A résumé or curriculum vitae (CV)^[1] is a document that contains a summary or listing of relevant job experience and education, usually for the purpose of obtaining an interview when seeking employment. Experience as a general concept comprises Knowledge of or skill in or Observation of some thing or some event gained through involvement in or Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency An interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the interviewee where Questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Often the résumé or CV is the first item that a potential employer encounters regarding the job seeker, and therefore a large amount of importance is often ascribed to it. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee.

Contents 1 Terminology 2 Styles 2.1 Chronological résumé 2.2 Functional résumé 2.3 Combination résumé 2.4 Curriculum vitae 3 Structure 3.1 Résumés 3.2 Curricula vitae 3.2.1 A British curriculum vitae 4 Online résumés 5 EuroCv and the Europass Curriculum 6 Sources 7 See also 8 References 9 Further Reading 10 External links

Terminology

The Latin term curriculum vitae (often abbreviated CV) is used preferentially in many places outside of the Anglo-American world. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

Curriculum vitae is Latin meaning "course of life" and résumé is French meaning "summary". French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In the business world, the word résumé (also spelled resumé and resume) is used especially in the United States and in English Canada. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English Canada is a term used to describe one of the following English Canadians a term usually meaning English-speaking Canadians as opposed to

In North America, Australia, and India the terms "résumé" and "CV" may be used interchangeably. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country However, a résumé more often has a free-form organizational style and is used for seeking employment in the private sector, whereas a curriculum vitae (also called a vita, but not curriculum vita, see below) usually has a more standardized look and format for the purpose of seeking positions in academic or educational institutions. In Economics, the private sector is that part of the economy which is both run for private Profit and is not controlled by the State. Another difference is that a résumé tends to be more descriptive and tailored for a specific purpose or target audience, whereas a curriculum vitae tends to be organized in a way that presents data about one's self in a compact fashion, with a clear chronology. For example, a résumé may begin with a statement about a personal goal, followed by a list of most significant accomplishments or characteristics in order of significance, while a curriculum vitae often includes complete and unembellished lists of data such as educational institutions attended, degrees received, positions held, professional affiliations, publications authored, etc. A résumé may or may not be represented by the person as a complete history of themselves without omission, whereas a curriculum vitae usually implies that there are no omissions, and in particular, no temporal gaps between listed items.

Styles

A résumé is a summary typically limited to one or two pages of size A4 or Letter-size highlighting only those experiences and credentials that the author considers most relevant to the desired position. A series Paper in the A series format has a 1\sqrt{2} aspect ratio although this is rounded to the nearest millimetre There have been many standard sizes of Paper at different times and in different countries but today there are two widespread systems in use the international standard (A4 Simple résumés may be organized in different ways:

Chronological résumé

A chronological résumé enumerates a candidate's job experiences in reverse chronological order.

The chronological résumé format is by far the most common résumé layout in use. In using this format, the main body of the document becomes the Professional Experience section, starting from the most recent experience going chronologically backwards through a succession of previous experience. The chronological résumé works to build credibility through experience gained, while illustrating career growth over time. In the United Kingdom the chronological résumé tends to extend only as far back as the subjects GCSE/Standard Grade qualifications. The General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE) is the name of an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject generally taken in a number of subjects by Standard Grades ( Scottish Gaelic: An Ìre Choitchinne) are Scotland 's educational qualifications for students aged around 14 to 16 years

Functional résumé

A functional résumé lists work experience and skills sorted by skill area or job function.

The functional résumé is used to assert a focus to skills that are specific to the type of position being sought. This format directly emphasizes specific professional capabilities and utilizes experience summaries as its primary means of communicating professional competency. In contrast, the chronological résumé format will briefly highlight these competencies prior to presenting a comprehensive timeline of career growth via reverse-chronological listing with most recent experience listed first. The functional resume works well for those making a career change, having a varied work history and with little work experience. A functional résumé is also preferred for applications to jobs that require a very specific skill set or clearly defined personality traits.

