Quercus chrysolepis
Leaves and acorn
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fagales Family: Fagaceae Genus: Quercus Section: Protobalanus Species: Q. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The Fagales are an order of Flowering plants including some of the best known Trees The order name is derived from Genus Fagus The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both Evergreen and Deciduous trees and shrubs which are characterized by alternate The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin This is an incomplete list of Quercus Species. The Genus contains about 400 species chrysolepis
Binomial name
Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.

Quercus chrysolepis, commonly termed Canyon live oak, is a species of evergreen oak that is found in the southwestern part of North America, notably in the California Coast Ranges. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin The Coast Ranges of California constitute one of the eleven traditional geomorphic provinces of California. This tree is often found near creeks and drainage swales growing in moist cool microhabitats. A stream is a body of Water with a current, confined within a bed and stream-banks A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. Its leaves are a glossy dark green on the upper surface with prominent spines; a further rapid identification arises from the leaves of Canyon live oak being geometrically flat. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. They are often sympatric with Quercus agrifolia and several other oak species. Sympatric speciation is the genetic divergence of various populations (from a single parent species inhabiting the same geographic region such that those populations become different The Coast Live Oak ( Quercus agrifolia) is an Evergreen Oak, highly variable and often shrubby native to the California Floristic Province Fossil data supports a much wider distribution throughout the western United States during the early Holocene period. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC

Native Americans used the acorns of this species as a food staple, after leaching of the tannins; moreover, its roasted seed is a coffee substitute. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The acorn is the nut of the Oak tree (genera Quercus, Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis, in the Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom After forest fires, Canyon live oak regenerates vigorously by basal sprouting, and the clonal diversity of this species has been shown to be high. "Ramet" redirects here For the commune in Alba County, Romania see Râmeţ. ^[1] An alternate common name for this taxon is Canyon oak.

Morphology

Leaves (left leaf is underside; right leaf is upper surface)

Quercus chrysolepis is an evergreen tree with significant-sized spreading, horizontal branches, and a broad, rounded crown; it attains a height of six to thirty meters and is often found in a shrubby growth form. The trunk diameter can range from 30 to 100 centimeters. The elliptical to oblong leaves are 2. 5 to 8. 0 centimeters in length with widths of about half that dimension; moreover, leaves are short-pointed at the tip, but rounded or blunt at base. Although the leaves appear generally flat, they may have edge margins slightly turned under, typically with spiny teeth, particularly on young twigs. These leathery leaves are a glossy dark green above, with a nether surface a dull golden down,^[2] often becoming gray and nearly glabrous the second year. Glabrousness (from Latin glaber = bald hairless is the technical term for an anatomically abnormal lack of Hair or down.

Bark of the Canyon live oak is of a light gray coloration, and is rather smooth or sometimes scaly. Acorns occur solitarily or in pairs, exhibiting lengths of two to five centimeters; these fruits are variable in size and shape, but generally ovoid, turban-like with a shallow, thick cup of scales densely covered with yellowish hairs; the stalk is barely evident. The acorn is the nut of the Oak tree (genera Quercus, Lithocarpus and Cyclobalanopsis, in the In geometry an oval or ovoid (from Latin ovum, 'egg' is any Curve resembling an egg or an Ellipse.

Range and habitat

The trunk bark is gray and rough.

Canyon live oak is found in a variety of forest communities in the southwestern United States. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 It is found in 1. 12 million acres (4,500 km²) of forest in California alone, including coast ranges and discontinuous occurrence on the eastern slopes of the southern and central Sierra Nevada. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for "Snowy Range" is a Mountain range located in the U This tree is rare east of the Cascade-Sierra crest. Scattered, disjunct populations are found in the mountainous regions of southwest Nevada and in portions of western and central Arizona, and northwest Mexico. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.

Canyon live oak is tolerant of a variety of soil types, including very rocky or cobbly environments. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Cobblestones are stones that were frequently used in the pavement of early Streets "Cobblestone" is derived from the very old English word "cob" It is hardy to cold temperatures down to - 11 °F, and will grow in neutral to moderately acidic soils with pH ranges of 4. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. 5 to 7. 5. Canyon live oak grows at elevations of about 500 to 1500 meters in southwestern Oregon; in Northern California, from 100 to 1400 meters; and in Southern California, up to approximately 2700 meters. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. Southern California, or So Cal, is defined as the southern portion of the U Quercus chrysolepis can be the dominant tree on steep canyon walls, especially in locations of shallow rocky soils. ^[3] In areas of moderate to high rainfall, it occurs on south facing slopes, and in the hotter, drier parts of its distribution, on northerly slope faces. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to

Ecology

Besides the prehistoric use of Canyon live oaks as a human food source, the acorns are consumed by a variety of wildlife as diverse as Acorn woodpecker, California ground squirrel, Dusky-Footed Woodrat, Western harvest mouse and Black-tailed deer. Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms The Acorn Woodpecker ( Melanerpes formicivorus) is a medium-sized Woodpecker, 21 cm long with an average weight of 85 g The California Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi (referred to in some older sources as Otospermophilus beecheyi or Citellus beecheyi) is a common UserPolbot. -->The Dusky-footed Woodrat ( Neotoma fuscipes) is a species of Rodent in the Cricetidae The Western Harvest Mouse ( Reithrodontomys megalotis) is a small neotomine mouse native to southwest British Columbia, most of the western United States The Black-tailed deer, or Blacktail deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) is a species of Deer found in western North America, specifically the Surprisingly there seems little difference in food preference by wildlife among different oak species. ^[4]. Extensive hybridization of Canyon live oaks has been documented with several other sympatric oak species, probably to a greater extent than for any other Quercus species. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. ^[5] The ability of Quercus chrysolepis to compete with other dominant trees within its range has been analyzed from the standpoint of leaf architecture and photosynthetic capability. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. The study results explain that, in low light environments, Q. chrysolepis out-competes species with superior leaf size and crown mass per unit volume by its greater photosynthetic efficiency and leaf lifespan. ^[6]

Canyon live oak gives functional habitat for many fauna by providing perching, nesting, resting, or foraging sites for numerous species of birds, and shade and cover for diverse other mammals. Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time Young Q. chrysolepis readily available browse. Canyon live oak woodlands serve as excellent mountain lion habitat because of the large population of deer frequenting these areas. The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family Many species forage on Canyon live oak foliage including black-tailed jackrabbit, beaver, brush rabbit, red-backed vole, Sonoma chipmunk, cactus mouse, deer mouse, and porcupine. The Black-tailed Jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus) also known as the Desert Hare, is a common Hare of the western United States and Mexico Beavers are two primarily nocturnal semi-aquatic species of Rodent, one native to North America and one to Europe The Brush Rabbit ( Sylvilagus bachmani) or Western Brush Rabbit, is a species of Cottontail rabbit found in western coastal regions of North America The red-backed voles are the members of the genus Myodes, a group of small slender Voles found in North America, Europe and UserPolbot. -->The Cactus Mouse ( Peromyscus eremicus) is a species of Rodent in the Cricetidae The genus Peromyscus contains species commonly referred to as deer mice Porcupines are Rodents with a coat of sharp spines or quills that defend them from predators Pocket gophers often feed on the cambium of young canyon live oaks. The pocket gophers are burrowing Rodents of the family Geomyidae.

References

See also

• California oak woodland
• Riparian woodland

External links

• Quercus chrysolepis fact sheet
• California distribution and taxon sheet