| Pyruvic acid | |
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| IUPAC name | 2-oxopropanoic acid |
| Other names | α-ketopropionic acid; acetylformic acid; pyroracemic acid; Pyr |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [127-17-3] |
| SMILES | CC(C(O)=O)=O |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C3H4O3 |
| Molar mass | 88. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 06 g/mol |
| Density | 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 250 g/cm³ |
| Melting point |
11. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 8 °C |
| Boiling point |
165 °C |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H) is an alpha-keto acid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Keto acids are organic Acids containing a Ketone Functional group and a Carboxylic acid group Pyruvate plays an important role in biochemical processes. The carboxylate anion of pyruvic acid is known as pyruvate. A carboxylate anion is an Ion with Negative charge that contains the group -COO&minus An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge
Contents |
Chemistry
Pyruvic acid is a colorless liquid with a smell similar to that of acetic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste It is miscible with water, and soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether. Miscibility is a term commonly used in Chemistry that refers to the property of Liquids to mix in all proportions forming a Homogeneous Solution Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a In the laboratory, pyruvic acid may be prepared by heating a mixture of tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen sulfate, by the oxidation of propylene glycol by a strong oxidizer (eg. Tartaric acid is a white crystalline Organic acid. It occurs naturally in many plants particularly Grapes Bananas and Tamarinds and is Potassium bisulfate is the Potassium salt of Bisulfate anion with the molecular formula KHSO4 Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Propylene glycol, known also by the systematic name propane-12-diol is an Organic compound (a Diol Alcohol) usually a faintly sweet odorless and potassium permanganate or bleach), or by the hydrolysis of acetyl cyanide, formed by reaction of acetyl chloride with potassium cyanide:
- CH3COCl + KCN → CH3COCN
- CH3COCN → CH3COCOOH
Biochemistry
Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Acetyl chloride, also known as ethanoyl chloride, is an Acid chloride (also known as an Acyl chloride) derived from Acetic acid ( Ethanoic Potassium cyanide is an Inorganic compound with the formula KCN A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as It is the output of the aerobic metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. See also Gluconeogenesis, which carries out a process wherein glucose is synthesized rather than catabolized One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, which is the main input for a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism used in many biochemical reactions The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle Pyruvate is also converted to oxaloacetate by an anaplerotic reaction which replenishes Krebs cycle intermediates; alternatively, the oxaloacetate is used for gluconeogenesis. Oxaloacetic acid is an Organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(OCH2CO2H Anaplerotic reactions are those that form intermediates of the TCA or Citric acid cycle. Gluconeogenesis (abreviated GNG) is a Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of Glucose from non- Carbohydrate carbon substrates such These reactions are named after Hans Adolf Krebs, the biochemist awarded the 1953 Nobel Prize for physiology, jointly with Fritz Lipmann, for research into metabolic processes. Hans Adolf Krebs ( August 25, 1900 – November 22, 1981) was a German, later British Medical doctor and The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Fritz Albert Lipmann ( June 12 1899 &ndash July 24 1986) was a German-American Biochemist and a co-discoverer in 1945 of Coenzyme The cycle is also called the citric acid cycle, because citric acid is one of the intermediate compounds formed during the reactions. The citric acid cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle, (or rarely the Szent-Györgyi–Krebs cycle
If insufficient oxygen is available, the acid is broken down anaerobically, creating lactic acid in animals and ethanol in plants. An anaerobic organism is any Organism that does not require Oxygen for growth and may even die in its presence Lactic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) also known as milk acid, is a Chemical compound that plays a role Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted by anaerobic respiration to lactate using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the coenzyme NADH in lactate fermentation, or to acetaldehyde and then to ethanol in alcoholic fermentation. See also Fermentation (biochemistry Anaerobic respiration (anaerobiosis refers to the Oxidation of molecules in the absence of Oxygen to produce Lactic acid ( IUPAC Systematic name: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid) also known as milk acid, is a Chemical compound that plays a role Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) is an Enzyme ( present in a wide variety of organisms including plants and animals Coenzymes are small organic non- Protein Molecules that carry chemical groups between Enzymes Coenzymes are sometimes referred to as cosubstrates Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD+, is a Coenzyme found in all living cells The compound is a dinucleotide since it consists Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates using an endogenous electron acceptor which is Acetaldehyde, sometimes known as ethanal, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C[[Hydrogen H]]3CH O or MeCHO
Pyruvate is a key intersection in the network of metabolic pathways. In Biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. Pyruvate can be converted to carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis, to fatty acids or energy through acetyl-CoA, to the amino acid alanine and to ethanol. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Gluconeogenesis (abreviated GNG) is a Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of Glucose from non- Carbohydrate carbon substrates such In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism used in many biochemical reactions In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2CH3 Therefore it unites several key metabolic processes.
