transmitting its signal to the towns of Trujillo, Valera, Biscucuy, Boconó, Guanare, and their surrounding areas. Estado Trujillo is one of the 23 states ''(estados'' into which Venezuela is divided Trujillo is the capital city of the Venezuelan state of Trujillo. This article is about a city in Venezuela For other uses see Valera (disambiguation. Boconó is a city in the Venezuelan Andean state of Trujillo. Guanare is the Capital city of Portuguesa State, Venezuela. It is where la Virgen de Coromoto is said to have appeared to a Coromoto Indian ^[1]

In the 1960s, the number of episodes contained in each telenovela increased, with each one episode lasting between 30 to 60 minutes long, also telenovelas were no longer made live as a result of the arrival of the videotape. By 1964, telenovelas with sole sponsors disappeared with the release of La Novela del Hogar (which came on at 2:00 pm), La Novela de Pasión (which came on at 2:25 pm), and La Novela Romantica (which came on at 2:55 pm). La Tirana (1967, created by Manuel Muñoz Rico), was the first telenovela to be aired on Saturdays.

On May 16, 1965, RCTV placed into service their transmitters at the Mérida cable car. The Mérida Cable Car (Teleférico de Mérida is the world's highest cable car. Thanks to this equipment, RCTV's signal covered the entire Andean region of Venezuela. ^[1]

By 1967, there were seven television networks on the air in Venezuela. They included Radio Caracas Televisión, Venevisión, Cadena Venezolana de Televisión (CVTV), Canal 11 Televisión, Televisora Nacional in Caracas, Teletrece in Valencia, and Canal 11 in Maracaibo. Because of the exaggerated number of channels, both for the audience and the national publicity market, this number, at the beginning of the 1970s, was reduced to four (two private and two official). ^[1]

On July 17, 1969, RCTV brought to their viewers the first international broadcast: a news conference with the American astronauts that were traveling to the moon the next day. A news conference or press conference is a Media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and most often ask questions An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained ^[1] On July 20, RCTV broadcast live and direct the arrival of these astronauts to the moon. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Armando Enrique Guía, Hernán Pérez Belisario, and Gustavo Rada were in charge of the transmission which counted on a channel of microwave transmitters and a submarine cable. ^[4]

1970 to 1980

In 1970, RCTV began using the first chromatic signals during the broadcast of the World Cup in Mexico (the same World Cup where Venezuelans were able to see Pelé make his one thousandth goal). The 1970 FIFA World Cup, the ninth staging of the World Cup was held in Mexico, from May 31 to June 21. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. ^[4][8] Unfortunately, by pressure from the government, the network was obligated to use electronic filters. ^[4]

On November 16, 1971, Producciones Cinematográficas Paramaconi, C. A. , a company affiliated with RCTV that specializes in cinematography, was established. ^[1]

On August 30, 1973, RCTV inaugurated a transmitting station in Punta de Mulatos, between La Guaira and Macuto, to offer a better signal in the region. La Güaira is the capital of the Venezuelan state of Vargas and the country's chief port Macuto is a city in Vargas state, Venezuela. Macuto was founded in August 1740 on the site of an indigenous village called Guaicamacuto ("basket of thorns" ^[1]

On June 23, 1974, RCTV began service to Ciudad Bolívar on channel three, and in July to Puerto Ordaz, on channel two. Ciudad Bolívar is the capital of Venezuela 's southeastern Bolivar State. Puerto Ordaz is a planned city which together with the older settlement of San Felix forms Ciudad Guayana in Bolívar State, eastern Venezuela. ^[1]

In 1974, the miniseries Doña Bárbara began airing. In just 48 episodes of two hours, José Ignacio Cabrujas proposed the job of bringing to television the classic novel authored by Rómulo Gallegos in 1929 and later creating into a trilogy with Canaima and Cantaclaro. Rómulo Gallegos Freire ( August 2 1884 &ndash April 7 1969) was a Venezuelan Novelist and Politician. Under the direction of the Argentine producer Juan Lamata and with César Bolívar in charge of photography, eighty percent of this production was filmed outdoors (mainly in the llanos of the Apure State). Los Llanos redirect here for the Chilean region see Los Llanos Chile Los Llanos (meaning the flat plains is a vast Tropical grassland Estado Apure is one of the 23 states ''(estados'' into which Venezuela is divided Although it was filmed in color, it was broadcast in black and white. This was the first Venezuelan miniseries projected in Europe and the first program dubbed into another language. ^[4]

In the mid 1970s, RCTV created the 2 de Oro award as an incentive for the network's artists and talents. The most recent 2 de Oro award show was held on April 15, 2007. The 2 de Oro 2004 award show was held November 7, 2004, and the 2 de Oro 2003 award show was held on November 7, 2003 (there was no 2 de Oro awards in 2005 and 2006). ^[9] Other (defunct) award shows that aired on RCTV were the Ronda and Meridiano.

