Qianlong Emperor 乾隆帝
Qing Gaozong 清高宗
Reign	18 October 1735 – 8 February 1796
Predecessor	Yongzheng Emperor
Successor	Jiaqing Emperor
Spouse	Empress Xiao Xian Chun The Step Empress, Ulanara Empress Xiao Yi Chun
Issue
Yonghuang, Prince Ding Yonglian Princess He Jing Yongzhang, Prince Xun Yongqi, Prince Rong Princess He Jia Yongzhong, Prince Zhe Yongxuan, Prince Yi Yongxin, Prince Cheng Yongji, Beile Princess He Jing Yong Yan, Jiaqing Emperor Yonglin, Prince Qing
Full name
Chinese: Aixin-Jueluo Hongli 愛新覺羅弘曆 Manchu: Aisin-Gioro Hung Li
Titles
The Grand Emperor The Emperor The Prince Bao
Era name
1736 - 1796 - Qiánlóng 乾隆
Posthumous name	Emperor Fatian Longyun Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming Xiaoci Shensheng Chun 法天隆運至誠先覺體元立極敷文奮武欽明孝慈神聖純皇帝
Temple name	Qing Gaozong 清高宗
Royal house	House of Aisin-Gioro(爱新觉罗)
Father	Yongzheng Emperor
Mother	Empress Xiao Sheng Xian
Born	September 25, 1711(1711-09-25)
Died	February 7, 1799 (aged 87)
Burial	Eastern Qing Tombs, Zunhua

Emperor Qianlong (乾隆 Qiánlōng) (Wade-Giles Ch'ien-Lung) (born Hongli (弘历), September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China^[1]. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1735 ( MDCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝 → yōngzhèngdì) (born Yinzhen (胤禛 → yìnzhēn) December 13, 1678 - October 8 The Jiaqing Emperor ( November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty Aisin-Gioro Yongqi (永琪 was the fifth son of the Qianlong Emperor, and bore the title "Prince Rong" (荣亲王 The Jiaqing Emperor ( November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty Manchu is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. Aisin Gioro was the clan name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty (as well as the later short-lived regime in Manchukuo) The Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝 → yōngzhèngdì) (born Yinzhen (胤禛 → yìnzhēn) December 13, 1678 - October 8 Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1711 ( MDCCXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Zunhua (Chinese 遵化市 is a County-level city of Tangshan, Hebei, China. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1711 ( MDCCXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The Qing Dynasty was founded as the "Later Jin Dynasty" in 1616 by Nurhaci, a Manchu of the Aisin-Gioro Clan his son Hung Taiji changed The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from October 18, 1735 to February 9, 1796, at which point he abdicated in favor of his son, the Jiaqing Emperor - a filial act in order not to reign longer than his grandfather, the illustrious Kangxi Emperor. The Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝 → yōngzhèngdì) (born Yinzhen (胤禛 → yìnzhēn) December 13, 1678 - October 8 Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1735 ( MDCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one The Jiaqing Emperor ( November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of Despite his retirement, however, he retained ultimate power until his death in 1799. Although his early years saw the continuity of an era of prosperity in China, he was of unrelentingly conservative and sinocentric attitude. Sinocentrism is any Ethnocentric perspective that regards China to be central or unique relative to other countries As a result, the Qing Dynasty's comparative decline began later in his reign.

Early years

During the first year of reign

There are myths and legends that say Hongli was actually a Han and not of Manchu descent, whilst there were some that say Hongli was only half Manchu and half Han Chinese descent. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Nevertheless, looking at historical records, Hongli was adored both by his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor and his father, the Yongzheng Emperor. The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of The Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝 → yōngzhèngdì) (born Yinzhen (胤禛 → yìnzhēn) December 13, 1678 - October 8 Some historians argue that the main reason why Kangxi Emperor appointed Yongzheng as his successor was because Qianlong was his favourite grandson. He felt that Hongli's mannerisms were very close to his own. As a teenager he was very capable in martial arts, and possessed a high literary ability. Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat.

