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امپراتوری ایران
Persian Empire
←
1794 – 1925 →

Flag of Pahlavi Dynasty

Flag
Anthem
Salamati-ye Shah
(well-being of the king)
Location of Pahlavi Dynasty
Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century. The Zand dynasty ( (سلسله زندیه ruled southern and central Iran ( 1750 &ndash 1794) in the eighteenth century A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Salamati-ye Shah ( Persian: سلامتی شاه, Translation well-being of the king) was the first national anthem of Persia ( Iran)
Capital Tehran
Language(s) Persian
Government Monarchy
History
 - Qajar dynasty begins 1794
 - Pahlavi dynasty begins 1925
Faravahar background
History of Iran 
edit

The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar) (Qajar (help·info)) (Persian: سلسله قاجاریه - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under the ruling Qajar royal family[1] The Qajars were of Turkic descent[2], that ruled Iran from 1794 to 1925. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656 led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual extirpation of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia The Tahirid dynasty, (سلسله طاهریان Persian: ( 821 - 873) ruled the northeastern Persian Empire region For the music director see Sajid (music director The Sajid dynasty was an Islamic dynasty that ruled the Iranian region of Azerbaijan from 889 The Saffarid dynasty ( Persian: سلسله صفاریان ruled a empire in Sistan, which is a historical region now in southeastern Iran and southwestern The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman The Ziyarids, also spelled Zeyarids (زیاریان or آل زیار were an Iranian dynasty that ruled in the Caspian sea provinces of Gorgan The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian The Sallarid dynasty (also known as the Musafirids or Langarids) was an Islamic dynasty principally known for its rule of Iranian Azerbaijan The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. The Ghurids (or Ghorids; self-designation Shansabānī) ( were a Persian Sunni - Ismaili Muslim dynasty in Khorasan The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia " The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in The Muzaffarids (آل مظفر in Persian were a Sunni family that came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century The Chupanids, also known as the Süldüz or the Chobanids (سلسله امرای چوپانی Amir Chupani) were descendants of a Mongol family The Jalayirids (آل جلایر were a Mongol dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol Khanate of Persia The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Garagoýunly; Azeri: Qaraqoyunlu The Ak Koyunlu or Aq Qoyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans ( Turkmen: Akgoýunly, Azeri: Ağqoyunlu, The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Hotaki dynasty (1709-1738 was founded in 1709 by Mirwais Khan Hotak, an ethnic Pashtun ( Afghan) from the Ghilzai clan of Kandahar province The Afsharids (سلسله افشار were an Iranian dynasty of Turkic descent from Khorasan that ruled the Persian Empire in the 18th century The Zand dynasty ( (سلسله زندیه ruled southern and central Iran ( 1750 &ndash 1794) in the eighteenth century The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed The Interim Government of Iran ( 1979 - 1980) was the first government established in Iran after the Islamic Revolution. One of the most dramatic changes in government in Iran's history was seen with the 1979 Iranian Revolution where Shah ( king) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown This is a timeline of Iranian history. To read about the background to these events see History of Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1794 the Qajar family took full control of Iran as he had eliminated all his rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty, and had reasserted Persian sovereignty over the former Iranian territories in Georgia and the Caucasus. Lotf Ali Khan ( Persian:لطفعلى خان زند (c 1769-1794 was the last Shah of Persia ( Iran) (reigned 1789-94 of the Zand dynasty The Zand dynasty ( (سلسله زندیه ruled southern and central Iran ( 1750 &ndash 1794) in the eighteenth century Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East In 1796 he was formally crowned as shah (emperor or king). Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages [3]

Contents

Origins

The Qajar or ghajar rulers were members of the Quvanlu clan of the Qajars, originally themselves members of the Oghuz branch of the larger Turkmen peoples[4][5][6]. The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, Qajars first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of Armenia and were among the seven Qizilbash tribes that supported the Safavids [7]. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Qizilbash or Kizilbash ( Nastaliq: قزلباش - Qizilbāš; Ottoman Turkish for "Red Heads" is a name given to a wide The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Safavids "left Arran (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan) to local Turkish khans" [8], and, "in 1554 Ganja was governed by Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Qajar, whose family came to govern Karabakh in southern Arran" [9]. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz Arran ( also known as Aran, Ardhan (in Parthian) Al-Ran (in Arabic) including the highland and lowland Karabakh) Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Oghuz (variously known as Ghuzz, Guozz, Kuz, Oguz, Oğuz, Okuz, Oufoi, Ouz, Ouzoi, Karabakh (Qarabağ Ղարաբաղ is a geographic and historic region in western Azerbaijan and southern Armenia, extending from the highlands of the Lesser

Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 16-17th centuries for the Safavids. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz The Qajars were resettled by Shah Abbas I throughout Persia. Shāh ‘Abbās I or Shāh ‘Abbās the Great ( (born January 27, 1571; died January 19, 1629) was Shah of Iran and the most eminent The great number of them also settled in Astarabad (present-day Gorgan, Iran) near the south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea[5], and it would be this branch of Qajars that would rise to power. Gorgan ( Persian: گرگان Caspian: Vergen is the capital of the Golestan Province, Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. The immediate ancestor of Qajars, Shah Qoli Khan Qajar Qovanlu of the Qovanlus of Ganja, married into the Qovanlu Qajars of Astarabad. His son, Fath Ali Khan Qajar, born circa 1685-1693, was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs Husayn and Tahmasp II. Soltan Hosein (also known as Soltan Hosayn) (1668?&ndash1726 was a Safavid king of Persia ( Iran) Tahmasp II (1704? &ndash 1740 was one of the last Safavid rulers of Persia ( Iran) He was killed on the orders of Tahmasp Qoli Khan Afshar (Nader Shah) in 1726. Nāder Shāh Afshār ( also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November Fath Ali Khan's son Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar (1722-1758) was killed at the behest of Karim Khan Zand, and was the father of Agha Mohammad Khan and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah) Qajar (father of "Baba Khan," the future Fath Ali Shah Qajar). Karim Khan Zand, ( کریم خان زند) (c 1705- 1779 also called Karim Khan the Great (Bozorg was the ruler and De facto Shah of Iran Muḥammad Khān Qājār (1742-1797 (‎&lrm was the chief of the Qajar tribe Fat′h Ali Shah Qajar (var Fathalishah Fathali Shah Fath Ali Shah (‎ ( 5 September 1772 - 23 October 1834) was the second Qajar

Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17 [1]

Rise to Power

Main article: Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

"Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of Turkish tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy" [10]. Muḥammad Khān Qājār (1742-1797 (‎&lrm was the chief of the Qajar tribe The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family In 1779, following the death of Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Persia, Agha Mohammad Khan, the leader of the Qajar tribe, set out to reunify Iran. Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Karim Khan Zand, ( کریم خان زند) (c 1705- 1779 also called Karim Khan the Great (Bozorg was the ruler and De facto Shah of Iran The Zand dynasty ( (سلسله زندیه ruled southern and central Iran ( 1750 &ndash 1794) in the eighteenth century The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Muḥammad Khān Qājār (1742-1797 (‎&lrm was the chief of the Qajar tribe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Agha Mohammad Khan was castrated in his childhood by the enemies of his father and was one of the cruelest kings even by the 18th century Iranian standards [5]. Muḥammad Khān Qājār (1742-1797 (‎&lrm was the chief of the Qajar tribe In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and in an act of singular cruelty blinded some 20,000 men in the city of Kerman solely because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his siege [5]. Kerman (کرمان is a city in Iran. It is the center of Kerman province.

The Qajar armies were composed of a small Turkoman bodyguard and Georgian slaves [11], and by 1794, Agha Mohammad Khan had eliminated all his rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty, and had reestablished Iranian control over the territories in the Caucasus. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Muḥammad Khān Qājār (1742-1797 (‎&lrm was the chief of the Qajar tribe Lotf Ali Khan ( Persian:لطفعلى خان زند (c 1769-1794 was the last Shah of Persia ( Iran) (reigned 1789-94 of the Zand dynasty The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Agha Mohammad established his capital at Tehran, a village near the ruins of the ancient city of Rayy. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of See Rayshahr for the Sassanid center of learning in Fars province In 1796 he was formally crowned as shah. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Agha Mohammad was assassinated in 1797 in Shusha, the capital of Karabakh khanate, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fath Ali Shah Qajar. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Karabakh khanate was a Turkic Muslim khanate founded in 1747, which remained under a nominal Persian suzerainty but was De facto Fat′h Ali Shah Qajar (var Fathalishah Fathali Shah Fath Ali Shah (‎ ( 5 September 1772 - 23 October 1834) was the second Qajar

