Quechua Qhichwa Simi / Runa Shimi / Runa Simi
Pronunciation:	['qʰeʃ. Quechuas is the term used for several ethnic groups in South America that use a Quechua language ( Southern Quechua mainly belonging to several ethnic wa 'si. mi] ['χetʃ. wa 'ʃi. mi] [kitʃ. wa 'ʃi. mi] [ʔitʃ. wa 'ʃi. mi] ['ɾu. nɑ 'si. mi]
Spoken in:	Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.
Region:	Andes
Total speakers:	10. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. 4 million
Ranking:	65
Language family:	Quechuan
Writing system:	Latin alphabet
Official status
Official language in:	Bolivia and Peru. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Quechuan languages are a family of related Languages in South America. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.
Regulated by:	none
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	qu
ISO 639-2:	que
ISO 639-3:	que – Quechua (generic) many varieties of Quechua have their own codes. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages The Quechuan languages are a family of related Languages in South America.
Map of the Quechuaphone world, with major to minor Quechua-speaking regions.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Quechua (Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a It was already widely spoken across the Central Andes long before the time of the Incas, who established it as the official language of administration for their Empire, and is still spoken today in various regional forms (the so-called ‘dialects’) by some 10 million people through much of South America, including Peru, south-western and central Bolivia, southern Colombia and Ecuador, north-western Argentina and northern Chile. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. Quechuas is the term used for several ethnic groups in South America that use a Quechua language ( Southern Quechua mainly belonging to several ethnic Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the It is the most widely spoken language of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

Quechua is a very regular agglutinative language, as opposed to a fusional one. An agglutinative language is a Language that uses Agglutination extensively most Words are formed by joining Morphemes together For fusion in Word formation, see Compound (linguistics. A fusional language (also called inflecting language) is a Its normal sentence order is SOV (subject-object-verb). Its large number of suffixes changes both the overall significance of words and their subtle shades of meaning. Notable grammatical features include bipersonal conjugation (verbs agree with both subject and object), evidentiality (indication of the source and veracity of knowledge), a topic particle, and suffixes indicating who benefits from an action and the speaker's attitude toward it. In Linguistics, evidentiality is broadly the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement that is whether Evidence exists for the statement and/or In Linguistics, the topic (or theme) is the part of the proposition that is being talked about ( predicated)

Contents 1 History 2 Geographic distribution 3 Number of speakers 4 Vocabulary 5 Phonology 5.1 Vowels 5.2 Consonants 6 Writing system 7 Grammar 7.1 Pronouns 7.2 Adjectives 7.3 Numbers 7.4 Nouns 7.5 Adverbs 7.6 Verbs 7.7 Grammatical particles 7.8 Evidentiality 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

History

The various dialects of Quechua were widely spoken throughout the Andes long before the rise of the Inca state in the 15th century. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. The Incas made one dialect of Quechua (Classical Quechua, the ancestor of Southern Quechua) their official language; as they expanded their empire by conquest, this dialect became pre-Columbian Peru's lingua franca, retaining this status after the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Southern Quechua ( Spanish: Quechua sureño; Southern Quechua Qhichwa or Runa Simi) is an idealized indigenous Literary A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere.

The oldest records of the language are those of Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás, who arrived in Peru in 1538 and learned the language from 1540, publishing his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los reynos del Perú in 1560. Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás OP ( 1499 in Sevilla – 28 February 1570 in La Plata, Bolivia) was a Spanish Dominican

Quechua has often been grouped with Aymara as a larger Quechumaran linguistic stock, largely because about a third of its vocabulary is shared with Aymara. Aymara ( Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes. This proposal is controversial, however, as the cognates are close, often closer than intra-Quechua cognates, and there is little relationship in the affixal system. The similarities may be due to long-term contact rather than from common origin. The language was further extended beyond the limits of the Inca empire by the Roman Catholic Church, which chose it to preach to natives in the Andes. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Where the two languages intermix, Quechua phrases and words are commonly used by Spanish speakers and vice-versa. In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as wawa (infant), michi (cat), wasca (strap, or thrashing) are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas.

