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The Quanzhen School (Chinese: 全真派; pinyin: Quán Zhēn pài, Wade-Giles: Ch`üan-chen P`ai) or Complete Perfection School is a major sect of Taoism that originated in Northern China. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Tao ( 道, Pinyin Dào) is a metaphysical concept found in Taoism, Confucianism, and more generally in ancient Chinese philosophy De ( is a key concept in Chinese philosophy, usually translated "inherent character inner power integrity" in Taoism, "moral character virtue morality" Wuji (無極 is the primordial state of non-being a state of Nothingness and boundlessness or that which is without Bounds or Limits. Taiji (太極 is a state of being from Tao and Wuji. It is a state of absolute and of infinite potentiality In Chinese philosophy, the concept of yin and yang ( is used to describe how seemingly opposing forces are bound together intertwined and interdependent in the In traditional Chinese philosophy, natural phenomena can be classified into the Wu Xing ( or the Five Phases, usually translated as five elements, In traditional Chinese culture, qi (zh [[wikt氣 氣]] Pinyin qì, Wade-Giles ch'i Jyutping Neidan (内丹 a Chinese method of Internal alchemy. Part of the Chinese alchemical meditative tradition that is said to have been separated into internal and external Wu wei ( is an important tenet of Taoism that involves knowing when to act and when not to act The Tao Te Ching or Dao De Jing ( originally known as Laozi or Lao tzu ( is a Chinese classic For the book with the same name see Zhuangzi (book Zhuangzi ( was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th Note This article is about the Liezi text For the author Liezi please see Lie Yukou. Daozang ( meaning "Treasury of Dao " or " Daoist Canon" consists of almost 5000 individual texts that were collected circa C The Three Pure Ones ( also translated as the Three Pure Pellucid Ones, the Three Pristine Ones, the Three Clarities, or the Three Purities Guan Yu ( Chinese: 關羽 Guān Yǔ was a general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of The Eight Immortals ( are a group of legendary xian ("immortals transcendents fairies" in Chinese mythology. Huangdi, or the Yellow Emperor, is a Legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is considered in Chinese mythology to be the The Queen Mother of the West (西王母 Pinyin: Xīwángmǔ Japanese: Seiōbo) in Chinese mythology, is the ruler of the western Paradise The Jade Emperor ( or 玉帝 Yù Dì) is the Taoist ruler of Heaven and all realms of existence below including that of Man and Hell Chang'e, Ch'ang-O or Chang-Ngo ( also known as Heng-E or Heng-O ( 姮[[wiktionary 娥|娥]] Héng'é is the Chinese Goddess Classical Chen Po (Chen Tuan Chen Hsi I 871-989 Ge Hong 284–364 Guo Xiang (Kuo Hsiang d Laozi ( also Lao Tse, Lao-Tzu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations was a philosopher of ancient For the book with the same name see Zhuangzi (book Zhuangzi ( was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th Zhang Daoling (張道陵 Pinyin Zhāng Dàolíng, Wade-Giles Chang Tao-ling) also commonly called Zhang Ling, was an Eastern Zhang Jiao or Zhang Jue (d 184 was the leader of the Yellow Turbans during the late Eastern Han Dynasty of China. Ge Hong ( 284–364 Courtesy name Zhichuan (稚川 was a minor southern official during the Jìn Dynasty (263-420 best known for his interest in Chen Tuan (陳摶 (birthname Chen Tuan name as a sage Chen Hsi I Chen Xi Yi (871-989 was a legendary Taoist sage Wang Chongyang ( 11 January 1113 – 22 January 1170) calendar] 宋徽宗政和二年十二月廿二 – 金世宗大定十年正月初四] The Yellow Turban Rebellion, sometimes also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, ( was a AD 184 peasant rebellion against Emperor Ling of Han The Shangqing School (Chinese上清 or Supreme Clarity is a Daoist movement that began during the aristocracy of the Western Jin dynasty The Lingbao School (Simplified Chinese 灵宝派 Traditional Chinese 靈寶派 pinyin Ling Bao Pai also known as the School of the Sacred Jewel or the School Zhenyi Dao (Chinese正一道 pinyin Zheng Yi Dào or the Way of Complete Orthodoxy is a Chinese Daoist movement that emerged during the Tang Dynasty Xuanxue ( Chinese: 玄[[wikt 學|學]] or Neotaoism is a sub-discipline of Confucianism and Taoism, its main theme is to study the Grotto-heavens (Chinese洞天 Pinyin Dongtian are a type of sacred Daoist site A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Northern China or North China ( literally "China's north" is a Geographical region of China. It was founded by the Taoist priest Wang Chongyang in the 12th century, during the rise of the Jin Dynasty. Wang Chongyang ( 11 January 1113 – 22 January 1170) calendar] 宋徽宗政和二年十二月廿二 – 金世宗大定十年正月初四] This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty When the Mongols invaded the Northern Chinese (Song Dynasty) in 1254, the Quanzhen Taoists were among those who exerted great effort in keeping the peace, thus saving thousands of lives, particularly those of Han Chinese descent. