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This article is about the use of the term. For other uses, see Québécois (disambiguation).

A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced [kebeˈkwa]), or in the feminine Québécoise ([kebeˈkwɑːz]), is a native or resident of the Canadian province of Quebec, but usually refers in English to a French-speaking or French Canadian native of the province. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places [1][2][3][4]

In English, Quebecer or Quebecker (pronounced /kwɪˈbɛkɚ/ or /kəˈbɛkɚ/) is used to refer to any resident of Quebec, including English-speaking, allophone, or Aboriginal residents of Quebec. English-speaking Quebecers (also known as Anglo-Quebecers, English Quebecers, or Anglophone Quebecers; in French Anglo-Québécois, In Quebec, an allophone is a resident usually an immigrant whose Mother tongue or Home language is neither English nor French [5]

With a lower-case initial, the word québécois is also used to refer to Quebec French, a variety of the French language spoken by Quebec's population. Quebec French ( le français québécois, le français du Québec) or less often Québécois French, is the predominant varieties French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people As an adjective, it can refer to Quebec's francophone culture or population or the culture of French Canadians living in Quebec. The culture of Quebec is a Western culture that is rooted in the history and society of the French -speaking majority

In French, Québécois refers to a native or any resident of Quebec. [6] In a cultural context, it can also refer to a French Canadian living in Quebec,[7] or, as an adjective, refers to French Canadian culture in Quebec. [8]

Contents

Etymology

The name "Quebec" comes from a Mi'kmaq word meaning "where the waters get narrow" and originally referred to the area around Quebec City, where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined gap. The Míkmaq or Mi'kmaq (miːgmax sometimes spelled Micmac in English and formerly Mìgmaq ( Mi'gmaq) in Míkmaw) are a Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose this name in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of Canada and New France. Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the The Province of Quebec was first founded as a British colony in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763 by King George III following Great Britain 's acquisition of French territory The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths Quebec City remained the capital. The term Québécois has since been used in French as a way of referring to people and things originating both from Quebec City and from the province.

Québécois identity

See also: Quebec nationalism
Fête Nationale du Québec (or Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day) parade in Montreal
Fête Nationale du Québec (or Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day) parade in Montreal

The term became more common in English as Québécois largely replaced French Canadian as an expression of cultural and national identity among French Canadians living in Quebec during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille) was the 1960s period of intense change in Quebec, Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective Secularization The predominant French Canadian nationalism and identity of previous generations was based on the protection of the French language, the Roman Catholic Church, and Church-run institutions across Canada and in parts of the United States. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In contrast, the modern Québécois identity is secular and based on a social democratic ideal of an active Quebec government promoting the French language and French-speaking culture in the arts, education, and business within the Province of Quebec. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Politically, this resulted in a push towards more autonomy for Quebec and an internal debate on Quebec independence and identity that continues to this day. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some [9] The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French-speakers across Canada now self-identify as québécoise, acadienne, or franco-canadienne, or as provincial linguistic minorities franco-manitobaine, franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise. [10][11] As a result, francophone and anglophones now borrow the French terms when discussing issues of francophone linguistic and cultural identity in English. [12][13]

Québécois nation

See also: Québécois nation motion
Parliament Building in Quebec City
Parliament Building in Quebec City

The political shift towards a new Quebec nationalism in the 1960s led to Québécois increasingly referring to provincial institutions as being "national". The Québécois nation motion was a Parliamentary motion tabled by Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper on Wednesday November 22 2006 and approved The Parliament Building (French Hôtel du Parlement) is an eight-floor building and home to the Parliament of Quebec (composed of the Lieutenant-Governor Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world This was reflected in the change of the provincial Legislative Assembly to National Assembly in 1968. The National Assembly of Quebec (Assemblée nationale du Québec is the name for the legislative body of the province of Quebec, Canada. Nationalism reached an apex the 1970s and 1990s, with contentious constitutional debates resulting in close to half of all Quebecers and a clear majority of French-speaking Quebecers seeking recognition of nation status through tight referendums on Quebec sovereignty in 1980 and 1995. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some Having lost both referendums, the sovereignist Parti Québécois government renewed the push for recognition as a nation through symbolic motions that gained the support of all parties in the National Assembly. The Parti Québécois ' is a Sovereignist Political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and They affirmed the right to determine the independent status of Quebec. They also renamed the area around Quebec City the Capitale-Nationale (national capital) region and renamed provincial parks Parcs Nationaux (national parks). Capitale-Nationale is one of 17 administrative regions of Quebec, Canada. In opposition in October 2003, the Parti Québécois tabled a motion that was unanimously adopted in the National Assembly affirming that the Quebec people formed a nation. Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe scheduled a similar motion in the House of Commons for November 23, 2006, that would have recognized "Quebecers as a nation". Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper tabled the Québécois nation motion the day before the Bloc Québécois resolution came to a vote. The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC The Québécois nation motion was a Parliamentary motion tabled by Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper on Wednesday November 22 2006 and approved The English version changed the word Quebecer to Québécois and added "within a united Canada" at the end of the Bloc motion.