Today, it has the status of an official language in both Peru and Bolivia, along with Spanish and Aymara. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of the Latin alphabet, Quechua had no written alphabet. The Incas kept track of numerical data through a system of quipu-strings. Quipu or khipu (sometimes called talking knots) were recording devices used in the Inca Empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean

Currently, the major obstacle to the diffusion of the usage and teaching of Quechua is the lack of written material in the Quechua language, namely books, newspapers, software, magazines, etc. Thus, Quechua, along with Aymara and the minor indigenous languages, remains essentially an oral language. It must be said that this situation is being greatly improved by modern technology.

Geographic distribution

There are four main dialect groups.

Quechua I or Waywash is spoken in Peru's central highlands. The Quechuan languages are a family of related Languages in South America. It is the most diverse branch of Quechua,^[1] such that its dialects have often been considered different languages.

Quechua II or Wanp'una (Traveler) is divided into three branches:

• II-A: Yunkay Quechua is spoken sporadically in Peru's occidental highlands;
• II-B: Northern Quechua (also known as Runashimi or, especially in Ecuador, Kichwa) is mainly spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. The Quechuan languages are a family of related Languages in South America. Kichwa ( Kichwa shimi, Runashimi, also Spanish Quichua) is a Quechuan language including all Quechua varieties spoken Kichwa ( Kichwa shimi, Runashimi, also Spanish Quichua) is a Quechuan language including all Quechua varieties spoken It is also spoken in the Amazonian lowlands in Ecuador and Peru;
• II-C: Southern Quechua, spoken in Peru's southern highlands, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile, is today's most important branch because it has the largest number of speakers and because of its cultural and literary legacy. Southern Quechua ( Spanish: Quechua sureño; Southern Quechua Qhichwa or Runa Simi) is an idealized indigenous Literary

This traditional classification, though still a helpful guide, has been increasingly challenged in recent years, since a number of regional varieties of Quechua seem to be intermediate between the two branches.

Number of speakers

The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The most reliable figures are to be found in the census results of Peru (1993) and Bolivia (2001), though they are probably altogether too low due to underreporting. The 2001 Ecuador census seems to be a prominent example of underreporting, as it comes up with only 499,292 speakers of the two varieties Quichua and Kichwa combined, where other sources estimate between 1. 5 and 2. 2 million speakers.

• Argentina: 100,000
• Bolivia: 2,100,000 (2001 census)
• Brazil: unknown
• Chile: very few, spoken in pockets in the Chilean Altiplano (Ethnologue)
• Colombia: 9,000 (Ethnologue)
• Ecuador: 500,000 to 1,000,000
• Peru: 3,200,000 (1993 census)

Additionally, there may be hundreds of thousands of speakers outside the traditionally Quechua speaking territories, in immigrant communities.

Vocabulary

A number of Quechua loanwords have entered English via Spanish, including coca, cóndor, guano, jerky, llama, pampa, puma, quinine, quinoa, vicuña and possibly gaucho. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America Condor is the name for two Species of New World vultures each in a Monotypic Genus. Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu' via Spanish) is the Feces of Seabirds Bats and seals Jerky is Meat that has been cut into strips trimmed of fat Marinated in a spicy salty or sweet liquid and then dried with low heat (usually under 70°C/160°F The llama ( Lama glama) is a South American Camelid, widely used as a Pack animal by the Incas and other natives of the Andes Laguna de Gomezjpg|thumb|left|240px|Lake Gomez near Junín in the heart of the Pampas grain belt The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family Quinine (ˈkwaɪnaɪn kwɪˈniːn ˈkwiːniːn is a natural white Crystalline Alkaloid having Antipyretic (fever-reducing antimalarial, For the town with a similar name see Quinua Peru. "Quinoa" is also a title of a 1992 music album by Tangerine Dream. The vicuña ( Vicugna vicugna) is one of two wild South American Camelids along with the Guanaco, which live in the high alpineous areas of the Gaucho ( gaúcho in Portuguese, "gaucho" in Spanish) is a term commonly used to describe residents of the South American Pampas The word lagniappe comes from the Quechua word yapay ("to increase; to add") with the Spanish article la in front of it, la yapa or la ñapa, in Spanish. Lagniappe refers to "a small gift given to a customer by a merchant at the time of a purchase" (such as a 13th beignet when buying a dozen) or more broadly "something

The influence on Latin American Spanish includes such borrowings as chuchaqui for "hangover" in Ecuador, and diverse borrowings for "altitude sickness", in Bolivia from Quechua suruqch'i to Bolivian sorojchi, in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru soroche. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness ( AMS) altitude illness, or soroche, is a pathological condition that is caused by acute The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

Quechua has borrowed a large number of Spanish words, such as pero (from pero, but), bwenu (from bueno, good), and burru (from burro, donkey).