In 1975, RCTV initiated the international commercialization of its programs, with some of them being translated and dubbed into more than 15 languages and transmitted in more than 40 countries. ^[1] The three hundred episode telenovela, La Usurpadora, was RCTV's first seen overseas.

Also in 1975, RCTV launched Alerta, a controversial program that took a look into various social situations in Venezuela. Shortly after Luis Herrera Campins assumed the presidency in 1979, Alerta was taken off the air as a result of a highly controversial report that was conducted on the children's mental hospital located in Catia La Mar. Luis Herrera Campins ( May 4 1925 &ndash November 9 2007) was President of Venezuela from 1979 to 1984 Catia La Mar is a city in the municiplaity of Vargas in the State of Vargas in Maiquetía, Venezuela ^[1] Alerta, as well as Primer Plano and A Puerta Cerrada (the latter to a lesser extent), would make a come back, get cancelled, make another come back, and get cancelled again before making another comeback. The latest reincarnation of Alerta began airing on October 27, 2006 and is hosted by Alexandra Belandia. ^[10] Alerta was originally hosted by Eladio Larez, the future president of RCTV. ^[1]

On March 31, 1976, RCTV's transmissions were suspended for 72 hours by the first government of Carlos Andrés Pérez for issuing "false and tendacious news", in regard to the kidnapping of the American businessman William Niehous, then president of Owens-Illinois Venezuela. Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (born October 27, 1922) best known as CAP, was President of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Owens-Illinois ( is a Fortune 1000 company that specializes in Glass containers This was RCTV's first shut down by the government. ^[1][11]

In 1977, the "cultural telenovela" appeared with La Hija de Juana Crespo and then La Señora de Cárdenas, with both of them captivating their audience with stories that went from the wish of over coming economically and professionally, to infidelity and turbulent marriages. ^[4]

On January 5, 1978, there was another major fire at RCTV's studios. Fortunately, this fire was no where near as bad as the fire of 1961. ^[1]

On November 15, 1978, the Fundación Academia de Ciencias y Artes del Cine y Televisión (the Academic Foundation of Sciences and Arts of Film and Television) was founded by William H. Phelps. ^[4] This academy allowed RCTV to give the opportunity to prepare and train their artists and workers. ^[12]

During the government of Luis Herrera Campins (1979), the use of color in television was decreed and the American color system, NTSC-M, was adopted. Luis Herrera Campins ( May 4 1925 &ndash November 9 2007) was President of Venezuela from 1979 to 1984 NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico On December 1, 1979, RCTV entered the era of color. Unfortunately, this decree allowed only cultural productions to transmit under this format. Estefanía was RCTV's first production broadcast in color. ^[4]

1980 to 1990

In 1980, RCTV began airing the miniseries Gómez I and Gómez II. A miniseries (also mini-series) in a serial Storytelling medium is a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes Although they were both a phenomenon, creator José Ignacio Cabrujas and RCTV were sued for 15 million bolívares (about 13 billion bolívares just before 2008, which converts to 13 million bolívares fuertes) because of its historical errors and "injuring the moral patrimony of the descendants and family of General Gómez". The bolívar fuerte (plural bolívares fuertes ISO 4217 code VEF locally abbreviated as Bs Juan Vicente Gómez ( July 24, 1857 - December 17, 1935) was a military general and the ruler of Venezuela from 1908 until his ^[1]

Also in 1980, RCTV was closed for a 36 hours by the government of Luis Herrera Campins for airing "sensationalist narrations", "risqué pictures", and "news stories lacking facts". ^[13]

Television networks in Venezuela, whom were already prepared for the change and had occasionally transmitted in this format, made the complete switch-over to color on June 1, 1980. ^[14]

In 1981, RCTV was closed for 24 hours (by the government of Luis Herrera Campins) for airing "a segment of pornographic film". ^[15]

According to an article published in the Caracas daily newspaper, El Nacional, dated September 27, 1981, RCTV was admonished by the national government for having announced prematurely the death of ex-president Rómulo Betancourt. El Nacional is a Venezuelan publishing company under the name C Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (February 22 1908 – September 28 1981 "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy" was President of Venezuela from 1945 to The Minister of Communications, Vinicio Carrera, by instructions of President Luis Herrera Campins, was in charge of admonishing RCTV "very severely".