After his father's succession in 1722, Hongli became the Prince Bao (宝亲王/寶親王). Like many of his uncles, Hongli entered into a battle of succession with his older half-brother Hongshi, who had the support of a large faction of court officials, as well as Yinsi, the Prince Lian. Hongshi ( Manchu: Hungši) 1704— c 1727 was the third son of the Yongzheng Emperor of Qing Dynasty China; a Manchu Yinsi the Prince Lian (廉親王胤禩 Pinyin: Yìnsì Wade-Giles: Yin-ssu restyled as Yunsi (允禩 to avoid offending the holiness of Emperor For many years the Yongzheng Emperor did not allow the position of Crown Prince, but many speculated his favoring of Hongli. Hongli went on inspection trips to the south, and was known to be an able negotiator and enforcer. He was also chosen as chief regent on occasions, when his father was away from the capital. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor

Ascension to the throne

Even before Hongli's succession was read out to the assembled court, it was widely known who the new emperor would be. The young Hongli had been a favorite of his grandfather, Kangxi, and his father alike; Yongzheng had entrusted a number of important ritual tasks to him while Hongli was still a prince, and included him in important court discussions of military strategy. Hoping to avoid repetition of the succession crisis that had tainted his own accession to the throne, he had the name of his successor placed in a sealed box secured behind the tablet over the throne in the Palace of Heavenly Purity (Qianqing Gong 乾清宫). The Palace of Heavenly Purity, or Qianqing Palace ( is a palace in the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. The name in the box was to be revealed to other members of the imperial family in the presence of all senior ministers only upon the death of the Emperor. Yongzheng died suddenly in 1735, the will was taken out and read out before the entire Qing Court, and Hongli became the 4th Manchu Emperor of China. The Emperor of China ( refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of He took the Calender Name of Qianlong (乾隆), 乾 means heaven, 隆 means prosperity, which mean "Heavenly Prosperity".

Frontier Wars

Further information: Ten Great Campaigns

Military costume of Emperor Qianlong. The Ten Great Campaigns ( were a series of wars fought during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, much celebrated in the official Qing Dynasty annals Musée de l'Armée, Paris. The Musée de l'Armée is a museum at Les Invalides in Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

The Puning Temple, built in 1755 to commemorate Qianlong's victory over the Dzungars in the west. The Puning Temple (普宁寺 or Temple of Universal Peace of Chengde, Hebei province China (commonly called the Big Buddha Temple is a Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that

The Qianlong Emperor was a successful military leader, presiding over a huge consolidation in the territory controlled by the Qing dynasty. This was made possible not only by Chinese strength but also by the disunity and declining strength of the Inner Asian peoples. Under Qianlong, Chinese Turkestan was incorporated into the Qing dynasty's rule and renamed Xinjiang, while to the West, Ili was conquered and garrisoned. Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk The Qing also dominated Outer Mongolia after inflicting a final defeat on the Western Mongols. Outer Mongolia (Ar Mongol Manchu: Tulergi Monggo) was the main part of the Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia which proclaimed its independence on 29 December 1911 Throughout this period there were continued Mongol interventions in Tibet and a reciprocal spread of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including

Qianlong again sent armies into Tibet and firmly established the Dalai Lama as ruler, with a Qing resident and garrison to preserve Chinese suzerainty. The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. Further afield, military campaigns against the Burmese, Nepalese, and Gurkhas forced these peoples to submit and send tribute. Prithvi Naraya Shahdev and Sri Teen Maharaja Jung Bahadur The Way of Sacrifice The Rajputs Pages 28-30 Graduate Thesis South Asian Studies Department Dr

The circumstances in Vietnam were not as successful. In 1787 the last Le king fled Vietnam and formally requested that he be restored to his throne in Thanglong (Hanoi today). Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam The Qianlong Emperor agreed and sent a large army into Vietnam to remove the Tay Son (peasant rebels who had captured all of Vietnam). The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between The capital, Thanglong, was conquered in 1788 but a few months later, the Chinese army was defeated in a surprise attack during Tet by Nguyen Hue, the second and most capable of the three Tay Son brothers. This article is about the Finnish work practice program For the Vietnamese festival see Tết. Nguyễn Huệ (also referred to as Quang Trung Hoàng Đế or Emperor Quang Trung, born in Bình Định in 1753 – died in Phú Xuân in The Chinese gave formal protection to the Le emperor and his family, and would not intervene in Vietnam for another 90 years.

Chinese soldier of Emperor Qianlong, by William Alexander, 1793. William Alexander (1767&ndash1816 was an English artist William Alexander was born the son of a coachmaker in Maidstone, Kent, England.