War with Russia

In 1803, under Fath Ali Shah, Qajars set out to fight against Russian Empire, in what was known as Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813, due to concerns about the Russian expansion into Caucasus which was an Iranian domain,although some of the Khanates of the Caucasus were considered independent or semi-independent by the time of Russian expansion in 19th century[12], this period marked the first major economic and military encroachments on Iranian interests during the colonial era. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya During the 18th and 19th centuries the Caucasus especially the Southern Caucasus, was divided into small khanates either belonging to or dependent on Persia, independent See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Qajar army suffered a major military defeat in the war and under the terms of the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, Iran recognized Russian annexation of Georgia and most of the Caucasus region. The Treaty of Gulistan (Гюлистанский договор Persian: عهدنامه گلستان was a Peace treaty concluded between Imperial Russia Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The second Russo-Persian War of the late 1820s ended even more disastrously for Qajar Iran with temporary occupation of Tabriz and the signing of Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, acknowledging Russian sovereignty over the entire South Caucasus, the area north of the Aras River. The Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and the Persian Empire. Events and trends Nationalistic independence helped reshape the world during this decade Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Empire Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. The Treaty of Turkmenchay (Туркманчайский договор Persian: عهدنامه ترکمنچای was a treaty negotiated in Turkmenchay by which The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus.

Fath Ali Shah's reign saw increased diplomatic contacts with the West and the beginning of intense European diplomatic rivalries over Iran. His grandson Mohammad Shah, who fell under the Russian influence and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture Herat, succeeded him in 1834. Mohammad Shah Qajar (born Mohammad Mirza,)‎‎ ( January 5, 1808 - September 5, 1848) was a Shah of Persia of the area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common When Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession passed to his son Nasser-e-Din, who proved to be the ablest and most successful of the Qajar sovereigns. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap

Era of Development and Decline

During Nasser-e-Din Shah's reign Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Persia and the country's modernization was begun. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17 Nasser ed-Din Shah tried to exploit the mutual distrust between Great Britain and Russia to preserve Persia's independence, but foreign interference and territorial encroachment increased under his rule. He contracted foreign loans to finance expensive trips to Europe. These trips were part of a strategy to put Persia on the map as an independent, ancient but civilized state. Although the trips in this field were rather successful, he was not able to prevent Britain and Russia from encroaching into regions of traditional Persian influence. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 In 1856, during the Anglo-Persian War, Britain prevented Persia from reasserting control over Herat. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Anglo-Persian War lasted between 1 November 1856 and 4 April 1857 and was fought between the United Kingdom and Persia (which was at the time ruled by the area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. The city had been part of Persia in Safavid times, but Herat had been under non-Persian rule since the mid-18th century. Britain supported the city's incorporation into Afghanistan and, when the war ended in 1857, it was. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the In large part, Afghanistan was created by Britain in order to extend eastward the buffer between its Indian territories and Russia's expanding empire. Britain also extended its control to other areas of the Persian Gulf during the 19th century. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Meanwhile, by 1881, Russia had completed its conquest of present-day Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, bringing Russia's frontier to Persia's northeastern borders and severing historic Persian ties to the cities of Bukhara and Samarqand. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Several trade concessions by the Persian government put economic affairs largely under British control. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands By the late 19th century, many Persians believed that their rulers were beholden to foreign interests.

Mullahs in the royal presence. The painting style is markedly Qajari.
Mullahs in the royal presence. The painting style is markedly Qajari.

Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, was the young prince Nasser-e-Din's advisor and constable. Amir Kabir ( 1807 - January 11, 1852( also known as Mirza Taqi Khan Amir-Nezam ( served as Prime Minister of Persia (Iran under With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. When Nasser ed-Din succeeded to the throne, Amir Nezam was awarded the position of prime minister and the title of Amir Kabir, the Great Ruler. Amir Kabir ( 1807 - January 11, 1852( also known as Mirza Taqi Khan Amir-Nezam ( served as Prime Minister of Persia (Iran under