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. This branch of Taoism is also mentioned frequently in Jinyong's popular wuxia novels, including the Condor Trilogy. Louis Cha, GBM, OBE ( born 6 February 1924) known with his pen name Jin Yong ( is one of the most influential modern Chinese-language Wuxia or Wǔxiá ( Mandarin ùɕiɑ̌ Hanyu Pinyin: Wǔxiá, Cantonese Pinyin: mou5 hap6 Taiwanese/Hokkien bu hiap The Condor Trilogy ( is a Trilogy of three Wuxia fiction novels by Jinyong.
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Foundation Principles
The meaning of Quanzhen can be translated literally to "All True" and for this reason, it is often called the "All True Religion" or the "Way of Completeness and Truth. " In some texts, it is also referred to as the "Way of Complete Perfection. "
With strong Taoist roots, the Quanzhen School specializes in the process of "alchemy within the body" or Neidan (internal alchemy), as opposed to Waidan (external alchemy which experiments with the ingestion of herbs and minerals, etc). The Waidan tradition has been largely replaced by Neidan, as Waidan was a dangerous and often lethal pursuit. Quanzhen focuses on internal cultivation of the person which is consistent with the pervading Taoist belief of Wu Wei, which is essentially "action through inaction. Wu wei ( is an important tenet of Taoism that involves knowing when to act and when not to act "
Like most Taoists, Quanzhen priests were particularly concerned with longevity through alchemy, harmonising oneself with the Tao, studying the Five Elements, and ideas on balance consistent with Yin-Yang theory. Tao ( 道, Pinyin Dào) is a metaphysical concept found in Taoism, Confucianism, and more generally in ancient Chinese philosophy In Chinese philosophy, the concept of yin and yang ( is used to describe how seemingly opposing forces are bound together intertwined and interdependent in the
History
According to traditional legend, Wang Chongyang (born Wang Zhongfu) met two Taoist immortals in the summer of 1159 C. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions E. The immortals, Zhongli Quan and Lü Dongbin taught him Taoist beliefs and trained him in secret rituals. Zhongli Quan ( Chinese: 鐘離權 or 鐘离權 Pinyin: Zhōnglí Quán Wade-Giles: Chung-li Ch'üan is one of the most ancient of the Eight Immortals Lǚ Dòngbīn (呂洞賓 (spelled Lu Tung-Pin in Wade-Giles) is a Chinese Deity / Immortal revered by Daoists /Taoist The meeting proved deeply influential, and roughly a year later in 1160 C. E. , Wang met one of these men again. In this second encounter, he was provided with a set of five written instructions which led to his decision of living by himself in a grave he created for himself in Zhongnan Mountain for three years.
After seven years of living in the Mountain (three inside the grave and another four in a hut he later called "Complete Perfection Hut"), Wang met two of his seven future disciples, Tang Chuduan and Qiu Chuji. Qiu Chuji ( Traditional Chinese: 丘處機 Simplified Chinese: 丘处机 alternately rendered Kiu Chang Chun; Taoist name Chang Chun (長春 or Perpetual In 1167 C. E. , Wang traveled to Shandong Province and met Ma Yu and wife Sun Bu'er who became his students. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. Sun Bu'er ( Sun Pu-erh, in Chinese 孫不二) one of the Taoist Seven Masters of Quanzhen lived c These and others would become part of the seven Quanzhen disciples, who were later known as the Seven Masters of Quanzhen.
After Wang's demise, it was left to his disciples to continue expounding the Quanzhen beliefs. Ma Yu succeeded Wang as head of the sect, while Sun Bu'er went on to establish the Purity and Tranquility Sect, one of the foremost branches of Quanzhen.