The "Québécois nation" was recognized by the Canadian House of Commons on November 27, 2006. The Québécois nation motion was a Parliamentary motion tabled by Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper on Wednesday November 22 2006 and approved The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and The Prime Minister specified that the motion used the "cultural" and "sociological" as opposed to the "legal" sense of the word "nation". According to Harper, the motion was of a symbolic political nature, representing no constitutional change, no recognition of Quebec sovereignty, and no legal change in its political relations within the federation. [14] The Prime Minister has further elaborated, stating that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered [15]

Despite near-universal support in the House of Commons, several important dissenters criticized the motion. Intergovernmental Affairs minister Michael Chong resigned from his position and abstained from voting, arguing that this motion was too ambiguous and had the potential of recognizing a destructive ethnic nationalism in Canada. Michael David Chong PC, MP ( (born November 22, 1971) is a Canadian Politician. Ethnic nationalism is a form of Nationalism wherein the " Nation " is defined in terms of Ethnicity. [16] Liberals were the most divided on the issue and represented 15 of the 16 votes against the motion. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Liberal MP Ken Dryden summarized the view of many of these dissenters, maintaining that it was a game of semantics that cheapened issues of national identity. Kenneth Wayne "Ken" Dryden, PC, MP (born August 8, 1947 is a Canadian politician lawyer businessman author and former NHL A survey by Leger Marketing in November 2006 showed that Canadians were deeply divided on this issue. Léger Marketing is the largest research firm in Canada with 650 employees including 103 professionals When asked if Quebecers are a nation, only 48 per cent of Canadians agreed, 47 per cent disagreed, with 33 per cent strongly disagreeing; 78 per cent of French-speaking Canadians agreed that Quebecers are a nation, next to 38 per cent of English-speakers. As well, 78 per cent of 1,000 Quebecers polled thought that Quebecers should be recognized as a nation. Among French native-speaking Quebecers the support was at 96%. [17]

Québécois in census and ethnographic studies

The Québécois are identified as an ethnic group in both the English and French versions of the Canadian census and in demographic studies of ethnicity in Canada. In the 2001 Census of Canada, 98,670 Canadians, or just over 1% of the population of Quebec identified "Québécois" as their ethnicity, ranking "Québécois" as the 37th most common response. [18] These results were based on a question on residents in each household in Canada: "To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong?", along with a list of sample choices[19] ("Québécois" did not appear among the various sample choices). [20]

In the more detailed Ethnic Diversity Survey,[21] Québécois was the most common ethnic identity in Quebec, reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities. [22] The survey, based on interviews, asked the following questions: "1) I would now like to ask you about your ethnic ancestry, heritage or background. What were the ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors? 2) In addition to "Canadian", what were the other ethnic or cultural origins of your ancestors on first coming to North America?"[23] This survey did not list possible choices of ancestry and permitted multiple answers. [24]

In census ethnic surveys, French-speaking Canadians identify their ethnicity most often as French, Canadien, Québécois, or French Canadian, with the latter three referred to by Jantzen (2005) as "French New World" ancestries because they originate in Canada. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( [25] Jantzen (2005) distinguishes the English Canadian, meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French Canadien, used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the [26] Among Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, 68. 7% of the whole population identified ethnically as Canadien and 37% as Québécois. [27]

Those reporting "French New World" ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least 4 generations in Canada: specifically, 90% of Québécois traced their ancestry back this far. [28] Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61% respectively reporting a strong sense of belonging. [29]

The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. [30] Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking Canadians of British or Canadian ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French-speakers. [31] As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. [32] The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population), "Acadian" (6% of Atlantic provinces) and "Newfoundlander" (38% of Newfoundland and Labrador). [33]

English Usage

English expressions employing the term usually implies specific reference to francophones.

