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Indian Music
Indian classical music
Hindustani music
Carnatic music
List of Carnatic composers
List of Carnatic singers
Concepts
Raga ·Thaat ·Melakarta · Katapayadi sankhya
Śruti · Swara · Saptak
Tala · Mudra ·Gharana
Not to be confused with Ragga. The music of India' includes multiple varieties of folk, popular, pop, and classical music. The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of Scriptures part of the Hindu tradition the Vedas. Hindustani Classical Music ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत Urdu: ہندوستانی شاستریے سنگیت Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India The Carnatic classical music tradition gained impetus in the 15th century through the works of Purandara Dasa, one of the foremost Haridasa Saints of the Vijayanagara Carnatic music is the classical music of South India Some of the more popular carnatic singers are Alathur Brothers Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar Rāga ( Sanskrit, lit "colour" or "mood" or rāgam in Carnatic music) refers to melodic modes used A thaat (ঠাট also transliterated as that) is a mode in Hindustani music. Melakarta is a collection of fundamental Ragas (musical scales in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music The Katapayadi sankhya is a way of determining the number of a Melakarta Ragam from the first two syllables of the name of the Raga. The śruti ( Sanskrit "thing heard" "sound" written also sruti or shruti is the smallest interval of the tuning system in for the town in Nepal see Swara Nepal The notes or swaras, of Indian music are shadja rishabh gandhar madhyam pancham dhaivat and nishad Saptak means "gamut" or "the series of seven notes" In Indian classical music, Tala ( Sanskrit tāla literally a "clap" is a rhythmical pattern that determines the rhythmical structure of a composition Mudra is the unique signature of a Carnatic music composer which is woven into some or all of their respective compositions In Hindustani music, a gharānā is a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage and/or apprenticeship and by adherence to a particular Raggamuffin music, usually abbreviated as ragga, is a sub-genre of Dancehall music or Reggae, in which the instrumentation primarily consists

Rāga (Sanskrit, lit. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical "colour" or "mood"; or rāgam in Carnatic music) refers to melodic modes used in Indian classical music. Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of Scriptures part of the Hindu tradition the Vedas. [1] It is a series of five or more musical notes upon which a melody is founded. In Music, the term note has two primary meanings 1 a sign used in Musical notation to represent the relative duration and pitch of a Sound; In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or In the Indian musical tradition, ragas are held in different times of the day. Indian classical music is always set in raga. Non-classical music such as popular Indian film songs sometimes use ragas in their compositions. Filmi (or Filmy used as an adjective is a colloquial term which refers to anything relating to the Bollywood film industry

Rāgini is an archaic term for the 'feminine' counterpart to a raga.

Contents

Nature of raga

Sri Raga recital to Krishna and Radha, Ragamala paintings, 19th century
Sri Raga recital to Krishna and Radha, Ragamala paintings, 19th century
योऽसौ ध्वनिविशेषस्तु स्वरवर्णविभूषितः ।
रञ्जको जनचित्तानां स च राग उदाहृतः ।।
"That which is a special dhvani, is bedecked with swara and varna and is colorful or delightful to the minds of the people, is said to be raga" - Matanga in the Brihaddesi. Ragamala Paintings are a series of illustrative paintings from medieval India based on Ragamala or the 'Garland of Ragas' depicting various Indian musical nodes Ragas for the town in Nepal see Swara Nepal The notes or swaras, of Indian music are shadja rishabh gandhar madhyam pancham dhaivat and nishad Matanga ( Sanskrit: मतंग literally means an elephant In the Ramayana, Maharishi Matanga was a man who was brought up as a Brahmin

Raga describes a generalised form of melodic practice. It also prescribes a set of rules for building the melody. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or It specifies the rules for movements up (aahroh [आरोह]) and down (aavroh [अवरोह]) the scale, which Swara (notes) should figure more and which notes should be used more sparingly, which notes may be sung with gamaka, phrases to be used, phrases to be avoided, and so on. In Music, a scale is a group of musical notes collected in ascending and descending order that provides material for or is used to conveniently represent part or all for the town in Nepal see Swara Nepal The notes or swaras, of Indian music are shadja rishabh gandhar madhyam pancham dhaivat and nishad In Music, the term note has two primary meanings 1 a sign used in Musical notation to represent the relative duration and pitch of a Sound; In Hindustani music, gamak refers to the variation of pitch of a note The result is a framework that can be used to compose or improvise melodies, allowing for endless variation within the set of notes. Musical composition is an original piece of Music the structure of a musical piece the process of creating a new Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of