Another notable disciple of Wang was Qiu Chuji who founded the famous White Cloud Monastery in Beijing. The White Cloud Temple ( Simplified Chinese: 白[[wikt 云|云]] 观; Traditional Chinese: 白[[wikt 雲|雲]] 觀; Pinyin Qiu Chuji was the founder of the Dragon Gate Taoism. The Dragon Gate Taoism ( 龙门派is a sect of the Complete Reality ( QuanZhen 全真派) school of Taoism which integrated Buddhism and Confucianism into a comprehensive new form of Taoism Qiu was on good terms with the Mongolian monarch Genghis Khan who put him in charge of religious affairs in Mongolian-controlled China. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai As a result, the Quanzhen School of Taoism continued to flourish long after Wang's death, right through to the present.
Popular culture
According to Jinyong's wuxia novels, particularly The Legend of the Condor Heroes and The Return of the Condor Heroes, Quanzhen was the Taoist martial arts school founded by Wang Chongyang after losing a duel to Lin Chaoying. The Legend of Condor Heroes ( is one of the most acclaimed Wuxia novels by Jinyong, first published in 1957 in Hong Kong Commercial The Return of the Condor Heroes ( is a classic Wuxia novel written by Jin Yong, first published on May 20, 1959 in the first issue Wang Chongyang ( 11 January 1113 – 22 January 1170) calendar] 宋徽宗政和二年十二月廿二 – 金世宗大定十年正月初四] Lin Chaoying (林朝英 is a Fictional character in Jinyong 's Condor Trilogy.
How it was founded
Wang, as portrayed by Jinyong, was a patriot of Song, China and helped the people to fight against the invading Jurchens. Louis Cha, GBM, OBE ( born 6 February 1924) known with his pen name Jin Yong ( is one of the most influential modern Chinese-language The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu Wang failed in this attempt and as a result, he spent several years meditating in an ancient tomb in Zhongnan Mountain.
Later, Lin Chaoying, Wang's rival in terms of martial arts, came to issue a bet, saying that if she won their match, he would have to give up the tomb to her or either become a Taoist priest or a Buddhist monk. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Lin won the match (see Wang Chongyang article for explanation) and thereupon, Wang chose to become a Taoist and created a hut near the tomb, which later became the Chongyang Palace Shrine. Wang Chongyang ( 11 January 1113 – 22 January 1170) calendar] 宋徽宗政和二年十二月廿二 – 金世宗大定十年正月初四]
Support of the people
Apart from the story of how Wang founded the Quanzhen School, Jinyong did not deviate much from traditional legend or actual facts. Like in the real Quanzhen School, the Orthodox Religion of All True (Quanzhen), as mentioned in the books, has its main principles based primarily on Taoist studies and secondarily on martial arts. In a short period of several decades Quanzhen gained a lot of support from both the world of martial arts (Jiang Hu) and the common people. Jiānghú (江湖 Cantonese: gong woo) is the milieu environment or sub-community often fictional in which many Chinese classical Wuxia The disciples of Wang Chongyang, called the Seven Elders, were all revered as immortals and were a staunch ally of the Han Chinese during the occupation of the northern territories by the Jurchens and the Mongolians later on. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East
In Jinyong's book, The Return of the Condor Heroes, Wang Chongyang's position as the most prominent martial arts figures of the era was eventually succeeded by his martial arts brother, Zhou Botong while his position as leader of the Quanzhen School was succeeded by Ma Yu, in accordance to historical records. The Return of the Condor Heroes ( is a classic Wuxia novel written by Jin Yong, first published on May 20, 1959 in the first issue Zhou Botong (周伯通 is one of the most humorous characters in Legend of the Condor Hero and Return of the Condor Heroes.
Orthodox kung fu
Jinyong's books described the Quanzhen School as one of the foremost kung fu sects in Jiang Hu. Jiānghú (江湖 Cantonese: gong woo) is the milieu environment or sub-community often fictional in which many Chinese classical Wuxia In terms of greatness, it rivalled the Beggars' Sect, which was another patriotic martial arts school who fought against the invading Mongolian horde. Beggars' Sect ( is a fictional organization often appearing in Chinese Wuxia novels most notably those by Jin Yong and Gu Long. But while Beggar Sect members employed clever, unorthodox ingenuity to win their matches, Quanzhen's martial arts was strongly orthodox. Its popular techniques include:
- The Big Dipper Formation
- Pre-heaven Skill
- Quanzhen internal energy cultivation
- Quanzhen swordsmanship, i. e. , the Swordsmanship of Common Demise
- Quanzhen palm styles, i. e. , Treading Frost and Breaking Ice Palms.