In each case above, Québécois could be replaced with Quebec, with a very tangible difference in meaning in "Quebec society" and "Quebec people". In "Quebec cinema," and "Quebec literature," implicit reference to works in the French language may subsist, perhaps because francophones are in the majority in Quebec, or because works in English are more likely to be viewed as part of an English Canadian whole.

French usage

Most French usage employs references to people and things of Quebec origin.

Possible use as an ethnic designation in French

Dictionaries

The dictionary Le Petit Robert, published in France, states that the adjective québécois, in addition to its territorial meaning, may refer specifically to francophone or French Canadian culture in Quebec. [35] The dictionary gives as examples cinéma québécois and littérature québécoise.

However, an ethnic or linguistic sense is absent from Le Petit Larousse, also published in France,[36] as well as from French dictionaries published in Canada such as Le Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui[37] and Le Dictionnaire du français Plus, which indicate instead Québécois francophone "francophone Quebecer" in the linguistic sense. These dictionaries also include phrases like cinéma québécois "Quebec cinema", but do not classify them as relating to language or ethnicity.

The online dictionary Grand dictionnaire terminologique of the Office québécois de la langue française[38] mentions only a territorial meaning for Québécois.

Other documentation

Newspaper editor Lysiane Gagnon has referred to an "ethnic sense" of the word Québécois. Lysiane Gagnon is a Canadian journalist based in the province of Quebec. [39][40]

Special terms using 'Québécois'