In 1982, Coral International was created to sell and distribute RCTV's programs overseas. In 2005, Coral International changed its name to RCTV International to honor its parent company. RCTV International (formerly known as Coral Pictures or Coral International) is subsidiary of Radio Caracas Television RCTV C ^[16]

The government of Luis Herrera Campins issued the decrees number 849 and 996, of the years 1980 and 1981, dated November 21 and March 20, and published in the Official Gazette numbers 32,116 and 32,192, respectively. The term gazette normally refers to a Newspaper. In the governments of Commonwealth countries a gazette is an official Journal that publishes the These decrees prohibited, for reasons of public health, television and radio stations to advertise, directly or indirectly, the consumption of alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, and other tobacco products. ^[17]

In 1984, RCTV was admonished for ridiculing "in a humiliating way" President Luis Herrera Campins and his wife. ^[18]

It was in 1986 that the private television networks in Venezuela were free to use satellite dishes to "download" foreign television signals. ^[19]

In 1986, was also the year of Cristal, a telenovela of 246 episodes which broke audience records both inside and outside of Venezuela. In Spain, Cristal was aired since 1988 to 1993 on seven different time periods. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Later that year (1986), RCTV launched another major production, called La Dama de Rosa, which in 1991 was seen by seven million people in Spain alone. ^[4]

In 1986, RCTV made a record US$12 million from the sales of their telenovelas overseas. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[20]

Also in 1986, Expedición, the first ecological and conservationist series produced in Venezuela began airing, which converted RCTV into a pioneering network in this genre. This series was exported to other countries, particularly the United States, Spain, and Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ^[4] Expedición aired until 1998 and contained a total of 48 episodes. ^[1]

On May 27, 1987, RCTV's broadcast license was renewed for 20 years by the government of Jaime Lusinchi. Jaime Lusinchi (born 1924 is a Venezuelan politician who was the President of Venezuela from 1984 to 1989 ^[21]

On August 13, 1988, William H. Phelps, Jr. , RCTV's founder and first president died at age 85. He had served as RCTV's president for 34 years, retiring from the network only a year before his death. ^[22]

In 1989, RCTV was closed for 24 hours by the second government of Carlos Andrés Pérez for airing advertisements for cigarettes. ^[23]

1990 to 2000

During the first years of the 1990s, RCTV developed a series of made-for-TV-movies. Some were based on real life events. Among the most highlighted were La Madamme (with Mimí Lazo), Cuerpos Clandestinos (with María Conchita Alonso), Volver a Ti (with Ruddy Rodríguez), and Buen Corazón (with Coraima Torres), among many others. María Conchita Alonso (born June 29, 1957) better known as María Conchita, is a Grammy Award -nominated Cuban born Venezuelan Ruddy Rosario Rodríguez de Lucía (born March 20, 1967) is a Venezuelan Actress, model and Businesswoman. Coraima Torres was born on June 6, 1973 in Valencia, Venezuela. ^[24]

In 1991, RCTV began using computer-generated imagery to present their logo. Computer animation Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of Computer graphics or more specifically 3D computer graphics ^[25][26]

On August 1, 1991, the Venezuelan government forced RCTV not to air a sketch in Radio Rochela, called "La Escuelita", due to its controversial nature. This decision was ratified by the Supreme Court. ^[27][28]

By 1992, RCTV had lost much of its audience to its main rival, Venevisión, but after the launch of Por Estas Calles, RCTV became by far the number one television station in Venezuela in terms of viewer ratings. Por Estas Calles was an iconic Telenovela, broadcast by Radio Caracas Televisión between 1992 and 1994. This resulted in Venevisión to cancel its contract with Marte TV (Channel 12; now La Tele), and as a result Marte TV nearly entered bankruptcy. La Tele is a regional Television network in Venezuela. It can be seen on the cable and satellite systems of DirecTV (channel ^[1]

Also in 1992, Kassandra was the first Venezuelan telenovela that arrived in the Japanese market. Kassandra (1991–1992 was a Venezuelan telenovela, written by Delia Fiallo and directed by Grazio D'Angelo and Olegario Barrera, involving This production was translated in eighty languages and was placed into the Guinness Book of World Records for being the most sold. ^[4]

In 1993, for the first time, RCTV combined cartoons with real actors in one of their productions. Created by Mariela Romero, Dulce Ilusión was converted into a modern version of Cinderella. Dulce Ilusion ( 1993) was a Venezuelan Telenovela that was produced by and seen on Venezuela's Radio Caracas Televisión Cinderella ( French: Cendrillon, Slovak: Popoluška, German: Aschenputtel, Spanish: Cenicienta ^[4]

In 1994 and 1995, with the objective to obtain the best sharpness and resolution of colors, RCTV inaugurated the first studio that utilized video component technology. Also in 1996, RCTV switched from using an analog signal to using a digital signal. An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable of the signal is a representation of some other The term digital signal is used to refer to more than one concept ^[4]

In 1997, RCTV was the first network in Latin America that automated their informative services (from the making of its contents until its airing), in which they adopted the format DVC Pro. Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor ^[4]

In 1999, RCTV purchased the Digital Betacam, which allowed them to begin using cinematographic techniques in the illumination of outdoor shots. Betacam is a family of half-inch professional Videotape products developed by Sony from 1982 onwards ^[4]

On November 15, 1999, RCTV had been on the air for a total of 16,000 days. ^[29]

On December 4, 1999, the testing phase began for Vale TV (Valores Educativos Televisión), a non-profit private enterprise that united the Archbishopric of Caracas and the three leading private television networks in Venezuela, RCTV, Venevisión, and Televen. (Valores Educativos Televisión was formerly a State-owned educational channel in Venezuela called Televisora Nacional. Televen (a Portmanteau for Tele visión de Ven ezuela is a private Venezuelan national Television network. ^[1]