The basic mode of reference is that which is equivalent to the Western Ionian mode (this is called Bilawal thaat in Hindustani music and Shankarabharanam in Carnatic music). The Ionian mode is a Musical mode of Diatonic scale. It was part of the Music theory of Ancient Greece, and was based around the relative natural Bilawal is the basic Thaat ( Musical mode) in Hindustani classical music. Hindustani Classical Music ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत Urdu: ہندوستانی شاستریے سنگیت Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India All relationships between pitches follow from this basic arrangement of intervals. In any given seven-tone mode, the second, third, sixth, and seventh notes can be natural (shuddha, lit. In Musical notation, a natural sign ( is an accidental sign used to cancel a flat or sharp from either a preceding note or the Key signature 'pure') or flat (komal, 'soft') but never sharp, and the fourth note can be natural or sharp (tivra) but never flat, making up the twelve notes in the Western equal tempered chromatic scale (but without Western pitch equivalences like, for example, A# and Bb). In Music, flat means "lower in pitch" More specifically in Music notation, flat means "lower in pitch by a Semitone In Music, sharp means higher in pitch More specifically in Musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by a Semitone (half step" Equal temperament is a Musical temperament, or a system of tuning in which every pair of adjacent notes has an identical Frequency ratio. The chromatic scale is a Musical scale with twelve pitches each a Semitone or Half step apart A Western-style C scale could therefore theoretically have the notes C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, F#, G, Ab, A, Bb, B. Ragas can also specify microtonal changes to this scale: a flatter second, a sharper seventh, and so forth. Microtonal music is Music using microtones — intervals of less than an equally spaced Semitone. Treatises from the first millennium report that the octave used to be divided theoretically into 22 microtones ("śrutis"), but by the 16th century, this practice seems to have died out(except for a few in the dhrupad tradition). The śruti ( Sanskrit "thing heard" "sound" written also sruti or shruti is the smallest interval of the tuning system in Furthermore, individual performers treat pitches quite differently, and the precise intonation of a given note depends on melodic context. There is no absolute pitch (such as the modern western standard A = 440 Hz); instead, each performance simply picks a ground note, which also serves as the drone, and the other scale degrees follow relative to the ground note. Absolute pitch (AP widely referred to as perfect pitch, is the ability of a person to identify or recreate a Musical Note without the benefit of a known In music a drone is a harmonic or monophonic effect or Accompaniment where a note or chord is continuously sounded throughout much In Music theory, a scale degree is the name of a particular note of a scale in relation to the tonic (the note of the scale that is considered

Ragas and their seasons

Some Hindustani (North Indian) ragas are prescribed a time of day or a season. During the monsoon, for example, many of the Malhar group of ragas, which are associated with the monsoon, are performed. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months However these prescriptions are not strictly followed. There has also been a growing tendency over the last century for North Indian musicians to adopt South Indian ragas. Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India These do not come with any particular time attached to them. The result of these various influences is that there is increasing flexibility as to when ragas may be performed.

Notations

Although notes are an important part of raga practice, they alone do not make the raga. A raga is more than a scale. Many ragas share the same scale. The underlying scale may have five, six or seven tones made up of swaras. A pentatonic scale is a musical scale with five pitches per Octave in contrast to an heptatonic (seven note scale such as the Major scale In Music and Music theory, a hexatonic scale is a scale with six pitches or notes per Octave. A heptatonic scale is a musical scale with seven pitches per octave for the town in Nepal see Swara Nepal The notes or swaras, of Indian music are shadja rishabh gandhar madhyam pancham dhaivat and nishad Ragas that have five swaras are called audava (औडव) ragas; those with six, shaadava (षाडव); and with seven, sampoorna (संपूर्ण) (Sanskrit for 'complete'). Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Those ragas that do not follow the strict ascending or descending order of swaras are called vakra (वक्र) ('crooked') ragas.
It is the mood of the raga which is more important than the notes it comprises. For example, Raga Darbari Kanada and Raga Jounpuri share the same notes but are entirely different in their renderings.