References in Chinese literature
The Quanzhen School featured heavily in three of Jinyong's most popular wuxia works, known as the Condor Trilogy. First was The Legend of the Condor Heroes where the main character Guo Jing was trained in internal cultivation of strength by Ma Yu. The Legend of Condor Heroes ( is one of the most acclaimed Wuxia novels by Jinyong, first published in 1957 in Hong Kong Commercial Guo Jing ( died January 31, 1273) is the Fictional main character in The Legend of the Condor Heroes, a novel written by Chinese author The antagonist, Yang Kang was also a student of Qiu Chuji who had a bet with the Jiangnan Qi Guai (Seven Freaks of Jiangnan, Guo Jing's masters) that their two disciples should meet sixteen years after and duel. Yang Kang (Traditional Chinese 楊康 is a fictional character in The Legend of the Condor Heroes, a wuxia novel written by Jinyong. Qiu Chuji ( Traditional Chinese: 丘處機 Simplified Chinese: 丘处机 alternately rendered Kiu Chang Chun; Taoist name Chang Chun (長春 or Perpetual Jiangnan Qi Guai (江南七怪 ( lit "Seven Freaks of Jiangnan ") are a group of seven martial artists in Jinyong 's (金庸 novel The
In the sequel, The Return of the Condor Heroes, Yang Kang's son, Yang Guo was brought to Zhongnan Mountain by Guo Jing to train under the Quanzhen taoists. The Return of the Condor Heroes ( is a classic Wuxia novel written by Jin Yong, first published on May 20, 1959 in the first issue The Fictional character Yang Guo ( is the Protagonist in the 1959 Chinese Wuxia Novel The Return of the Condor However, the rebellious Yang Guo was not suited for the orthodox ways of Quanzhen and later went to train under Xiaolongnü instead, who was the grand-disciple of Lin Chaoying. Xiaolongnü ( is a Fictional character from the Chinese Wuxia Novel Lin Chaoying (林朝英 is a Fictional character in Jinyong 's Condor Trilogy. In this book, the animosity between the two schools (that of Wang Chongyang and Gumu Bai Sect of Lin Chaoying) was symbolically fixed with the union of the young couple.
Chapter one of The Heavenly Sword and the Dragon Saber, the last of the trilogy, mentioned Quanzhen School in passing. Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber ( is a Chinese Wuxia Novel by Jinyong, first serialized in Ming Pao. The book was set hundreds of years after the two novels.
Branch and Sect
The seven disciples of Wang Chongyang continue expounding the Quanzhen beliefs. Wang Chongyang ( 11 January 1113 – 22 January 1170) calendar] 宋徽宗政和二年十二月廿二 – 金世宗大定十年正月初四] The seven Masters of Quanzhen established the following 7 branches.
- Ma Yu (馬鈺): Yuxian lineage (Meeting the Immortals, 遇仙派);
- Tan Chuduan (譚處端): Nanwu lineage (Southern Void, 南无派);
- Liu Chuxuan (劉處玄): Suishan lineage (Mount Sui, 随山派);
- Qiu Chuji (丘處機): Longmen lineage (Dragon Gate Taoism,龙门派);
- Wang Chuyi (王處一): Yushan lineage (Mount Yu,崳山派);
- Hao Datong (郝大通): Huashan lineage (Mount Hua, 华山派);
- Sun Bu'er (孙不二): Qingjing lineage (Purity and ranquility Sect,清静派). Qiu Chuji ( Traditional Chinese: 丘處機 Simplified Chinese: 丘处机 alternately rendered Kiu Chang Chun; Taoist name Chang Chun (長春 or Perpetual The Dragon Gate Taoism ( 龙门派is a sect of the Complete Reality ( QuanZhen 全真派) school of Taoism which integrated Buddhism and Confucianism into a comprehensive new form of Taoism Sun Bu'er ( Sun Pu-erh, in Chinese 孫不二) one of the Taoist Seven Masters of Quanzhen lived c
References
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