Overall the Qianlong Emperor's military expansion captured millions of square miles and brought into the empire non-Han-Chinese peoples--such as Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, Evenks and Mongols--who were potentially hostile. The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар qɑzɑqtɑr Russian: Казахи the English name is transliterated The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. The Evenks or Evenki (autonym Эвэнкил Evenkil; Эвенки Evenki; 鄂温克族 pny ''Èwēnkè Zú'' formerly known as Tungus It was also a very expensive enterprise; the funds in the Imperial Treasury were almost all put into military expeditions. ^[2] This may have been the cause of the later decline of the dynasty--when faced with a Western threat, the army was unable to develop and upgrade its weapons.

Though the wars were successful, they were not overwhelmingly so. The army declined noticeably and had a difficult time facing some enemies: the Jin Chuan area took 2-3 years to conquer--at first the Qing army were mauled, though Yue Zhongqi later took control of the situation. The battle with the Dzungars was closely fought, and caused heavy losses on both sides. Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that

At the end of the frontier wars, the army had started to weaken significantly. In addition to a more lenient military system, warlords became satisfied with their lifestyles. Since most of the warring had taken place, warlords no longer saw any reason to train their armies, resulting in a rapid military decline by the end of Qianlong's reign. This is the main reason for the military's failure against the White Lotus Sect, at the very end of Qianlong's years. White Lotus (白蓮教 Pinyin: báiliánjiào Wade-Giles: Pai-lien chiao) was a type of Buddhist sectarianism that appealed to many

Artistic Achievements

"The Qianlong Emperor Viewing Paintings"

The Qianlong Emperor was also a major patron of the arts. The most significant of his commissions was a catalogue of all important works on Chinese culture, the Siku Quanshu (四庫全書). The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history The Siku Quanshu, variously translated as the Imperial Collection of Four, Emperor's Four Treasuries, Complete Library in Four Branches of Literature Produced in 36,000 volumes, containing about 3450 complete works and employing as many as 15,000 copyists, the entire work took some twenty years. It preserved numerous books, but was also intended as a way to ferret out and suppress perceived political opponents. Some 2,300 works were listed for total suppression and another 350 for partial suppression. The aim was to destroy the writings that were anti-Qing or rebellious, that insulted previous barbarian dynasties, or that dealt with frontier or defense problems.

Qianlong was a prolific poet and a collector of ceramics, an art which flourished during his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the Percival David Foundation in London. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware The Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art is a collection of Chinese ceramics and related items in London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

European styles

Ruins of the Yuanying Guan (Immense Ocean Observatory) part of the "Western style" Xiyanglou complex. Xiyang Lou ( are ruins of 18th-century European-style imperial buildings on the grounds of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing, China.

Architecturally, Qianlong took personal interest in the expansion of the Old Summer Palace and commissioned the Italian Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione for the construction of the Xiyanglou (西洋楼), or the Western-style mansion, to satisfy his taste for exotic buildings and objects. The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness ( and originally called the Imperial Gardens ( was a complex of palaces and gardens Giuseppe Castiglione may refer to Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit (1688-1766 Italian Jesuit Brother missionary and court painter in China Xiyang Lou ( are ruins of 18th-century European-style imperial buildings on the grounds of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing, China. He also commissioned the French Jesuit Michel Benoist, to design a series of timed waterworks and fountains complete with underground machinery and pipes, for the amusement of the Imperial family. Michel Benoist ( October 8, 1715 in Autun or Dijon, France &ndash October 23, 1774 in Beijing, The French Jesuit Jean Denis Attiret also became "Painter to the Emperor" Qianlong. Jean Denis Attiret ( July 31, 1702 in Dole, France &ndash December 8, 1768 in Beijing, China) was

During his reign the Emin Minaret was built in Turfan to commemorate his father. The Emin Minaret (or Su Gong Ta stands by the Uyghur Mosque located in Turfan, Xinjiang, China. Turfan or Tulufan (تۇرپان|Turpan|Turpan Modern Chinese: 吐魯番, Pinyin: Tǔlǔfān is an Oasis city in the

Later years

In his later years, Qianlong was spoiled with power and glory, becoming disillusioned and complacent in his reign, placing his trust in corrupt officials like Yu Ming Zhong(于敏中), and later Heshen(和绅).

As Heshen was the highest ranked minister and most favoured by Qianlong at the time, the day-to-day governance of the country was left in his hands, while Qianlong himself indulged in the Arts, Luxuries and Literature. Heshen ( ( 1750 - February 22, 1799) from the Manchu Niohuru clan was a Manchu official of When Heshen was executed it was found that he himself was richer than the country's depleted treasury.