Phonology

The description below applies to Cusco dialect; there are significant differences in other varieties of Quechua. Qusqu-Qullaw ( Spanish also Cusco-Collao) is a variety of the Quechua language, spoken throughout southern Peru (departments of Cusco

Vowels

Quechua uses only three vowels: /a/ /i/ and /u/, as in Aymara (including Jaqaru). Monolingual speakers pronounce these as [æ] [ɪ] and [ʊ] respectively, though the Spanish vowels /a/ /i/ and /u/ may also be used. When the vowels appear adjacent to the uvular consonants /q/, /qʼ/, and /qʰ/, they are rendered more like [ɑ], [ɛ] and [ɔ] respectively.

Consonants

	labial	alveolar	postalveolar	palatal	velar	uvular	glottal
plosive / affricate	p	t	tʃ		k	q
aspirated plosive or affricate	pʰ	tʰ	tʃʰ		kʰ	qʰ
ejective	p’	t’	tʃ’		k’	q’
fricative		s					h
nasal	m	n		ɲ
lateral approximant		l		ʎ
flap		ɾ
central approximant				j	w

None of the plosives or fricatives are voiced; voicing is not phonemic in the Quechua native vocabulary of the modern Cusco variety. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips ( bilabial articulation or with the lower lip and the upper teeth ( labiodental articulation Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed In Phonetics, ejective consonants are Voiceless Consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the Glottis. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Laterals are "L"-like Consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU

About 30% of the modern Quechua vocabulary is borrowed from Spanish, and some Spanish sounds (e. g. f, b, d, g) may have become phonemic, even among monolingual Quechua speakers.

Writing system

Main article: Quechua alphabet

Quechua has been written using the Roman alphabet since the Spanish conquest of Peru. The Quechua alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It is used to write Quechua. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was a process through which a group of forty (40 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro succeeded in toppling the Inca However, written Quechua is not utilized by the Quechua-speaking people at large due to the lack of printed referential material in Quechua.

Until the 20th century, Quechua was written with a Spanish-based orthography. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language Examples: Inca, Huayna Cápac, Collasuyo, Mama Ocllo, Viracocha, quipu, tambo, condor. This orthography is the most familiar to Spanish speakers, and as a corollary, has been used for most borrowings into English.

In 1975, the Peruvian government of Juan Velasco adopted a new orthography for Quechua. Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado ( June 16 1910 &ndash December 24 1977) was a left -leaning Peruvian General who This is the writing system preferred by the controversial Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua. The Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua ( Spanish; English Highest Academy of the Quechua Language, Quechua: Qheswa simi hamut'ana kuraq suntur Examples: Inka, Wayna Qapaq, Qollasuyu, Mama Oqllo, Wiraqocha, khipu, tampu, kuntur. This orthography:

• uses w instead of hu for the /w/ sound.
• distinguishes velar k from uvular q, where both were spelled c or qu in the traditional system.
• distinguishes simple, ejective, and aspirated stops in dialects (such as that of Cuzco) which have them — thus khipu above. Cusco ( Quechua: Qusqu suyu) is a region in Peru. It is bordered by the Ucayali Region on the north the Madre de Dios and
• continues to use the Spanish five-vowel system.

In 1985, a variation of this system was adopted by the Peruvian government; it uses the Quechua three-vowel system. Examples: Inka, Wayna Qapaq, Qullasuyu, Mama Uqllu, Wiraqucha, khipu, tampu, kuntur.

The different orthographies are still highly controversial in Peru. Advocates of the traditional system believe that the new orthographies look too foreign, and suggest that it makes Quechua harder to learn for people who have first been exposed to written Spanish. Those who prefer the new system maintain that it better matches the phonology of Quechua, and point to studies showing that teaching the five-vowel system to children causes reading difficulties in Spanish later on.