French expressions employing "Québécois" often appear in both French and English.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Quebecois." Main entry. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition (2003). List of famous Quebecers: citizens of the Canadian province of Quebec. The culture of Quebec is a Western culture that is rooted in the history and society of the French -speaking majority This article presents the current language demographics of the Canadian province of Quebec. Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Canada similar to what is found in other multi-ethnic and multi-lingual regions of the world The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some English-speaking Quebecers (also known as Anglo-Quebecers, English Quebecers, or Anglophone Quebecers; in French Anglo-Québécois, Irish Quebecers (Québécois Irlandais are residents of the Canadian province of Quebec who have Irish ancestry The Scot-Quebecers ( French language: Écossais-Québécois) were pioneer settlers who Emigrated from their native Scotland to Retrieved on 2007-03-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
  2. ^ "Québécois." A.a. The Oxford English Dictionary Online (2000-03). Retrieved on 2007-03-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
  3. ^ “Québécois”, Gage Canadian Dictionary, Toronto, Canada: Canada Publishing Corporation, 1983  "a Quebecer, especially a Francophone. "
  4. ^ “Québécois”, Canadian Oxford Dictionary  "a francophone native or inhabitant of Quebec"
  5. ^ "Quebecer." Main entry. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition (2003). Retrieved on 2007-03-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
  6. ^ Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui, whose entry for Québécois gives as examples Québécois francophone "francophone Quebecer," Québécois anglophone "anglophone Quebecer. "
  7. ^ Enquête sur la diversité ethnique (html). Le Quotidien. Statistics Canada (2003). Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title  “"Outre la déclaration de l'identité ethnique canadienne, les identités provinciales ou régionales, comme les Acadiens, les Terre-Neuviens et les Québécois, ont également fait l'objet de cette enquête. Par exemple, au Québec, l'identité québécoise a été déclarée par 37 % de la population de 15 ans et plus, soit comme leur seule identité ou en plus d'autres identités. "”
  8. ^ Robert, Paul (1984), Petit Robert. Dictionaire de la langue française. , Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Roberts-Canada S. C. C. , p. isbn = 2-85036-066-X  "Specialt. (répandu v. 1965). Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien français composant la majorité de la population du Québec. Littérature québécoise; cinéma québécoise. "
  9. ^ Bélanger, Claude (2000-08-27). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan The social-democratic nationalism: 1945 to today. Quebec Nationalism. Marianopolis College. Retrieved on 2007-04-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
  10. ^ Churchill, Stacy (2003). Language Education, Canadian Civic Identity, and the Identity of Canadians pp. 8-11. Council of Europe, Language Policy Division.  “French speakers usually refer to their own identities with adjectives such as québécoise, acadienne, or franco-canadienne, or by some term referring to a provincial linguistic minority such as francomanitobaine, franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise. ”
  11. ^ Denis, Angèle; Adrienne Shadd and Carl E. James, Editors (2001). "Corridors: Language as Trap and Meeting Ground", Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language. Toronto: Between the Lines, pp. 133-146. ISBN 1896357369.  “The latent nationalism that is the corollary of folklorization is also visible in the persistence of Canadians in designating Québécois, Acadiens, and Fransaskois as French Canadian. Most Québécois speak French. ” 
  12. ^ Bédard, Guy; Adrienne Shadd and Carl E. James, Editors (2001). "Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity", Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language. Toronto: Between the Lines, pp. 28-32. ISBN 1896357369.  “In short, apart from the historical and cultural specificities, the process by which the Québécois identity was born was not much different from the formation of other community identities around the world. ” 
  13. ^ Ship, Susan J. ; Adrienne Shadd and Carl E. James, Editors (2001). "Jewish, Canadian or Québécois: Notes on a Diasporic Identity", Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language. Toronto: Between the Lines, pp. 20-27. ISBN 1896357369.  “. . . the Anglo-American culture of Canada; the French Québécois culture of Quebec; and the distinct cosmopolitan multiculture of Montreal. ” 
  14. ^ House passes motion recognizing Québécois as nation. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2006-11-27). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Retrieved on 2006-12-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  15. ^ Who's a Québécois? Harper isn't sure. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2006-12-19). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  16. ^ Jim Brown (2006-11-28). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Harper Pays price for victory on Québécois nation motion. Canadian press (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved on 2007-09-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English
  17. ^ Hubert Bauch (2006-11-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Quebec 'nation' debate divides French, English: poll. CanWest News Service; Montreal Gazette. Retrieved on 2007-09-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English
  18. ^ Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1
  19. ^ [1] Census questionnaire (long form)] (pdf).
  20. ^ [2] Census questionnaire (long form)].  “To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong? For example, canadian, French, English, Chinese, Italian, German, Scottish, Irish, Cree, Micmac, Metis, Inuit (Eskimo), East Indian, Ukranian, Dutch, polish, Portuguese, Filipino, Jewish, Greek, Jamaican, Vietnames, Labanese, Chilean, Somali, etc. ”
  21. ^ Ethnic Diversity Survey (html). The Daily. Statistics Canada (2003). Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
  22. ^ Ethnic Diversity Survey: portrait of a multicultural society (pdf). Statistics Canada (2003). Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  “"For example, in Quebec, Québécois was the most common ethnic identity and was reported by 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older, either as their only identity or alongside other identities. "”