Combination résumé

The combination résumé balances the functional and chronological approaches. A résumé organized this way typically leads with a functional list of job skills, followed by a chronological list of employers. The combination résumé has a tendency to repeat itself and is therefore less widely utilized than the other two forms.

Curriculum vitae

In the United States and Canada, a CV is expected to include a comprehensive listing of professional history including every term of employment, academic credential, publication, contribution or significant achievement. In certain professions, it may even include samples of the person's work and may run to many pages.

In the European Union, a standardised CV model known as Europass has been developed (in 2004 by the European Parliament) and promoted by the EU to ease skilled migration between member countries. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Europass is an EU initiative to increase transparency of qualification and mobility of citizens in Europe. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU

Structure

Résumés

In many contexts, a résumé is short (usually one page), and therefore contains only experience directly relevant to a particular position. Many résumés contain precise keywords that the potential employers are looking for, make heavy use of active verbs, and display content in a flattering manner. Keywords are the words that are used to reveal the internal structure of an author's reasoning

In the past, résumés used to be no longer than two pages, as potential employers typically did not devote much time to reading résumé details for each applicant. Employers have changed their views regarding acceptable résumé length. Since increasing numbers of job seekers and employers are using Internet-based job search engines to find and fill employment positions, longer résumés are needed for applicants to differentiate and distinguish themselves. Since the late 1990s, employers have been more accepting of résumés that are longer than two pages. Many professional résumé writers and human resources professionals believe that a résumé should be long enough so that it provides a concise, adequate, and accurate description of an applicant's employment history and skills. The transmission of résumés directly to employers became increasingly popular as late as 2002. Jobseekers were able to circumvent the job application process and reach employers through direct email contact and résumé blasting, a term meaning the mass distribution of résumés to increase personal visibility within the job market. However the mass distribution of résumés to employers often can have a negative effect on the applicant's chances of securing employment as the résumés tend not to be tailored for the specific positions the applicant is applying for. It is usually therefore more sensible to adjust the résumé for each position applied for.

The complexity and simplicity of various résumé formats tends to produce results that vary from person to person, occupation, and industry. It is important to note that résumés used by medical professionals, professors, artists and people in many other specialized fields may be comparatively longer. For example, an artist's résumé, typically excluding any non-art-related employment, may include extensive lists of solo and group exhibitions. A solo show or solo exhibition is an exhibition of the work of only one Artist. Art exhibitions are traditionally the space in which Art objects (in the most general sense meet an Audience.

Curricula vitae

As with résumés, CVs are subject to recruiting fads. For example,

• In German-speaking countries a picture was a mandatory adjunct to the CV for a long time.
• In the huge Indian job market, photos and good looks are strongly preferred in the service industry (hotels, aviation, etc. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them ) and in sales-marketing, front office and customer service jobs. In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of In Business, front office refers To Sales and Marketing divisions of a company Customer service (also known as Client Service) is the provision of service to customers before during and after a purchase Additionally, Indian employers prefer lengthy resumes.
• Including a photograph of the applicant is strongly discouraged in the U. S. as it would suggest that an employer would discriminate on the basis of a person's appearance — age, race, sex, attractiveness, or the like. Ageism is Stereotyping and Prejudice against individuals or groups because of their age List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards The theatre and modeling industries are exceptions, where it is expected that résumés will include photographs; actors refer to such photos as head shots.
• When listing non-academic employment in the U. S. , the newest entries generally come first (reverse chronological).
• The use of an "objective statement" at the top of the document (such as "Looking for an entry-level position in stores") was strongly encouraged in the U. S. during the mid-1990s but fell out of favor by the late-1990s. However, with the avalanche of résumés distributed via the Internet since the late 1990s, an "objective" and/or "skills summary" statement has become more common to help recruiters quickly determine the applicant's suitability. It is not prevalent elsewhere.
• A profiling statement (or thumbnail description) was a protocol developed by placement agencies in the late 1980s. Many candidates now open their CV with such a statement. This can be a short paragraph or a handful of bullet points delineating the candidate's most desirable skills and experiences.
• Listing of computer skills (such as proficiency with word processing software) was a strong differentiator during the 1980s but was considered passé for most professional positions by the 1990s. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time
• In the 1980s and early 1990s in the U. S. , the trend was to not allow a resume to exceed one page in length. In the late 1990s, this restriction fell out of vogue, with two- or even three-page resumes becoming common.