2000 onwards

On July 18, 2005, the Centro Nacional de Noticias (National Center for News), was inaugurated. From here, RCTV transmitted El Observador (all three daily emissions), La Entrevista, and other special programs of information and opinion. La entrevista ( English: The Interview is a Spanish-language informative program aired by Radio Caracas Televisión in Venezuela. The director of Empresas 1BC, Marcel Granier, and the president of RCTV, Eladio Larez, were present at its inauguration. Empresas 1BC (also known as Grupo Phelps, Centro Corporativo 1BC, and Grupo 1BC) is a privately owned Venezuelan corporation which is comprised of ^{[4][30][31][32][33]}

In 2006, the Autonomous Service of Intellectual Property (SAPI), issued an administrative resolution in which it cancelled the use of the trademark "Radio Caracas Televisión", as a result of RCTV not using this name for at least three consecutive years prior to the date that this resolution was issued, in which they lost the rights to its use. ^[34]

On December 15, 2006, Tu Tienda RCTV, a gift shop which sells various products containing the logo of RCTV, ¿Quién Quiere Ser Millonario? (the local version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?), and the telenovela Te Tengo en Salsa, opened in the Recordland at the Sambil Mall in Caracas. Tu Tienda RCTV is a Gift shop located inside the Recordland at the Sambil Mall in Caracas, Venezuela. A gift shop is a store primarily selling Souvenirs relating to a particular topic often to simply provide evidence that the consumer has visited that location United Kingdom See also Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show The show is hosted by Chris Tarrant. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? is a Television Game show which offers very large Cash prizes for correctly answering successive multiple-choice Recordland is one of Venezuela 's largest music and video store chains Centro Sambil Caracas, located in Caracas, Venezuela, is the largest Shopping mall in South America. Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. ^[35]

End of broadcast license

The government of Hugo Chávez has accused the network of inciting the 2002 failed coup d'état that briefly overthrew Venezuela's government a serious violation of that nation's broadcast laws. The Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 was a failed Coup d'état on April 11, 2002 that lasted only 47 hours whereby the head of state President As a result, the Venezuelan government did not renew RCTV's broadcasting license which was up for renewal in May 2007. RCTV has denied any wrongdoing and argues that no trial has been conducted that links the network to the coup attempt.

The same month that RCTV's license expired, also expired the broadcasting licenses to Venevision, VTV (government owned and Chavez supporter station), among other stations, but the only one not renewed was the RCTV license, while the others got a renewal for over 2 years as a minimum. Venevisión, is one of Venezuela 's largest television networks which is owned and presided over by Gustavo Cisneros.

The week after the closure, RCTV started broadcasting its newscast to Latin America throughout the Colombian network "Caracol" and since then to other countries around the world. On June 7, RCTV started broadcasting its newscast El Observador on Globovisión. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Globovisión is a 24-hour television news network in Venezuela. ^[36]

Background

Further information: 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt

On April 9, 2002, the Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela—the country's largest trade-union federation—called for a two-day strike in support of the recently fired executives and managers of Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA)—Venezuela's state-owned oil company. The Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 was a failed Coup d'état on April 11, 2002 that lasted only 47 hours whereby the head of state President Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela ( CTV, Petróleos de Venezuela SA ( PDVSA) is the Venezuelan state-owned Petroleum company Fedecámaras—the Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce—joined the strike/lockout and called on its affiliated member businesses to shut 48 hours. The Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce (Federación de Cámaras y Asociaciones de Comercio y Producción de Venezuela or Fedecámaras is composed of chambers of

The opposition general strike was covered extensively by the privately-owned news media. During this time, the government used its powers under article 192 of the telecommunications law to requisition all radio and TV stations to broadcast numerous speeches by President Chávez, other government officials, and other programming favorable to the government. To sidestep this requirement, the television channels began to broadcast their own news at the same time as the government addresses by splitting their screens. ^[37][38][39]

On April 11, 2002, after three days of demonstrations, anti-Chávez and pro-Chávez demonstrators clashed at the Miraflores Palace. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Palacio de Miraflores ( Spanish for "Miraflores Palace" is the official workplace of the President of Venezuela. The government ordered the suspension of broadcasting by the privately-owned TV channels Televen, Venevisión, Globovisión and RCTV at around 4 p. Televen (a Portmanteau for Tele visión de Ven ezuela is a private Venezuelan national Television network. Venevisión, is one of Venezuela 's largest television networks which is owned and presided over by Gustavo Cisneros. Globovisión is a 24-hour television news network in Venezuela. m. , shortly after they refused to carry a speech by President Chávez exclusively and used split screens to broadcast live pictures the opposition demonstration being broken up at the same time as the president’s speech. Only the state-owned Venezolana de Televisión was allowed to continue broadcasting. History Cadena Venezolana de Televisión (CVTV was inaugurated as a privately-owned Television station on August 1 1964 at 730 p ^[37][39][40]