  23. ^ Statistics Canada (April 2002). Ethnic Diversity Survey: Questionaire (pdf). Department of Canadian Heritage. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.  “p. 4-5”
  24. ^ Jantzen, Lorna (2005). The Advantages of analyzing ethnic attitudes across generations - Results from the Ethnic Diversity Survey (html). Department of Canadian Heritage. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  “Footnote 2 - It should also be noted that respondents were not provided examples of ancestries and they were permitted to report multiple responses. ”
  25. ^ Jantzen (2005) Footnote 9: "These will be called "French New World" ancestries since the majority of respondents in these ethnic categories are Francophones. "
  26. ^ Jantzen (2005) Footnote 5: "Note that Canadian and Canadien have been separated since the two terms mean different things. In English, it usually means someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations. In French it is referring to "Les Habitant", settlers of New France during the 17th and 18th Century, who earned their living primarily from agricultural labour. "
  27. ^ Ethnic Diversity Survey: " . . . 37% of Quebec's population aged 15 years and older reported Québécois, either as their only ethnic identity or alongside other identities. "
  28. ^ Jantzen (2005): "The reporting of French New World ancestries (Canadien, Québécois, and French-Canadian) is concentrated in the 4th+ generations; 79% of French- Canadian, 88% of Canadien and 90% of Québécois are in the 4th+generations category. "
  29. ^ Jantzen (2005): "According to Table 3, the 4th+ generations are highest because of a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group among those respondents reporting the New World ancestries of Canadien and Québécois. "
  30. ^ Jantzen (2005): For respondents of French and New World ancestries the pattern is different. Where generational data is available, it is possible to see that not all respondents reporting these ancestries report a high sense of belonging to their ethnic or cultural group. The high proportions are focused among those respondents that are in the 4th+ generations, and unlike with the British Isles example, the difference between the 2nd and 3rd generations to the 4th+ generation is more pronounced. Since these ancestries are concentrated in the 4th+ generations, their high proportions of sense of belonging to ethnic or cultural group push up the 4th+ generational results. "
  31. ^ Jantzen (2005): "As shown on Graph 3, over 30% of respondents reporting Canadian, British Isles or French ancestries are distributed across all four generational categories. "
  32. ^ Jantzen (2005): Table 3: Percentage of Selected Ancestries Reporting that Respondents have a Strong* Sense of Belonging to the Ethnic and Cultural Groups, by Generational Status, 2002 EDS"
  33. ^ See p. 14 of the report
  34. ^ Perron, Paul (2003). Narratology and Text: Subjectivity and Identity in New France and Québécois Literature. . Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Pp. xvii + 338. . ISBN 0-8020-3688-0.  
  35. ^ Robert, Paul (1984), Petit Robert. Dictionaire de la langue française. , Montreal: Les Dictionnaires Roberts-Canada S. C. C. , p. isbn = 2-85036-066-X  "Specialt. (répandu v. 1965). Du groupe ethnique et linguistique canadien français composant la majorité de la population du Québec. Littérature québécoise; cinéma québécois. "
  36. ^ Le Petit Larousse (1989)
  37. ^ Entry for québécois in Dictionnaire québécois d'aujourd'hui. The entry is a column long.
  38. ^ Entry for Québécois at the Grand dictionnaire terminologique.
  39. ^ Gagnon, Lysiane (2006-11-13). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St There's no Quebec 'nation'. Globe and Mail. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  40. ^ Gagnon, Lysiane (2006-11-26). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" La nation? Quelle nation?. La Presse. Retrieved on 2007-04-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
  41. ^ Claude Bélanger (2000-08-23). 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire The Quiet Revolution. Marionapolis College. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes  “There was no doubt that the Québécois, governed for so long by "Negro-Kings" [to use the interesting expression of André Laurendeau] in the interest of foreign powers, economical and political, had to become masters of their destiny, had to be "Maîtres chez-nous". Scads of Parti Québécois supporters were later to echo these sentiments in chanting loudly during political rallies: "Le Québec aux Québécois". ”
  42. ^ Bédard, Guy; Adrienne Shadd and Carl E. James, Editors (2001). "Québécitude: An Ambiguous Identity", Talking about Identity: Encounters in Race, Ethnicity and Language. Toronto: Between the Lines, 30. ISBN 1896357369.  “The increasing uneasiness that I feel each time I hear nationalists say Le Québec aux Québécois illustrates this in another way. In adhering to this battle cry, indépendentistes are necessarily forced to admit that there are certain individuals whose status as residents of Quebec is not enough to qualify them as Québécois. ” 

Further reading

  • "Quebecers or Québécois?". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. . Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen  
  • Québécois. Trésor de la langue française au Québec. Département de Langues, linguistique et traduction, Faculté des Lettres, Université Laval. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
  • Quebecker. Trésor de la langue française au Québec. Département de Langues, linguistique et traduction, Faculté des Lettres, Université Laval. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
  • Blattberg, Charles. Charles Blattberg is a professor of political philosophy at the Université de Montréal. I am English Canadian. Tolerance. ca. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  • Coudé-Lord, Michelle. "Une tache noire dans la neige blanche", vol. 18, no 4, Journal de Montréal, 30-04-1994, pp.  24-25. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in (French) 
  • Dubuc, Pierre (2002). Pierre Dubuc (born May 25, 1947 in Montreal, Quebec) is the director and editor of L'aut'journal See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Sans nous qui est Québécois ?. SPQ Libre! (Syndicalistes et progressistes pour un Québec libre). Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
  • Dufour, Christian (2003). "Trudeau's Legacy: A New Canadian Nationalism based on the Denial of the Québécois Heart of Canada" (pdf). London journal of Canadian Studies 18. London Conference for Canadian Studies. ISSN 0267-2200.  
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