For more on this, see Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift. In recent years the spelling of place names in Peru and Bolivia has been revised among Quechua and Aymara speakers

Writers differ in the treatment of Spanish loanwords. Sometimes these are adapted to the modern orthography, and sometimes they are left in Spanish. For instance, "I am Robert" could be written Robertom kani or Ruwirtum kani. (The -m is not part of the name; it is an evidential suffix. )

Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino has proposed an orthographic norm for all Quechua, called Southern Quechua. Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino (* in Huancayo, Peru) is a Peruvian linguist who has crucially contributed to the investigation Southern Quechua ( Spanish: Quechua sureño; Southern Quechua Qhichwa or Runa Simi) is an idealized indigenous Literary This norm, el Quechua estándar or Hanan Runasimi, which is accepted by many institutions in Peru, has been made by combining conservative features of two most common dialects: Ayacucho Quechua and Qusqu-Qullaw Quechua (spoken in Cusco, Puno, Bolivia, and Argentina). Ayacucho (also called Chanca or Chanka, after the former Chancas local tribe that dominated the area before Incan conquest is one dialect of the Quechua language Qusqu-Qullaw ( Spanish also Cusco-Collao) is a variety of the Quechua language, spoken throughout southern Peru (departments of Cusco For instance:

Ayacucho	Cusco	Southern Quechua	Translation
upyay	uhyay	upyay	"to drink"
utqa	usqha	utqha	"fast"
llamkay	llank'ay	llamk'ay	"to work"
ñuqanchik	nuqanchis	ñuqanchik	"we (inclusive)"
-chka-	-sha-	-chka-	(progressive suffix)
punchaw	p'unchay	p'unchaw	"day"

To listen to recordings of these and many other words as pronounced in many different Quechua-speaking regions, see the external website The Sounds of the Andean Languages. There is also a full section on the new Quechua and Aymara Spelling.

Grammar

Pronouns

		Number
		Singular	Plural
Person	First	Ñuqa	Ñuqanchik (inclusive) Ñuqayku (exclusive)
	Second	Qam	Qamkuna
	Third	Pay	Paykuna

In Quechua, there are seven pronouns. In Linguistics and Grammar, a pronoun is a Pro-form that substitutes for a (including a noun phrase consisting of a single Noun) with or Quechua also has two first person plural pronouns ("we", in English). One is called the inclusive, which is used when the speaker wishes to include in "we" the person to whom he or she is speaking ("we and you"). In Linguistics, clusivity is a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person Pronouns and Verbal morphology, The other form is called the exclusive, which is used when the addressee is excluded. In Linguistics, an addressee is an intended direct recipient of the speaker's communication ("we without you"). Quechua also adds the suffix -kuna to the second and third person singular pronouns qam and pay to create the plural forms qam-kuna and pay-kuna.

Adjectives

Adjectives in Quechua are always placed before nouns. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the They lack gender and number, and are not declined to agree with substantives.

Numbers

• Cardinal numbers. This article describes cardinal numbers in mathematics For cardinals in linguistics see Names of numbers in English. ch'usaq (0), huk (1), iskay (2), kimsa (3), tawa (4), pichqa (5), suqta (6), qanchis (7), pusaq (8), isqun (9), chunka (10), chunka hukniyuq (11), chunka iskayniyuq (12), iskay chunka (20), pachak (100), waranqa (1,000), hunu (1,000,000), lluna (1,000,000,000,000).
• Ordinal numbers. To form ordinal numbers, the word ñiqin is put after the appropriate cardinal number (e. g. , iskay ñiqin = "second"). The only exception is that, in addition to huk ñiqin ("first"), the phrase ñawpaq is also used in the somewhat more restricted sense of "the initial, primordial, the oldest".

Nouns

Noun roots accept suffixes which indicate person (defining of possession, not identity), number, and case. The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. In general, the personal suffix precedes that of number - in the Santiago del Estero variety, however, the order is reversed. Santiago del Estero is the capital of Santiago del Estero Province in northern Argentina. ^[2] From variety to variety, suffixes may change.