After several shooting deaths, elements of the Armed Forces deposed President Hugo Chávez, whom they held responsible. ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela. ^[41][42] Commander of the Army, Lucas Rincón Romero, reported in a nationwide broadcast that Chávez had resigned his presidency,^[41] a charge Chávez would later deny. General Lucas Rincón Romero was the highest-ranking Venezuelan military officer at the time of the Coup d'etat against Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez Chávez was taken to a military base while Fedecámaras president Pedro Carmona was appointed as the transitional President of Venezuela. The Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce (Federación de Cámaras y Asociaciones de Comercio y Producción de Venezuela or Fedecámaras is composed of chambers of Pedro Francisco Carmona Estanga (born 1941 in Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela) is a former Venezuelan trade organization leader who was briefly declared ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente ^[41][43]

RCTV reported these actions as a victory for democracy and conducted friendly interviews with leaders of the movement. Footage from the Irish documentary The Revolution Will Not Be Televised appeared to show a coup leader thanking RCTV and Venevisión for their assistance, calling the media "[our] secret weapon". The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (aka Chavez Inside the Coup) is a 2002 documentary about the April 2002 Venezuelan coup Venevisión, is one of Venezuela 's largest television networks which is owned and presided over by Gustavo Cisneros.

Subsequently the new government rapidly unraveled, after Carmona issued a decree that established a transitional government, dissolving the National Assembly and the Supreme Court, and suspending several Chávez appointees. The Act Constituting the Government of Democratic Transition and National Unity (Acta de Constitución del Gobierno de Transición Democrática y Unidad Nacional — known colloquially |||}The National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional) is the current legislative branch of the Venezuelan government The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Tribunal Supremo de Justicia is the highest Court of law in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and is the head of the judicial While his own coalition wavered, large sectors of the armed forces moved into the Chávez camp, linked up with a mass popular uprising from the barrios, and restored Chávez to office. RCTV declined to report any of these events, preferring to broadcast reruns of Looney Tunes and the film Pretty Woman . Looney Tunes is a Warner Bros Animated cartoon series which ran in many movie theatres from 1930 to 1969 Pretty Woman is a 1990 Romantic comedy film. The film centers around the titular character down-on-her-luck Prostitute Vivian Ward ( According to the Chicago Tribune, RCTV and other broadcasters supported the failed coup "by directing marchers and then failing to inform the public that the coup had failed". ^[44]

Chávez was restored to power on April 13, 2002. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Over the following months, and again in the wake of the 2002 lock-out and general strike, he stepped up his criticism of the country's private media companies, accusing them of having supported the coup. On his weekly television program Aló Presidente and in other forums, he regularly referred to the leading private media owners as "coup plotters", "fascists", and "the four horsemen of the apocalypse". Aló Presidente ( English: Hello president) is a talk show hosted by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and broadcast on Venezuelan The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are the forces of man's destruction described in the Christian Bible in chapter six of the Book of Revelation. ^[45] He reminded them that their concessions operated at the pleasure of the state and that if they "went too far", their concessions could be canceled at any time. ^[46]

Some editorialists have agreed that the network cooperated with the coup attempt April 11, 2002. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[47][2] RCTV encouraged pro-coup protests, celebrated when Chávez was temporarily removed from power, and broadcast false reports that Chávez had renounced his presidency. ^[47] In addition, when Chávez returned to power, RCTV did not report the news but rather broadcast entertainment programs such as the movie Pretty Woman. Pretty Woman is a 1990 Romantic comedy film. The film centers around the titular character down-on-her-luck Prostitute Vivian Ward ( According to RCTV, their decision not to transmit the images of riots taking place all over Caracas was in order not to entice more deaths and destruction in Venezuela. ^[47]

Shutdown

On December 28, 2006, President Chávez announced that the government would not renew RCTV's broadcast license which came up for renewal on May 27, 2007, thereby forcing the channel to cease broadcast operations on that day. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[48] The government says that the non-renewal is caused by RCTV's alleged support for the 2002 coup attempt against Chávez's democratically elected government. The Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 was a failed Coup d'état on April 11, 2002 that lasted only 47 hours whereby the head of state President

The Venezuelan Supreme Court of Justice (TSJ)—controlled by Chávez allies^[49]—ruled on April 17, 2007 that it is within the National Telecommunications Commission's power to decide on the issuing, renewal and revocation of broadcast licenses. The Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Tribunal Supremo de Justicia is the highest Court of law in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and is the head of the judicial Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[50] RCTV may continue broadcasting over cable or DTH systems (DirecTV Latin America) when its license expires, but the government will take over the equipment, studios and even the master control for their use in the new station it has created on May 27, 2007. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. On May 24, the Supreme Court ordered RCTV to stop broadcasting as soon as its license expires and approved the government's takeover of its equipment, though it would review the station's appeal of the decision. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Chávez announced plans to start broadcasting a public service channel, TVes, using this infrastructure which belonged to RCTV. TVes is a Venezuelan public Television channel. Its name is short for Televisora Venezolana Social ( Venezuelan Social Television) and ^[51]