At that time, Persia was nearly bankrupt. During the next two and a half years Amir Kabir initiated important reforms in virtually all sectors of society. Amir Kabir ( 1807 - January 11, 1852( also known as Mirza Taqi Khan Amir-Nezam ( served as Prime Minister of Persia (Iran under Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the private and public purses. The instruments of central administration were overhauled, and Amir Kabir assumed responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy. Foreign interference in Persia's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. Amir Kabir issued an edict banning ornate and excessively formal writing in government documents; the beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates from this time. Amir Kabir ( 1807 - January 11, 1852( also known as Mirza Taqi Khan Amir-Nezam ( served as Prime Minister of Persia (Iran under

A Zoroastrian family in Qajar Iran
A Zoroastrian family in Qajar Iran

One of the greatest achievements of Amir Kabir was the building of Dar ol Fonoon, the first modern university in Persia and the Middle East. Dar al-Funun ( دار الفنون) established in 1851, was the first modern institution of higher learning in Persia. Dar-ol-Fonoon was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with Western techniques. Amir Kabir ordered the school to be built on the edge of the city so it can be expanded as needed. He hired French and Russian instructors as well as Persians to teach subjects as different as Language, Medicine, Law, Geography, History, Economics, and Engineering. Unfortunately, Amir Kabir did not live long enough to see his greatest monument completed, but it still stands in Tehran as a sign of a great man's ideas for the future of his country.

These reforms antagonized various notables who had been excluded from the government. They regarded the Amir Kabir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. Amir Kabir ( 1807 - January 11, 1852( also known as Mirza Taqi Khan Amir-Nezam ( served as Prime Minister of Persia (Iran under She convinced the young shah that Amir Kabir wanted to usurp the throne. Amir Kabir ( 1807 - January 11, 1852( also known as Mirza Taqi Khan Amir-Nezam ( served as Prime Minister of Persia (Iran under In October 1851 the shah dismissed him and exiled him to Kashan, where he was murdered on the shah's orders. Kashan is a city in the province of Isfahan, Iran. It had an estimated population of 272359 in 2005. Through his marriage to Ezzat od-Doleh, Amir Kabir had been the brother-in-law of the shah.

The Constitutional Revolution

Main article: Iranian Constitutional Revolution
Persia in 19th and 20th centuries.
Persia in 19th and 20th centuries. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution (also known as the Persian Constitutional Revolution or Constitutional Revolution of Iran) took place between 1905 and 1911
Qajar era currency bill with depiction of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar.
Qajar era currency bill with depiction of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17

When Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar was assassinated by Mirza Reza Kermani in 1896, the crown passed to his son Mozaffar-e-din. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17 Mirza Reza Kermani (in Persian: میرزارضا کرمانی born in Kerman, Iran and died on August 10, 1896 in Tehran, Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, KG ( 25 March 1853 &ndash 7 January 1907) ( was the fifth Qajar dynasty Shah of Mozaffar-e-din Shah was a moderate and kind, but also not a very effective ruler. Royal extravagance and the absence of incoming revenues exacerbated financial problems. The shah quickly spent two large loans from Russia, partly on trips to Europe. Public anger fed on the shah's propensity for granting concessions to Europeans in return for generous payments to him and his officials. People began to demand a curb on royal authority and the establishment of the rule of law as their concern over foreign, and especially Russian, influence grew.

The shah's failure to respond to protests by the religious establishment, the merchants, and other classes led the merchants and clerical leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and outside the capital. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting When the shah reneged on a promise to permit the establishment of a "house of justice", or consultative assembly, 10,000 people, led by the merchants, took sanctuary in June in the compound of the British legation in Tehran. In August the shah, through the issue of a decree promised a constitution. In October an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution that provided for strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or Majlis, with wide powers to represent the people, and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the Majles. Majlis (also spelled Majalis or Mejlis, Arabic مجلس is an Arabic term meaning "a place of sitting" used to describe various types of formal The shah signed the constitution on December 30, 1906, but refusing to forfeit all of his power to the Majles, attached a caveat that made his signature on all laws required for their enactment. He died five days later. The Supplementary Fundamental Laws approved in 1907 provided, within limits, for freedom of press, speech, and association, and for security of life and property. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Constitutional Revolution marked the end of the medieval period in Persia. The hopes for constitutional rule were not realized, however.