Examples using the word wasi (house)

Function		Suffix	Example	(translation)
suffix indicating number	plural	-kuna	wasikuna	houses
possessive suffix	1. person singular	-y, -:	wasiy, wasii	my house
	2. person singular	-yki	wasiyki	your house
	3. person singular	-n	wasin	his/her/its house
	1. person plural (incl)	-nchik	wasinchik	our house (incl. )
	1. person plural (excl)	-y-ku	wasiyku	our house (excl. )
	2. person plural	-yki-chik	wasiykichik	your (pl. ) house
	3. person plural	-n-ku	wasinku	their house
suffixes indicating case	abessive	-naq	wasinaq	without the house
	ablative	-manta, -piqta	wasimanta, wasipiqta	away from the house
	accusative	-(k)ta	wasita	the house (obj. In Linguistics, abessive (abbreviated ABESS, from Latin abesse "to be distant" caritive and privative (abbreviated In Linguistics, ablative case ( abbreviated ABL) is a name given to cases in various languages whose common characteristic The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive )
	adessive	-(ni)ntin	wasintin	the house (obj. In Finno-Ugric languages, such as Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, the adessive case (from Latin adesse "to be present" )
	benefactive	-paq	wasipaq	for the house
	causative	-rayku	wasirayku	because of the house
	comitative (instrumental)	-wan	wasiwan	with the house
	comparative	-naw, -hina	wasinaw, wasihina	than the house
	dative	-paq	wasipaq	for the house
	directional	-man	wasiman	towards the house
	exclusive	-lla(m)	wasilla(m)	only the house
	genitive	-p(a)	wasip(a)	of the house
	immediate	-raq	wasiraq	first the house
	inclusive	-piwan, puwan	wasipiwan, wasipuwan	including the house
	interactive	-pura	wasipura	among the houses
	locative	-pi, -traw	wasipi, wasitraw	in the house
	similative	-masi	wasimasi	neighbour
	transitive	-(rin)ta	wasinta	through the house
	terminative	-kama, -yaq	wasikama, wasiyaq	up to the house

Adverbs

Adverbs can be formed by adding -ta or, in some cases, -lla to an adjective: allin - allinta ("good - well"), utqay - utqaylla ("quick - quickly"). The benefactive case ( abbreviated BEN) is a case used where English would use "for" "for the benefit of" A causative form in Linguistics, is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a patient to perform an action (or to be in a certain condition The comitative case, also known as the associative case, is a Grammatical case that denotes companionship and is used where English would use "in company with" An instrumental is a Musical composition or recording without Lyrics or any other sort of Vocal music; all of the Music is produced by In Grammar, the comparative is the form of an Adjective or Adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person thing or other entity has a property In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another Immediate Records was a British Record label, started in 1965 by The Rolling Stones manager, Andrew Loog Oldham, concentrating Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location In morphology, the terminative case is a case to tell where something ends (i They are also formed by adding suffixes to demonstratives: chay ("that") - chaypi ("there"), kay ("this") - kayman ("hither"). Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others

There are several original adverbs. For Europeans, it is striking that the adverb qhipa means both "behind" and "future", whereas ñawpa means "ahead, in front" and "past". ^[3] This means that local and temporal concepts of adverbs in Quechua (as well as in Aymara) are associated to each other reversely compared to European languages. Aymara ( Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes. For the speakers of Quechua, we are moving backwards into the future (we cannot see it - ie. it is unknown), facing the past (we can see it - ie. we remember it).

Verbs

The infinitive forms (unconjugated) have the suffix -y (much'a= "kiss"; much'a-y = "to kiss"). The endings for the indicative are:

	Present	Past	Future	Pluperfect
Ñuqa	-ni	-rqa-ni	-saq	-sqa-ni
Qam	-nki	-rqa-nki	-nki	-sqa-nki
Pay	-n	-rqa(-n)	-nqa	-sqa
Ñuqanchik	-nchik	-rqa-nchik	-su-nchik	-sqa-nchik
Ñuqayku	-yku	-rqa-yku	-saq-ku	-sqa-yku
Qamkuna	-nki-chik	-rqa-nki-chik	-nki-chik	-sqa-nki-chik
Paykuna	-n-ku	-rqa-nku	-nqa-ku	-sqa-ku

To these are added various suffixes to change the meaning. The pluperfect tense (from Latin plus quam perfectum more than perfect also called past perfect in English, is a Perfective For example, -cha is used when the subject provoques the action on the subject and -ku, is added to make the actor the recipient of the action (example: wañuy = "to die"; wañuchiy = to kill wañuchikuy = "to commit suicide"); -naku, when the action is mutual (example: marq'ay= "to hug"; marq'anakuy= "to hug each other"), and -chka, when the condition is continuing (e. g. , mikhuy = "to eat"; mikhuchkay = "to be eating").