Qianlong began his reign with about 33,950,000 taels of silver in Treasury surplus^[3]. Tael can refer to any one of several Weight measures of the Far East. At the peak of Qianlong's reign, around 1775, even with further tax cuts, the treasury surplus still reached 73,900,000 taels, a record unmatched by his predecessors, Kangxi or Yongzheng both of whom had implemented remarkable tax cut policies.

However, due to numerous factors such as long term embezzlement and corruption by officials, frequent expeditions South, huge palace constructions, many war and rebellion campaigns as well as his own extravagant lifestyle, all of these cost the treasury a total of 150,200,000 silver taels. ^[4] This, coupled with his senior age and the lack of political reforms, ushered the beginning of the gradual decline and eventual demise of the Qing dynasty and empire, casting a shadow on his glorious and brilliant political life. ^[5].

The Macartney Embassy

Main article: Macartney Embassy

Lord Marcartney's embassy, 1793. The Macartney Embassy, also called the Macartney Mission, was a British Embassy to China in 1793

The French Jesuit Joseph-Marie Amiot (1718-1793) was official translator of Western languages for Emperor Qianlong. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Jean Joseph Marie Amiot ( Chinese: 錢[[wiktionary 德|德]] 明, Pinyin Qian Deming February 1718 - October 9, 1793) was

During the mid-eighteenth century, Qianlong began to face severe pressures from the West to increase foreign trade. The proposed cultural exchange between the British Empire at the time and the Qing Empire collapsed due to many factors. Firstly, there was a lack of any precedent interaction with overseas foreign kingdoms apart from neighbouring tributory states to guide Qianlong towards a more informed response. Furthermore, competing worldviews that were incompatible between China and Britain, the former holding entrenched beliefs that China was the "central kingdom", and the latter's push for rapid liberation of trade relations, worsened ties.

The British trade ambassador at the time, George Macartney, felt humiliated when granted an audience with the Qianlong Emperor only to find just an Imperial Edict placed on the Dragon Throne. George Macartney should not be confused with Sir George McCartney, a later British statesman The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history An intrepretation of this incident is that Qianlong believed that the Qing Empire had no need for goods and services that the British could provide and that the British should respect and recognize the Qing Empire as superior. In Qianlong's Edict on Trade with Great Britain, the frustrated Emperor cites the term "barbarians" to refer to Macartney's crew, displaying the common belief in China at the time: that all countries are "peripheral" in comparison to China. ^[6]

Demands from Heshen and the Qing Court that the British Trade ambassadors should kneel and kowtow to the empty dragon throne provided another point of contention which worsened tensions. Kowtow ( Cantonese Kau tàuh is the act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing so low as to touch the head to the ground The British refused and insisted they would kneel only on one knee and bow to the Dragon throne as was custom for their own monarch. This caused uproar within the Qing Empire at that time as it went against traditional protocol. The Trade ambassadors were dismissed and told to leave China immediately. They were further informed that the Qing Empire had no particular interest in trading with them, with strict orders given to all local governors not to allow the British to carry out any trade or business in China. ^[7]

The Titsing Embassy

Illustration depicting the last European delegation to be received at the Qianlong Court in 1795 -- Isaac Titsingh (seated European with hat, far right) and A.E. van Braam Houckgeest (seated European without hat) inside the Forbidden City. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest (1 November 1739 in Werkhoven – 8 July 1801 in Amsterdam) Dutch-American merchant who is mostly known for

A Dutch embassy arrived to the Qianlong court in 1795, and would turn out to be the last occasion in which any European appeared before the Chinese Court within the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations. ^[8]

Representing Dutch and Dutch East India Company interests, Isaac Titsingh traveled to Beijing in 1794-96 for celebrations of the sixtieth anniversary of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader ^[9] The Titsingh delegation also included the Dutch-American Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest^[10], whose detailed description of this embassy to the Chinese court was soon after published in the U. Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest (1 November 1739 in Werkhoven – 8 July 1801 in Amsterdam) Dutch-American merchant who is mostly known for S. and Europe. Titsingh's French translator, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes published his own account of the Titsingh mission in 1808. Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (1759–1845 was a French Merchant -trader Ambassador and scholar Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France provided an alternate perspective and a useful counterpoint to other reports which were then circulating. Titsingh himself died before he could publish his version of events.