The Supreme Court ruled that RCTV's broadcasting equipment must be available to TVes. The ruling also ordered the military to guard the equipment. This allows TVes to be available in the same locations where RCTV used to broadcast. ^[52]

The final program airing on RCTV Sunday was an all day/night retrospective tribute to the network, featuring current and ex workers, artists and staff of RCTV. Many workers and artists from other networks, including Venevision had to used the last hours of RCTV to give their opinion since they were not allowed at their own companies.

On Saturday, May 26, RCTV shut down its live internet stream in preparation for its forced close-down on Sunday, May 27. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed At 12 Midnight on May 28 RCTV ceased broadcasting and for the following 8 seconds the signal went dark. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling It was then replaced by TVes's ID which was on air for 20 minutes. TVes is a Venezuelan public Television channel. Its name is short for Televisora Venezolana Social ( Venezuelan Social Television) and Station identification (sometimes called a sounder or stinger) is the practice of any type of Radio or Television station or network At 12:20AM, TVes began programming for the first time. TVes is a Venezuelan public Television channel. Its name is short for Televisora Venezolana Social ( Venezuelan Social Television) and DirecTV Venezuela has replaced RCTV with TVes on 104. DirecTV (trademarked as "DIREC' TV' " is a Direct broadcast satellite (DBS service based in El Segundo California, USA, that was founded ^[53]

RCTV interpretation

RCTV argues that no trial has been conducted that links the network to the coup attempt. ^[54] Other stations—including Venevisión and Televen— were also accused of supporting the coup attempt, but their licenses have not been denied. Venevisión, is one of Venezuela 's largest television networks which is owned and presided over by Gustavo Cisneros. Televen (a Portmanteau for Tele visión de Ven ezuela is a private Venezuelan national Television network. Those networks became less critical of Chávez, prompting opponents to say the action against RCTV is evidence that Chávez defines media outlets critical of his government as the enemy, according to the New York Times. ^[55]

RCTV also argues that the channel's license expires in 2022 rather than 2007. The government states that a 1987 decree during Jaime Lusinchi's presidential term gave RCTV a 20-year license, while the network claims that the failure of the National Telecommunications Commission to issue an administrative authorization by June 12, 2002, automatically granted the channel a 20-year license renewal. Jaime Lusinchi (born 1924 is a Venezuelan politician who was the President of Venezuela from 1984 to 1989 Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The government rejected this interpretation, stating that the converting of licenses into administrative authorizations did not mean a license renewal, just a census of broadcasters. ^[54]

Chávez says TVes will better reflect his socialist revolution, calling RCTV "a threat to the country". ^[56]

National reactions

Further information: May 2007 RCTV protests

Rallies took place, both in favor and against the government's decision. The May – June 2007 RCTV protests were a series of protests in Venezuela that began in the middle of May 2007 One rally against the decision took place in Caracas on May 21, 2007 with "thousands of protesters. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "^[57] On May 25, university students from the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, the Universidad Simón Bolívar and the Universidad Central de Venezuela protested against the government's intentions. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Simón Bolívar University ( Universidad Simón Bolívar in Spanish or USB, is a public institution located in Caracas, Venezuela with scientific The Central University of Venezuela (or Universidad Central de Venezuela in Spanish) is a premier public University of Venezuela located ^[58][59] On June 2, 2007, tens of thousands of pro-government protesters took to the streets in support of Chavez's decision. ^[60]

Several opinion polls conducted by companies associated with the Venezuelan opposition showed that the public was strongly against the move. One poll, conducted in April 2007 by the Venezuelan company Datanálisis, found that 13% of the population agreed with the revocation of RCTV's license, while 70% rejected the government's decision. ^[61] A May poll conducted by a firm called Hinterlaces in 15 Venezuelan states with a 4. 7% margin of error reported that 83% of the Venezuelan population reject the discontinuation of RCTV, with 74% saying that democracy is at stake. ^[62]

International reactions

Many individuals, international organizations and NGOs—including the OAS's Secretary General José Miguel Insulza^[63] and its Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression,^[64] the Inter American Press Association,^[65] Human Rights Watch,^[66] the Committee to Protect Journalists,^[67] and the Human Rights Foundation^[68]—have expressed concerns for freedom of the press. The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered According to the Charter of the Organization of American States: The Secretary General shall direct the General Secretariat be the legal representative José Miguel Insulza Salinas (born June 2, 1943) is a Chilean politician and statesman and a member of the Socialist Party of Chile. The office of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression of the Organization of American States (OAS was established by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights The Inter American Press Association (IAPA is a press advocacy group representing media organizations in North America, South America and the Caribbean Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ is an independent nonprofit organization based in New York New York, United States The Human Rights Foundation ( HRF) is a non-profit organization that works on “defending human rights and promoting liberal democracy in the Americas ^[69] US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice criticised the TV closure as "undemocratic" and went on to say ". Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States . . disagreeing with your government is not unpatriotic and most certainly should not be a crime in any country, especially a democracy. "^[70] However, Secretary Insulza also stated that it was up to the Venezuelan courts to solve this dispute^[71] and that he believed that this was an administrative decision. ^[72]