Grammatical particles

Particles are indeclinable words, that is, they do not accept suffixes. In Linguistics, the term particle is a word lacking a strict definition but has the function of changing the relation of the parts of the sentence to one another and is therefore They are relatively rare. The most common are arí ("yes") and mana ("no"), although mana can take some suffixes, such as -n/-m (manan/manam), -raq (manaraq, not yet) and -chu (manachu?, or not?), to intensify the meaning. Also used are yaw ("hey", "hi"), and certain loan words from Spanish, such as piru (from Spanish pero "but") and sinuqa (from sino "rather").

Evidentiality

Nearly every Quechua sentence is marked by an evidential suffix, indicating how certain the speaker is about a statement. -mi expresses personal knowledge (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirmi, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver-- I know it for a fact"); -si expresses hearsay knowledge (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirsi, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, or so I've heard"); -chá expresses probability (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirchá, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, most likely"). These become -m, -s, -ch after a vowel, although -ch is rarely used, and the majority of speakers usually employ -chá, even after a vowel (Mariochá, "He's Mario, most likely").

The evidential suffixes are not restricted to nouns; they can attach to any word in the sentence, typically the comment (that is, new information, as opposed to the topic).

In popular culture

• The fictional Huttese language in the Star Wars movies is largely based upon Quechua. The Hutts are a fictional alien race in the Star Wars universe Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded According to Jim Wilce, Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Northern Arizona University, George Lucas contacted a colleague of his, Allen Sonafrank, to record the dialogue. Northern Arizona University (NAU is a Public university in Flagstaff Arizona in the United States. George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter Wilce and Sonafrank discussed the matter, and felt it might be demeaning to have an alien represent Quechuans, especially in light of Erich von Daniken's popular publications that claimed Inca monuments were created by aliens because "primitives" like the Incas could never have produced them. Erich Anton Paul von Däniken (b Zofingen, Aargau, Switzerland, April 14 1935 is a controversial Swiss author best known for his books which present Sonafrank declined, but a grad student, who could pronounce but did not speak Quechua, recorded Greedo's dialogue. This article is about minor characters in the Fictional Star Wars universe who are Bounty hunters Mol Arcasite There are reports that the dialogue was played backwards or remixed, possibly to avoid offending Quechuans.
• The president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, speaks fluent Quechua. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (born 6 April 1963 in Guayaquil) is the President of the Republic of Ecuador.
• The sport retailer Decathlon Group brands their mountain equipment range as Quechua. Decathlon is a major French sporting good chain store, with stores located throughout the world

See also

• Aymara language
• Andes
• List of English words of Quechuan origin
• South Bolivian Quechua language

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• El Quechua de Santiago del Estero, extensive site covering the grammar of Argentinian Quechua (in Spanish)
• runasimi.de Multilingual Quechua website with online dictionary (xls) Quechua - German - English - Spanish.
• Quechua Language and Linguistics an extensive site.
  • The Sounds of the Andean Languages listen online to pronunciations of Quechua words, see photos of speakers and their home regions, learn about the origins and varieties of Quechua.
• CyberQuechua, by the Quechua-speaking linguist Serafín Coronel Molina.
• Multilingual Dictionary: Spanish - Quechua (Cusco, Ayacucho, Junín, Ancash) - Aymara
• Toponimos del Quechua de Yungay, Peru
• Quechua Network's Dictionary a very good one.
• Quechua lessons (www.andes.org) in Spanish and English
• Quechua course in Spanish, by Demetrio Tupah Yupanki (Red Científica Peruana)
• Detailed map of the varieties of Quechua according to SIL (fedepi.org)
• Quechua - English Dictionary: from Webster's Online Dictionary - the Rosetta Edition.
• Ecuadorian Quechua - English Dictionary: from Webster's Online Dictionary - the Rosetta Edition.
• MediaWiki translation tool for Quechua Online translation Tool for Quechua
• Google Quechua

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