In contrast to Macartney, Isaac Titsingh, the Dutch and VOC emissary in 1795 did not refuse to kowtow. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian In the year following Mccartney's rebuff, Titsingh and his colleagues were much feted by the Chinese because of what was construed as seemly compliance with conventional court etiquette. ^[11]

Abdication

In October 1795, Qianlong officially announced that in the spring of the following year he would voluntarily abdicate his throne and pass the crown to his son. It was said that Qianlong had made a promise during the year of his ascension not to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor's rule of 61 years as a mark of respect. The Kangxi Emperor ( Mongolian Enkh Amgalan Khaan, May 4, 1654 &ndash December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of

In anticipation of his abdication, Qianlong decided to move out of the Hall of Mental Cultivation in the Forbidden City, the residence dedicated only for the reigning sovereign, and ordered the construction of his residence in another part of the Forbidden City; however, Qianlong never moved out of the Hall of Mental Cultivation. The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial Palace from the mid- Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty.

He resigned the throne at the age of 85, in his 60th years of regime, to his beloved son, the Jiaqing emperor at 1795, instead, he held the title "Senior Emperor(太上皇)" until he died in 1799. ^[12][13].

Legends

The Qianlong Emperor in Armor on Horseback, by Italian JesuitGiuseppe Castiglione(Long shining)(1688-1766 AD). The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Giuseppe Castiglione may refer to Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit (1688-1766 Italian Jesuit Brother missionary and court painter in China

Qianlong was the son of Chen Yuanlong of Haining. Emperor Kangxi chose the heir to his throne based not just on his son's capability to govern the Empire, but also whether his grandson was of no lesser calibre, to ensure the Manchus' everlasting reign over the country. Yongzheng's own son was a weakling and he surreptitiously arranged for his daughter to be swapped for Chen Yuanlong's son, who became the apple of Kangxi's eye. Thus, Yongzheng got to succeed the throne, and his "son", Hongli, subsequently became Emperor Qianlong. Later, Qianlong went to the southern part of the country four times, he stayed in Chen's house in Haining, leaving behind his calligraphy and also frequently issued imperial decrees making and maintaining Haining as a tax-free state.

However there are major problems with this story being: 1) His eldest surviving son Hongshi was only 7 when Hongli was born far too early to make the drastic choice of replacing a child of royal birth with an outsider (and risking disgrace if not death) 2) Yongzheng had three other princes that survived to adulthood who had the potential of ascending the throne. Indeed given the fact that Hongshi was forced to commit suicide, the story would have been far more logical if he was the adopted child of Yongzheng.

Stories about Qianlong visiting the Jiangnan area disguised as a commoner had been a popular topic for many generations. Jiangnan or Jiang Nan ( sometimes spelled Kiang-nan) is a geographic area in China referring to lands immediately to the south of the lower reaches of In total, he has visited Jiang Nan for eight times, as opposed to the Kangxi emperor's 6 inspections.

Family

• Father: The Yong Zheng Emperor (of whom he was the 4th son)

• Mother: Empress Xiao Sheng Xian (1692-1777) of the Niuhuru Clan (Chinese: 孝聖憲皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Enduringge Temgetulehe Hūwanghu)

Consorts

"Empress Xiao Xian Chun", Qianlong's first empress

• Empress Xiao Xian Chun
• Demoted Empress Ulanara, The Step Empress
• Empress Xiao Yi Chun
• Imperial Noble Consort Hui Xian
• Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui
• Imperial Noble Consort Shu Jia
• Imperial Noble Consort Qing Gong
• Imperial Noble Consort Zhe Min
• Noble Consort Ying
• Noble Consort Wan
• Noble Consort Xun
• Noble Consort Xin
• Noble Consort Yu
• Consort Dun
• Consort Shu
• Consort Rong, The Fragrant Concubine
• Worthy Lady Shun

