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For other uses, see RAND (disambiguation). The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis

The RAND Corporation (Research ANd Development[1]) is a nonprofit global policy think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the United States armed forces. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage A think tank (also called a policy institute) is an organization institute corporation or group that conducts Research and engages in advocacy in areas such The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The organization has since expanded to working with other governments, private foundations, international organizations, and commercial organizations. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Reportedly, it is known for rigorous, often-quantitative, and non-partisan analysis and policy recommendations. [1][2][3][4]

Rand Corporation Headquarters, Santa Monica, CA
Rand Corporation Headquarters, Santa Monica, CA
Rand Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA
Rand Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA

RAND has approximately 1,600 employees and four principal locations: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Washington, D.C. (currently located in Arlington, Virginia); Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (adjacent to Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh); and Cambridge, United Kingdom (RAND Europe). California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Carnegie Mellon University (also known as CMU) is a private Research University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a non-sectarian coeducational independent state-related, "public" research University The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England

There are also several smaller offices of RAND in the United States, including the RAND Gulf States Policy Institute in Jackson, Mississippi and New Orleans, Louisiana. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America In 2003, it opened the RAND-Qatar Policy Institute in Doha. Doha (الدوحة or Ad-Dōḥah) is the Capital city of Qatar.

RAND is also the home to the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, one of the original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a Ph. The Frederick S Pardee RAND Graduate School (PRGS is an American higher education institution co-located with the RAND Corporation 's headquarters in Santa Monica California D. The program is unique in that students work alongside RAND analysts on real-world problems. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest Ph. D. -granting program in policy analysis.

RAND publishes The RAND Journal of Economics, a scholarly peer-reviewed journal of economics. The RAND Journal of Economics (usually called Rand Journal or simply Rand) is a scholarly journal of Economics published

Contents

Project RAND

RAND was set up in 1946 by the United States Army Air Forces as Project RAND, under contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company, and in May 1946 they released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. The Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was a 1946 proposal by Project RAND, for a United States Satellite program In May 1948, Project RAND was separated from Douglas and became an independent non-profit organization. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage Initial capital for the split came from the Ford Foundation. The Ford Foundation is a Private foundation incorporated in Michigan and based in New York City created to fund programs that were chartered in 1936 by

Mission statement

RAND was incorporated as a non-profit organization to "further promote scientific, educational, and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare and security of the United States of America. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency The definition of charitable organization, and of charity varies according to the country and in some instances the region of the country in which the charitable organization operates " Its self-declared mission is "to help improve policy and decision making through research and analysis", using its "core values of quality and objectivity. "[1]

Achievements and expertise

The achievements of RAND stem from its development of systems analysis. Systems analysis is the Interdisciplinary part of Science, dealing with analysis of sets of interacting or entities the Systems often prior to their automation Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' space program, in computing and in artificial intelligence. This is a list of government agencies engaged in activities related to Outer space and Space exploration. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Numerous analytical techniques were invented at RAND, including dynamic programming, game theory, the Delphi method, linear programming, systems analysis, and exploratory modeling. In Mathematics and Computer science, dynamic programming is a method of solving problems exhibiting the properties of Overlapping subproblems and Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, The Delphi method is a systematic interactive Forecasting method which relies on a panel of independent experts In Mathematics, linear programming (LP is a technique for optimization of a Linear Objective function, subject to Linear equality Systems analysis is the Interdisciplinary part of Science, dealing with analysis of sets of interacting or entities the Systems often prior to their automation RAND also pioneered the development and use of wargaming. A wargame is a Game that simulates or represents a Military operation.

Current areas of expertise include: child policy, civil and criminal justice, education, environment and energy, health, international policy, labor markets, national security, infrastructure, energy, environment, corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and disaster preparation, population and regional studies, science and technology, social welfare, terrorism, arts policy, and transportation. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the Market and dynamics for labour. "Social welfare" redirects here For other uses see Welfare A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide

RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, funded by the then-U. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment (RAND HIE was a comprehensive study of Health care cost utilization and outcome in the United States S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.

According to the 2005 annual report, "about one-half of RAND's research involves national security issues. "

Many of the events in which RAND plays a part are based on assumptions which are hard to verify because of the lack of detail on RAND's highly classified work for defense and intelligence agencies. Some RAND participants who have gone on to large roles are often believed to have had a role in shaping RAND research.

The RAND Corporation posts all of its unclassified reports, in full, on its official website.