A British curriculum vitae

A standard British CV used to have the following points^[2]

• Personal details at the top, such as name in bold type, address, contact numbers and, if the subject has one, an e-mail address. Photos are not required at all, unless requested. Modern CVs are more flexible.
• A personal profile, written in either the first or the third person, a short paragraph about the job seeker. This should be purely factual, and free of any opinion about the writer's qualities such as "enthusiastic", "highly motivated", etc.
• A bulleted list of the job seeker's key skills or rather, professional assets - skills alone are somewhat unsophisticated
• A reverse chronological list of the job seeker's work experience, including his or her current role. Work experience is the Experience that a person has working or working in a specific field or occupation The CV should account for the writer's entire career history. The career history section should describe achievements rather than duties. The early career can these days be lumped together in a short summary but recent jobs should illustrate concept, planning, achievement, roles.
• A reverse chronological list of the job seeker's education or training, including a list of his or her qualifications such as his or her academic qualifications (GCSEs, A-Levels, Highers, degrees etc. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge skills and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge The General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE) is the name of an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject generally taken in a number of subjects by The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, In Scotland the Higher ( Scottish Gaelic: An Àrd Ìre) is one of the national school-leaving certificate exams and university entrance qualifications of A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing ) and his or her professional qualifications (NVQs and memberships of professional organisations etc. National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs are vocational awards in England and Wales that are achieved through assessment and training ). If the job seeker has just left the place of education, the work experience and education are reversed).
• Date of birth, gender if you have an ambiguous first name, whether you have a driving licence used to be standard - but nothing is required and you should not waste space on trivia. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social A driver's license, driver license, driver licence, or driving licence is an official document which states that a person may operate a An employer requesting date of birth and gender needlessly could find itself on the losing side of recent anti-discrimination legislation. This is a list of anti-discrimination acts (often called discrimination acts which are Laws designed to prevent Discrimination.
• The job seeker's hobbies and interests (optional)

It is obligatory for it to be typed or word-processed, not hand-written. A hobby is a spare-time Recreational pursuit Etymology A Hobby horse is a wooden or Wickerwork toy made to be Attention is the Cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things

There are certain faux pas for CVs:

• The CV being longer than two full sides of A4 paper
• Writing anything pejorative about other persons or businesses. A series Paper in the A series format has a 1\sqrt{2} aspect ratio although this is rounded to the nearest millimetre ^[3]
• If applying for a specific position, omitting a covering letter explaining one's suitability. A cover letter or covering letter is a letter of introduction attached to or accompanying another Document such as a Résumé or Curriculum

Lying on a CV (on the work experience or the education/training) in order to get a job or anything else of value is fraud, a serious criminal and civil offense. Job fraud refers to fraudulent or deceptive activity or representation on the part of an Employee or prospective employee toward an employer In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Civil law, as opposed to Criminal law, refers to that branch of Law dealing with disputes between Individuals and/or Organizations, in which ^[4] An employer has the right to dismiss an employee or claim money from him or her in a civil court or even have the employee arrested for making false statements or fraud. Termination of employment is the end of an Employee 's duration with an Employer. A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its An arrest is the act of depriving a person of his or her liberty usually in relation to the investigation and prevention of crime In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual As such CVs should be purely factual without implying skills which do not exist.

Online résumés

The Internet has brought about a new age for the résumé. As the search for employment has become more electronic, résumés have followed suit. It is not uncommon for employers to only accept résumés electronically, either out of practicality or preference. This electronic boom has changed much about the way résumés are written, read, and handled.