Northern and southern differences

The two streams of Indian classical music, Carnatic music and Hindustani music, have independent sets of ragas. Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India Hindustani Classical Music ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत Urdu: ہندوستانی شاستریے سنگیت There is some overlap, but more "false friendship" (where raga names overlap, but raga form does not). False friends (or faux amis) are pairs of Words in two Languages or Dialects (or letters in two alphabets that look and/or sound similar but differ In north India, the ragas have recently been categorised into ten thaats or parent scales (by Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, 1860-1936); South India uses a somewhat older, more systematic classification scheme called the melakarta classification, with 72 parent (melakarta) ragas. Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande ( August 10, 1860 &ndash September 19, 1936) was an Indian classical musician widely acclaimed to South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Melakarta is a collection of fundamental Ragas (musical scales in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music Overall there is a greater identification of raga with scale in the south than in the north, where such an identification is impossible.

As ragas were transmitted orally from teacher to student, some ragas can vary greatly across regions, traditions and styles. Oral history can be defined as the recording preservation and interpretation of historical information, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker There have been efforts to codify and standardize raga performance in theory from their first mention in Matanga's Brhaddesi (c. tenth century).

Carnatic raga

In Carnatic music, ragas are classified as Janaka ragas and Janya ragas. Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India Melakarta is a collection of fundamental Ragas (musical scales in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music In Carnatic music (South Indian classical music Janya ("derived from" and Janya Ragas are the Ragas ' (melodic Janaka ragas are the ragas from which the Janya ragas are created. In Carnatic music (South Indian classical music Janya ("derived from" and Janya Ragas are the Ragas ' (melodic Janaka ragas are grouped together using a scheme called Katapayadi sutra and are organised as Melakarta ragas. The Katapayadi sankhya is a way of determining the number of a Melakarta Ragam from the first two syllables of the name of the Raga. A Melakarta raga is one which has all seven notes in both the ārōhanam (ascending scale) and avarōhanam (descending scale). Melakarta is a collection of fundamental Ragas (musical scales in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music Some Melakarta ragas are Sankarabharanam, Maaya Malava Gowla, Kalyani etc. Melakarta is a collection of fundamental Ragas (musical scales in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music Kalyani is a Melakarta Rāga in the Carnatic music of South India, and is also an important raga in Hindustani ( North Indian Janya ragas are derived from the Janaka ragas using a combination of the swarams in the parent raga. In Carnatic music (South Indian classical music Janya ("derived from" and Janya Ragas are the Ragas ' (melodic

Each raga has a definite collection and orders of Swaras (the basic notes). for the town in Nepal see Swara Nepal The notes or swaras, of Indian music are shadja rishabh gandhar madhyam pancham dhaivat and nishad In Music, the term note has two primary meanings 1 a sign used in Musical notation to represent the relative duration and pitch of a Sound; In Carnatic music, there are 7 basic notes of which there are 12 varieties. Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India The seven basic swarams of carnatic music are: Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni.

Aprachalit ragas

Various schools known in the past as Gharanas have exhibited a penchant for some special ragas. In Hindustani music, a gharānā is a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage and/or apprenticeship and by adherence to a particular They worked on these ragas so that a particular raga attained a height hitherto unachieved. These special ragas would be taught to a capable pupil alone, often the maestro's son or nephew.

Raga-ragini

Raga-ragini scheme is an old classification scheme used from the 14th century till the 19th century. It usually consists of 6 'male' ragas each with 6 'wifes'(raginis) and a number of sons (putras) and even 'daughters-in-law'. As it did not agree with various other schemes, and the 'related' ragas had very little or no similarity, the raga-ragini scheme is no longer very popular. [2]

Ragas and raginis were often pictured as Hindu gods, Rajput princes and aristocratic women in an eternal cycle of love, longing and fulfillment, (e. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India g. raga Gujari, raga Basant, raga Shri and an example of this can be seen in a Mughal style album painted c. 1610, which is now in possession of the British Museum, London [3]. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Notes

  1. ^ "Raag" is the modern Hindi pronunciation used by Hindustani musicians;
  2. ^ Bor 1999
  3. ^ Bor 1999

Literature


Published Sanskrit works (listed in Daniélou, Alain (1949), Northern Indian Music, Calcutta: Visva Bharati  The First period: Names mentioned in the Purāṇǎs and in the epics (Mahābhāratǎ and Rāmāyaṇǎ). Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Alain Daniélou ( Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris, October 4, 1907 &ndashLonay Switzerland, January 27, 1994) was a For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki


The second period: starting somewhere between the 2nd century B. C. and the 4th century A. C.
The third period: starting in the 10th century
The fourth period: starting in the 16th century

Some Ragamala paintings can be found in:

External links

See also

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