Notable RAND participants

Governance

The organization's governance structure includes a board of trustees. Dr James A Thomson has been RAND Corporation 's president and chief executive officer since August 1989 and a member of the RAND staff since 1981 Albert Wohlstetter (born 1913 died January 10, 1997) was a major intellectual force behind efforts to avoid the horizontal spread of Nuclear weapons. Roberta Mary Morgan, better known by her married name of Roberta Wohlstetter, ( August 22, 1912 - January 6, 2007) was one of America's Trustee is a Legal term that refers to a holder of property on behalf of a beneficiary. Current members of the board include: Francis Fukuyama, Timothy Geithner, John W. Handy, Rita Hauser, Karen House, Jen-Hsun Huang, Paul Kaminski, John M. Keane, Lydia H. Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is an American Philosopher, political economist, and author Timothy F Geithner (born August 18, 1961) is the 9th president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. General John W Handy was Commander US Transportation Command, and Commander Air Mobility Command Scott Air Force Base, Illinois from October Jen-Hsun "Jensen" Huang ((born February 17, 1963) is a Taiwanese-American entrepreneur and businessman John (Jack Keane (born 1943 is a retired Four-star general and former Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army, and a defense analyst Kennard, Ann Korologos, Philip Lader, Peter Lowy, Charles N. Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born November 16, 1941) formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin was United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989 Philip Lader, the United States Ambassador to the Court of St Martin, Jr. , Bonnie McElveen-Hunter, Ronald Olson, Paul O'Neill, Michael Powell, Donald Rice, James Rohr, James Rothenberg, Donald Tang, James Thomson, and Robert C. Bonnie McElveen-Hunter is an American businesswoman who is the first woman Chairman of the Board of Governors of the American Red Cross. Ronald Olson is a director of Berkshire Hathaway and an attorney See Paul O'Neill for other people with this name Paul Henry O'Neill (born December 4, 1935) served as the 72nd United Michael Kevin Powell (born March 23, 1963) is an American Republican Politician. Donald Blessing Rice (born Frederick Maryland, June 4 1939) is a California businessman and senior government official Dr James A Thomson has been RAND Corporation 's president and chief executive officer since August 1989 and a member of the RAND staff since 1981 Wright.

Former members of the board include: Walter Mondale, Condoleezza Rice, Newton Minow, Brent Scowcroft, Amy Pascal, John Reed, Charles Townes, Caryl Haskins, Walter Wriston, Frank Stanton, Carl Bildt, Donald Rumsfeld, Harold Brown, Robert Curvin, Pedro Greer, Arthur Levitt, Lloyd Morrisett, Frank Carlucci, Lovida Coleman, Ratan Tata, Marta Tienda and Jerry Speyer. Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States Newton Norman Minow (born January 17, 1926) is an American Attorney and former Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission. Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and Amy Pascal (born 1958 is Co-Chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc Charles Hard Townes (born July 28, 1915) is an American Nobel Prize-winning Physicist and educator Caryl Parker Haskins (1908 - 2001 was a scientist author inventor philanthropist governmental adviser and pioneering Entomologist in the study of ant biology. Walter Wriston ( August 3, 1919 – January 19, 2005) was a banker and former Chairman of Citicorp. Frank Nicholas Stanton ( March 20 1908 - December 24 2006) was an American Broadcasting executive who served as the KCMG (born 15 July 1949) is a Swedish Politician and Diplomat. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Harold Brown (born September 19, 1927) American scientist was U Arthur Levitt Jr (born 1931 was the twenty-fifth and longest serving Chairman of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC from 1993 to 2001 Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18 1930) is a former government official in the United States, associated with the Republican Party Jerry I Speyer (born on 23 June 1940, in Milwaukee Wisconsin) is one of two founding partners of the prominent New York Real estate

Criticism

The RAND Corporation has been criticized as militarist. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Due to the nature of its work, the RAND corporation also frequently plays a role in conspiracy theories. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment

In 1958, Senator Stuart Symington accused the RAND Corporation of defeatism for studying how the United States might strategically surrender to an enemy power. William Stuart Symington ( June 26, 1901 – December 14, 1988) was a businessman and Political figure from Missouri. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Strategic surrender is a Strategy of attrition. What the loser avoids by offering to surrender is a last chaotic round of fighting that would have the This led to the passage of a prohibition on the spending of tax dollars on the study of defeat or surrender of any kind. However, the senator had apparently misunderstood, as the report was a survey of past cases in which the US had demanded unconditional surrender of its enemies, asking whether or not this had been a more favorable outcome to US interests than an earlier, negotiated surrender would have been. Unconditional surrender is a surrender without conditions except for those provided by International law. [6]

In April 1970, a Newhouse News Service story reported that Richard Nixon had commissioned RAND to study the feasibility of canceling the 1972 election. Advance Publications Inc, is an American media company owned by the descendants of S The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War. This was denied by RAND, which subsequently undertook a fruitless review of its recent work to see if there was anything that could have been misunderstood to spark the rumor. [7]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c The Rand Corporation. A Million Random Digits with 100000 Normal Deviates is a 1955 Book by the RAND Corporation. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington D The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at The Hudson Institute is an American, non-profit, conservative Think tank founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson New York, by The Trilateral Commission is a private organization established to foster closer cooperation between America Europe and Japan James Q Wilson (born May 27, 1931) in Denver, Colorado is the Ronald Reagan Professor of Public policy at the Pepperdine Kepner-Tregoe (Company Founded in 1958 by Dr Charles Kepner and Dr History and Mission. RAND Corporation. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
  2. ^ Nicole Lurie. "Public Health Preparedness in the 21st Century: Testimony presented before the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, Subcommittee on Bioterrorism and Public Health Preparedness on March 28, 2006 (CT-257)", 2006-03-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Retrieved on 2007-03-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.  
  3. ^ Brigette Sarabi, "Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available", Partnership for Safety and Justice (formerly Western Prison Project), January 1, 2005. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on April 15, 2008. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  4. ^ Harvard University Institute of Politics. Guide for Political Internships. Harvard University. Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  5. ^ Habitable Planets for man (6.4 MB PDF). RAND Corporation (free PDFs).
  6. ^ Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. Doubleday.  
  7. ^ Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. Doubleday.  

References

External links

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