The International Press Institute stated that it is "a flagrant attempt to silence the station's critical voice and in violation of everyone's right 'to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers,' as outlined in Article 19 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. International Press Institute (IPI is a global organisation dedicated to the promotion and protection of Press freedom and the improvement The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly ( 10 December 1948 at Palais "^[73] The Committee to Protect Journalists "concluded [Chávez's] government failed to conduct a fair and transparent review of RCTV's concession renewal. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ is an independent nonprofit organization based in New York New York, United States The report, based on a three-month investigation, found the government’s decision was a predetermined and politically motivated effort to silence critical coverage. "^[74] Reporters Without Borders (RWB) stated "The closure of RCTV [. . . ] is a serious violation of freedom of expression and a major setback to democracy and pluralism. President Chávez has silenced Venezuela’s most popular TV station and the only national station to criticize him, and he has violated all legal norms by seizing RCTV’s broadcast equipment for the new public TV station that is replacing it. "^[75] But in a right of reply to Le Monde diplomatique, RWB president Robert Ménard then said that the NGO had also condemned RCTV for its support to the 2002 coup attempt. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs The Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 was a failed Coup d'état on April 11, 2002 that lasted only 47 hours whereby the head of state President ^[76]

José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director for Human Rights Watch, called the RCTV case "clearly a case of censorship and the most grave step back in the region since Fujimori,"^[77] referring to the manipulation of the media by Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori in the 1990s. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori (Japanese name) (born in Lima, Peru on July 28 1938 is a Peruvian and Japanese ref> Fujimori secures Japanese haven "[Chávez] is misusing the state’s regulatory authority to punish a media outlet for its criticism of the government," Vivanco said. ^[78]

However, Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) questioned whether, in the event a television station openly supported and collaborated with coup leaders, the station in question would not be subject to even more serious consequences in the United States or any other Western nation. Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting ( FAIR) is a progressive Media criticism organization based in New York City, founded in 1986 ^[79]

The Senate of the United States approved a motion promoted by Senators Richard Lugar and Christopher Dodd condemning the closing,^[80] and Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, asserted that it was an attempt to silence the critics of the Government. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Richard Green "Dick" Lugar (born April 4, 1932) is the senior United States Senator from Indiana. Christopher John Dodd (born May 27, 1944) is an American Lawyer and Democratic Politician, who is currently serving Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi (born March 26 1940 is the current Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. The term speaker is a title often given to the presiding officer of a legislative body The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. ^[81] The U.S. State Department,^[82] the European Union,^[83] the senates of Chile^[83][84] and Brazil,^[85] and the legislatures of a number of other Latin American countries have also expressed concern over the incident. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile 's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile In its present configuration the Federal Brazilian Senate ( Portuguese: Senado Federal Brasileiro) is a federal legislative body and the Upper house

European Commission President José Manuel Barroso qualified the measure as regrettable, adding that "freedom of expression and press freedom are substantial components of democracy. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. José Manuel Durão Barroso (ʒuˈzɛ mɐnuˈɛɫ duˈɾɐ̃ũ bɐˈʁozu born 23 March 1956 is the 12th President of the European Commission. Costa Rican President Óscar Arias Sánchez stated that any media closing was a deathly strike against any democratic system. Óscar Rafael de Jesús Arias Sánchez (born 13 September 1940) is the current President of Costa Rica, and won the Nobel Peace Prize ^[86] Chilean President Michelle Bachelet said she regrets the decision and that "freedom of expression is the golden rule. Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria beˈɾonika mɪˈʃɛl baʃˈle ˈxeɾja / --> (born September 29 1951) is a center-left politician and "^[84] Along with her, Finnish President Tarja Halonen said she was watching the situation with concern. Tarja Kaarina Halonen ( pronounced) (born 24 December 1943 is the current President of Finland. ^[87] The Spanish Partido Popular, the main opposition party, called the closing an "attack against freedom of expression". The People's Party ( Spanish: Partido Popular, PP) is the main right Political party in Spain. ^[88]