• Job seekers must choose a file format in which to maintain their résumé. A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a Computer file. Many employers, especially recruitment agencies on their behalf, insist on receiving résumés only as Microsoft Word documents. Microsoft Word is Microsoft 's flagship word processing software. Others will only accept résumés formatted in HTML, PDF, or plain ASCII text. HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII)
• Many potential employers now find candidates' résumés through search engines, which makes it more important for candidates to use appropriate keywords when writing a résumé.
• Including an e-mail address in an online résumé may expose the job seeker to spam. E-mail spam, also known as "bulk e-mail" or "junk e-mail" is a subset of spam that involves nearly identical messages sent to numerous recipients by

Some career fields include a special section listing the life-long works of the author. For computer-related fields, the softography; for musicians and composers, the discography; for actors, a filmography. The article is about sound recordings For the Pet Shop Boys album see Discography The Complete Singles Collection.

Keeping résumés online has become increasingly common for people in professions that benefit from the multimedia and rich detail that are offered by an HTML résumé, such as actors, photographers, graphic designers, developers, dancers, etc.

Job seekers are finding an ever increasing demand to have an electronic version of their résumé available to employers and professionals who use Internet recruiting at any time. Internet recruiting is the act of scouring the Internet to locate both actively-searching job seekers and also individuals who are content in their current position (these are Internet résumés differ from conventional resumes in that they are comprehensive and allow for self-reflection. Unlike regular 2 page résumés, which only show recent work experience and education, Internet résumés also show an individual’s skill development over his or her career.

For job seekers, taking résumés online also facilitates distribution to multiple employers via Internet. Online résumé distribution services have emerged to allow job seekers to distribute their résumés to employers of their choices via email.

Another advantage to internet résumés is the significant cost savings over traditional hiring methods. The Employment Management Association has included internet advertising in its cost-per-hire surveys for several years. In 1997, for example, it reported that the average cost-per-hire for a print ad was $3,295, while the average cost-per-hire with the Internet was $377. ^[5] This in turn has cut costs for many growing organizations, as well as saving time and energy in recruitment. Until the development of résumés in an electronic format, employers would have to sort through massive stacks of paper to find suitable candidates without any way of filtering out the poor candidates. Employers are now able to set search parameters in their database of résumés to reduce the number of résumés which must be reviewed in detail in the search for the ideal candidate.

EuroCv and the Europass Curriculum

Europass^[6] is an online service provided by the European Commission. The Europass CV was developed by the Council of Europe and replaces the European CV, launched in 2002 by EU parliament. Europass is an EU initiative to increase transparency of qualification and mobility of citizens in Europe. In January 2005 Parliament updated the format of Europass CV. The site provides support for users to both create CVs and also send them off to prospective employers. EuroCv^[7] is another free service that hosts a résumé in Europass standard and it has many features and it is integrated with HR-XML system to share the résumé as well.

Sources

• Euro CV, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Paris, Top Editions, 1997. ISBN 2 87 73 1131 7

See also

• Background check
• Cover letter
• Europass European Standardised model
• HR-XML - HR specific XML schemas enabling data exchange between systems. A background check or background investigation is the process of looking up public records commercial records and financial records (in certain instances such as employment A cover letter or covering letter is a letter of introduction attached to or accompanying another Document such as a Résumé or Curriculum Europass is an EU initiative to increase transparency of qualification and mobility of citizens in Europe. HR-XML is a library of XML schemas developed by the HR-XML Consortium Inc
• hResume - a microformat for marking up résumés on web pages. hResume is a Microformat for publishing Résumé or Curriculum Vitae (CV information using (XHTML on web pages. A microformat is a web-based approach to semantic markup that seeks to re-use existing XHTML and HTML tags to convey Metadata and other
• Résumé fraud
• SmartMatch (search engine)
• Video résumé
• Job Interview

References

Further Reading

• Bennett, Scott A. The Elements of Résumé Style: Essential Rules and Eye-Opening Advice for Writing Résumés and Cover Letters that Work. AMACOM, 2005 ISBN 0-8144-7280-X.

• Whitcomb, Susan Britton. Resume Magic: Trade Secrets of a Professional Resume Writer, Third Edition. JIST Publishing, 2006. ISBN 978-1593573119.

External links

• How to Write a Resume Video Tutorial
• Resume Tips
• CV tips
• Cover letter
• Sample Resumes

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