Mozaffar-e-din Shah's son Mohammad Ali Shah (reigned 1907-09), who, through his mother, was also the grandson of Prime-Minister Amir Kabir (see before), with the aid of Russia, attempted to rescind the constitution and abolish parliamentary government. Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (محمدعلی شاه قاجار‎ ( 21 June 1872 - 5 April 1924) was the Shah of Persia from January After several disputes with the members of the Majlis, in June 1908 he used his Russian-officered Persian Cossacks Brigade to bomb the Majlis building, arrest many of the deputies, and close down the assembly. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Persian Cossack Brigade was an elite military unit in the armed forces of Persia ( Iran) during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Resistance to the shah, however, coalesced in Tabriz, Isfahan, Rasht, and elsewhere. Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Rasht ( رشت, Resht) is the capital of Gilan province in northwestern Iran and the largest city along the Caspian sea coast In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht and Isfahan to Tehran, deposed the shah, and re-established the constitution. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The ex-shah went into exile in Russia.

Although the constitutional forces had triumphed, they faced serious difficulties. The upheavals of the Constitutional Revolution and civil war had undermined stability and trade. In addition, the ex-shah, with Russian support, attempted to regain his throne, landing troops in July 1910. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Persia into spheres of influence. The Russians were to enjoy exclusive right to pursue their interests in the northern sphere, the British in the south and east; both powers would be free to compete for economic and political advantage in a neutral sphere in the center. Matters came to a head when Morgan Shuster(also spelled Schuster), a United States administrator hired as treasurer general by the Persian government to reform its finances, sought to collect taxes from powerful officials who were Russian protégés and to send members of the treasury gendarmerie, a tax department police force, into the Russian zone. William Morgan Shuster (1877 &mdash 1960 American lawyer civil servant and publisher who is best known as the Treasurer-general of Persia by appointment When in December 1911 the Majlis unanimously refused a Russian ultimatum demanding Shuster's dismissal, Russian troops, already in the country, moved to occupy the capital. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year To prevent this, on December 20 Bakhtiari chiefs and their troops surrounded the Majles building, forced acceptance of the Russian ultimatum, and shut down the assembly, once again suspending the constitution.

Fall of the dynasty

Soltan Ahmad Shah, was born 21 January 1898 in Tabriz, and succeeded to the throne at age 11. Ahmad Shah Qajar (احمد شاه قاجار in Persian) ‎( January 21, 1898 - 21 February, 1930) was Shah of Persia Tabriz ( تبریز, تبریز) is the largest city in northwestern Iran. However, the occupation of Persia during World War I (1914-18) by Russian, British, and Ottoman troops was a blow from which Ahmad Shah never effectively recovered. A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish With a coup d'état in February 1921, Reza Khan (ruled as Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1925-41) became the preeminent political personality in Persia; Ahmad Shah left Persia in 1923 for Europe never to return. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar For the Afghan serial killer see Reza Khan (Taliban. Under pressuure of Reza Khan, he was deposed by the Majlis (national consultative assembly) in October 1925 while in Europe, and that assembly declared the rule of the Qajar dynasty to be terminated. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh os-Saltaneh (later known as Dr. Mossadegh) was one of the few deputees, who dared to protest against this illegal act. Soltan Ahmad Shah died later on 21 February 1930 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Shahs of Persia, 1794-1925

Qajar Royal Family

The Qajar Imperial Family in exile is currently headed by the eldest descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah, Soltan Ali Mirza Qajar, while the Heir Presumptive to the Qajar throne is Mohammad Hassan Mirza II, the grandson of Mohammad Hassan Mirza, Soltan Ahmad Shah's brother and heir. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17 Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, KG ( 25 March 1853 &ndash 7 January 1907) ( was the fifth Qajar dynasty Shah of Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (محمدعلی شاه قاجار‎ ( 21 June 1872 - 5 April 1924) was the Shah of Persia from January Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Ahmad Shah Qajar (احمد شاه قاجار in Persian) ‎( January 21, 1898 - 21 February, 1930) was Shah of Persia Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Soltan Ali Mirza Qajar (born November 16 1929 in Beirut, Lebanon) is the son of soltan Majid Mirza Qajar and the grandson of Mohammad Ali Mohammad Hassan Mirza II (born July 18 1949) is the son of Hamid Mirza and a grandson of Mohammad Hassan Mirza the last Crown Prince of Mohammad Hassan Mirza ( 20 November, 1899 – 7 January 1943) brother of Ahmed Shah Qajar of Iran, and former Mohammad Hassan Mirza died in England in 1943, having proclaimed himself shah in exile in 1930 after the death of his brother in France.