Children

Sons

• Eldest son: Prince Yong Huang (1728 - 1750), son of Imperial Noble Consort Che Min
• 2nd: Prince Yong Lian [永璉] (1730 - 1738), 1st Crown Prince, son of Empress Xiao Xian Chun
• 5th: Prince Yong Qi [永琪] (1741-1766), bore the title Prince Rong of the blood (榮親王)
• 7th: Prince Yong Zhong [永琮] (1746 - 1748), 2nd Crown Prince, son of Empress Xiao Xian Chun
• 8th: Prince Yong Xuan [永璇], son of the Imperial Noble Consort Shu Jia
• 11th: Prince Yong Xin [永瑆], son of the Imperial Noble Consort Shu Jia
• 12th: Prince Yong Ji , son of The Step Empress, Ulanara
• 15th: Prince Yong Yan [永琰] (born 1760) the (Jia Qing Emperor), son of Empress Xiao Yi Chun. The Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝 → yōngzhèngdì) (born Yinzhen (胤禛 → yìnzhēn) December 13, 1678 - October 8 The Imperial Noble Consort Hui Xian (慧贤皇贵妃 (? - 1745 came from the Manchu Gao clan The Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui (纯惠皇贵妃 1713 - 1760 came from the Manchu Sugiya clan The Imperial Noble Consort Shu Jia (淑嘉皇贵妃 (? - 1755 came from the Korean Gin clan The Imperial Noble Consort Qing Gong (庆恭皇贵妃陆氏 ( 1724 - 1774) was an Imperial Consort of the Qianlong Emperor of China and came from The Noble Consort Ying (颖贵妃巴林氏 ( 1731 - 1800) was born during the ninth year of Emperor Yongzheng 's reign The Noble Consort Wan (婉贵妃 1716 - 1807, was the daughter of Chen Tingzhang (陈廷章 The Noble Consort Xun (循贵妃伊尔根觉罗氏 (? - 1797 was the daughter of the Governor General Guilin (总督桂林 The Noble Consort Xin (忻贵妃戴佳氏 was the daughter of the Governor General Na Sutu (总督那苏图 The Consort Dun (淳妃汪氏 (1746 - 1806 came from the Manchu Wang clan The Consort Shu (舒妃叶赫那拉氏 ( 1728 – 1777) came from the Manchu Yehenara clan The Fragrant Concubine ( Uyghur: ug-Arab ئىپارخان / ug-Latn Iparxan / ug-Cyrl Ипархан is a figure in Chinese legend who was taken The Worthy Lady Shun (顺贵人 ( 1748 - 1788) came from the Manchu Niohuru clan Aisin-Gioro Yongqi (永琪 was the fifth son of the Qianlong Emperor, and bore the title "Prince Rong" (荣亲王 Aisin-Gioro Yongqi (永琪 was the fifth son of the Qianlong Emperor, and bore the title "Prince Rong" (荣亲王 The Imperial Noble Consort Shu Jia (淑嘉皇贵妃 (? - 1755 came from the Korean Gin clan The Imperial Noble Consort Shu Jia (淑嘉皇贵妃 (? - 1755 came from the Korean Gin clan The Jiaqing Emperor ( November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty In 1789 he was made Prince Jia of the 1st rank (嘉親王).
• 17th: Prince Yong Lin [永璘], given the title as the 1st Prince Qing Yong Lin. His grandson is Prince Yi Kuang, bore the title Prince Qing [慶親王奕劻] (February 1836 - January 1918). Yìkuāng the Prince Qīng ( Simplified Chinese: 庆亲王奕劻 Wade-Giles:Prince Ch'ing (February 1836 - January 1918 was a Manchu noble of the late
• 18th: Prince ?

Daughters

• 1st: Princess ? (1728 - 1729), daughter of Empress Xiao Xian Chun
• 3rd: Princess He Jing [固倫和敬公主] (1731 - 1792), daughter of Empress Xiao Xian Chun
• 4th: Princess He Jia [和硕和嘉公主] (1745 - 1767), daughter of the Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui
• 5th: Princess ?, daughter of The Step Empress, Ulanara
• 7th: Princess He Jing [固伦和静公主] (1756 - 1775), daughter of Empress Xiao Yi Chun
• 10th: Princess He Xiao (daughter-in-law of He Shen) was spared execution when the Jia Qing Emperor prosecuted Heshen in 1799. The Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui (纯惠皇贵妃 1713 - 1760 came from the Manchu Sugiya clan Heshen ( ( 1750 - February 22, 1799) from the Manchu Niohuru clan was a Manchu official of The Jiaqing Emperor ( November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty She was given some of He Shen's estate.

See also

• Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
• Giuseppe Castiglione
• Manwen Laodang
• Canton System
• Xi Yang Lou
• Long Corridor
• Putuo Zongcheng Temple

References

• Braam, Andreas Everardus van (1795). Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest (1 November 1739 in Werkhoven – 8 July 1801 in Amsterdam) Dutch-American merchant who is mostly known for Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises, vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 & 1795. Philadelphia: M. L. E. Moreau de Saint-Mery.
• _____. (1798). An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company to the court of the emperor of China in the years 1794-1795. London: Phillips.