After the Brazilian Senate passed a motion urging Chávez to reconsider the revocation of RCTV's license, Chávez "accused the Brazilian Congress of acting like a 'puppet' of the US", prompting Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to say “Chavez has to take care of Venezuela, I have to take care of Brazil and (US President George W. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (pronounced /lu'iz i'nasju 'lulɐ da 'siwvɐ/; born October 27, 1945) known simply as Lula, is the thirty-fifth and ) Bush has to take care of the US”. ^[89][90] Later, Lula da Silva said the decision of not renewing the broadcast license was internal Venezuelan business, adding that the legal logic of each country should be respected. ^[91] Chávez said that presidents Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and Evo Morales of Bolivia have phoned to show support to his decision and that Álvaro Uribe from Colombia said that his country would not involve itself in Venezuela's internal affairs. José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (xoˈse ðanjεl ɔrteγa saˈβeðra(born 11 November 1945 is the current President of Nicaragua. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26 1959 in Orinoca, Oruro) popularly known as Evo (ˈeβo is the President of Bolivia since The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Álvaro Uribe Vélez ('alβ̞aɾo u'ɾiβ̞e 'β̞eles born July 4 1952 in Medellín) is a Colombian politician and lawyer who is currently the 39th President Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. ^[92] President Rafael Correa of Ecuador said that he would have canceled the broadcast license automatically (after the 2002 coup). Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) is the President of the Republic of Ecuador. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. ^[93]

Additional criticism

In 2006, RCTV was sued for broadcasting advertisements of phone services with images of a "high sexual content" during late night programming. The Supreme Court ordered the station to stop carrying such forms of publicity. ^[94]

Return to the airwaves via cable or satellite

RCTV may have lost its free-over the air signal, but it is not out of business. In an article in the July 5, 2007 edition of AM New York, the head of RCTV, Marcel Granier said that he was considering taking the network's programming to cable or satellite. See also List of New York City newspapers and magazines AM New York is a free daily New York City (The Friday edition is combined This was accomplished in the Summer of 2007.

DirecTV Latin America and RCTV signed an agreement for the satellite service to transmit RCTV's programming to satellite subscribers in Venezuela and other parts of the world. DirecTV (trademarked as "DIREC' TV' " is a Direct broadcast satellite (DBS service based in El Segundo California, USA, that was founded The network will be broadcasting for DirectTV in the channel 103. DirecTV (trademarked as "DIREC' TV' " is a Direct broadcast satellite (DBS service based in El Segundo California, USA, that was founded Later came the deals with other national cable operators, Inter, formerly known as InterCable, and NetUno, both being the most important and known cable operators in Venezuela. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The channel number varies by area of the country and the cable system. Broadcasting officially resumed on July 16 at 6:00am (UTC-4). Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and

Since its return, RCTV has become the most watched channel in Venezuela (despite being on cable). Only 30% of houses have cable in Venezuela but the total amount that view RCTV is higher than all viewers of TVES, Venevision, and all other channels. In Caracas and in Valencia twice as many people view RCTV than Venevision. ^[95]

Logo, news and broadcasts

Main articles: RCTV logos and El Observador

Further information: List of programs broadcast by RCTV

RCTV has had three different logos throughout their history. RCTV logos used at various times First RCTV logo On November 15 1953 the day that Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV was inaugurated their first official logo El Observador ( English: The Observer is a Spanish-language newscast aired by Radio Caracas Televisión. This is a list of programs currently, formerly, and soon to be broadcast by Radio Caracas Televisión (this list includes Radio Caracas Televisión's original

El Observador was RCTV's main newscast. El Observador ( English: The Observer is a Spanish-language newscast aired by Radio Caracas Televisión. It was broadcast three times a day, except for Sundays, when it only came on during important events such as elections.

Some of RCTV's programs could be seen in other countries on various channels, including TV Venezuela, a premium subscription channel available on DirecTV. TV Venezuela is a Venezuelan cable television channel that can be seen only by people in the United States who subscribe to DirecTV Para Todos package DirecTV (trademarked as "DIREC' TV' " is a Direct broadcast satellite (DBS service based in El Segundo California, USA, that was founded

RCTV on YouTube

In the wake of its closure, RCTV announced plans to continue broadcasting its controversial main news program 'El Observador' on popular internet video host YouTube. El Observador ( English: The Observer is a Spanish-language newscast aired by Radio Caracas Televisión. YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees ^[96] YouTube viewership of 'El Observador' was initially significant but within a week of the end of RCTV's television transmission had fallen to less than 5,000 viewers a day. El Observador ( English: The Observer is a Spanish-language newscast aired by Radio Caracas Televisión. ^[97] El Observador no longer promotes the YouTube site and instead directs its viewers to watch its broadcasts through a different video hosting service. Viewership numbers are not available.

See also

• List of RCTV slogans
• List of Venezuelan over-the-air television networks and stations
• Empresas 1BC
• Radio Caracas Radio
• RCTV International
• TV Venezuela

References

External links

• Official Site (Spanish)
• Detailed report by the Venezuelan government on RCTV (Spanish)
• The Economist - Chávez changes channels (May 29th 2007)(Spanish)
• AM NewYork (July 5, 2007)
• You Tube Showing RCTV Test on Direct TV[1] (Spanish)
• Latin American CATV penetration rates. CableLabs (2003). Retrieved on 2007-07-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.

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