Today, the descendants of the Qajars often identify themselves as such and hold reunions to stay socially acquainted through the Kadjar Family Association[1].

Heads and Heirs Presumptive of the Qajar dynasty since 1925

Heads of the Qajar Imperial Family

The headship of the Imperial Family is inherited by the eldest male descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah.

Heirs Presumptive of the Qajar dynasty

The Heir Presumptive is the Qajar heir to the Persian throne. Ahmad Shah Qajar (احمد شاه قاجار in Persian) ‎( January 21, 1898 - 21 February, 1930) was Shah of Persia Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fereydoun Mirza (born between 1810 - 1812 died between Dec 1855 - Jan 1856 Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Prince Soltan Hamid Mirza Qajar ( 23 April 1918 - 5 May 1988) was the head and heir presumptive of the Qajar dynasty the former ruling Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Mahmoud Mirza ( 9 October 1905 - 2 July 1988) was the son of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Soltan Ali Mirza Qajar (born November 16 1929 in Beirut, Lebanon) is the son of soltan Majid Mirza Qajar and the grandson of Mohammad Ali Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar)

Notable members of Qajar family

Political

Religious

Literature

Popular Culture

References

  1. ^ a b Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2-3
  2. ^ Richard N. Frye and Lewis V. Thomas. The United States and Turkey and Iran, Harvard University Press, 1951, p. 217
  3. ^ Qajar Dynasty on Encyclopædia Britannica
  4. ^ Genealogy and History of Qajar (Kadjar) Rulers and Heads of the Imperial Kadjar House
  5. ^ a b c d Cyrus Ghani. Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power, I. B. Tauris, 2000, ISBN 1860646298, p. 1
  6. ^ William Bayne Fisher. Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, ISBN 0521200946
  7. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. The Qajar Dynasty. Online Edition
  8. ^ K. M. Röhrborn, Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, p. 4
  9. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. Ganja. Online Edition
  10. ^ Nikki R. Keddie. "The Iranian Power Structure and Social Change 1800-1969: An Overview", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1. (Jan. , 1971), p. 4
  11. ^ Ira Marvin Lapidus. "A History of Islamic Societies", Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0521779332, p. 469
  12. ^
    “ "Even when rulers on the plateau lacked the means to effect suzerainty beyond the Aras, the neighboring Khanates were still regarded as Iranian dependencies. Naturally, it it was those Khanates located closes to the province of Azarbaijan which most frequently experienced attempts to re-impose Iranian suzerainty: the Khanates of Erivan, Nakhchivan and Qarabagh across the Aras, and the cis-Aras Khanate of Talish, with its administrative headquarters located at Lankaran and therefore very vulnerable to pressure, either from the direction of Tabriz or Rasht. Beyond the Khanate of Qarabagh, the Khan of Ganja and the Vali of Gurjistan (ruler of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom of south-east Georgia), although less accessible for purposes of coercion, were also regarded as the Shah's vassals, as were the Khans of Shakki and Shirvan, north of the Kura river. The contacts between Iran and the Khanates of Baku and Qubba, however, were more tenuous and consisted mainly of maritime commercial links with Anzali and Rasht. The effectiveness of these somewhat haphazard assertions of suzeiranty dependend on the ability of a particular Shah to make his will felt, and the determination of the local khans to evade obligations they regarded as onerous. " The Cambridge history of Iran By William Bayne Fisher, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 145-146 ”
  13. ^ qajar13
  14. ^ qajar11

See also

External links


For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent The following is a comprehensive list of kings of Persia, which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical Iran Mīrzā Kūchak Khān (میرزا كوچک خان (common alternative spellings Kouchek, Koochek, Kuchak, Kuchek, Kouchak, Abdolhosein Teymūrtāsh (1883 - 1933 ( served as the first Minister of Court of the Pahlavi Dynasty from 1925 to 1932 and is credited with playing a crucial role in laying Qajar art refers to the art and art-forms of the Qajar dynasty of the Persian Empire, which lasted from 1781 to 1925
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