The pyruvic acid derivative bromopyruvic acid is being studied for potential cancer treatment applications by researchers at Johns Hopkins University in ways that would support the Warburg hypothesis on the cause(s) of cancer. Bromopyruvic acid, or bromopyruvate, is a synthetic brominated derivative of Pyruvic acid. Warburg's hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924
Pyruvate production by glycolysis
In glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. See also Gluconeogenesis, which carries out a process wherein glucose is synthesized rather than catabolized Phosphoenolpyruvate (synonyms phosphoenolpyruvic acid, PEP) is an important Chemical compound in Biochemistry. Reaction The reaction with pyruvate kinase pyruvate kinase PEP ----------> pyruvate / \ ADP ATP This reaction is strongly exergonic and irreversible; in gluconeogenesis it takes two enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase to catalyze the reverse transformation of pyruvate to PEP. Gluconeogenesis (abreviated GNG) is a Metabolic pathway that results in the generation of Glucose from non- Carbohydrate carbon substrates such Pyruvate carboxylase is an Enzyme of the Ligase class that Catalyzes the irreversible Carboxylation of Pyruvate to form Oxaloacetate The arrow indicating a reverse reaction in the Figure below is incorrect.
| phosphoenolpyruvate | Pyruvate kinase | pyruvate | |
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| ADP | ATP | ||
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| ADP | ATP | ||
| Pyruvate kinase | |||
Compound C00074 at KEGG Pathway Database. Phosphoenolpyruvate (synonyms phosphoenolpyruvic acid, PEP) is an important Chemical compound in Biochemistry. Reaction The reaction with pyruvate kinase pyruvate kinase PEP ----------> pyruvate / \ ADP ATP Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy Reaction The reaction with pyruvate kinase pyruvate kinase PEP ----------> pyruvate / \ ADP ATP KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals Enzyme 2.7.1.40 at KEGG Pathway Database. KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals Compound C00022 at KEGG Pathway Database. KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals
Pyruvate decarboxylation to acetyl CoA
Pyruvate decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex produces acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate decarboxylation is the biochemical reaction that uses Pyruvate to form Acetyl-CoA, releasing reducing equivalents and Carbon dioxide. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC is a complex of three Enzymes that transform Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA by a process called Pyruvate decarboxylation Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism used in many biochemical reactions
| pyruvate | pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | acetyl-CoA | |
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| CoA + NAD+ | CO2 + NADH + H+ | ||
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Pyruvate carboxylation to oxaloacetate
Carboxylation by the pyruvate carboxylase produces oxaloacetate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC is a complex of three Enzymes that transform Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA by a process called Pyruvate decarboxylation Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism used in many biochemical reactions Pyruvate carboxylase is an Enzyme of the Ligase class that Catalyzes the irreversible Carboxylation of Pyruvate to form Oxaloacetate Oxaloacetic acid is an Organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(OCH2CO2H
| pyruvate | pyruvate carboxylase | oxaloacetate | |
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| ATP + CO2 | ADP + Pi | ||
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Transamination by the alanine aminotransferase
| pyruvate | Alanine transaminase | alanine | |
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| Glutamate | α-ketoglutarate | ||
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| Glutamate | α-ketoglutarate | ||
Reduction to lactate
Reduction by the lactate dehydrogenase produces lactate. Pyruvate carboxylase is an Enzyme of the Ligase class that Catalyzes the irreversible Carboxylation of Pyruvate to form Oxaloacetate Oxaloacetic acid is an Organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CC(OCH2CO2H Alanine transaminase or ALT is a Transaminase Enzyme ( It is also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT or alanine aminotransferase Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2CH3 Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E) is one of the 20 Alpha Amino acids It is not among the human Essential amino acids Its Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is one of two Ketone derivatives of Glutaric acid. Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E) is one of the 20 Alpha Amino acids It is not among the human Essential amino acids Its Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is one of two Ketone derivatives of Glutaric acid. Lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) is an Enzyme ( present in a wide variety of organisms including plants and animals
| pyruvate | lactate dehydrogenase | lactate | |
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| NADH | NAD+ | ||
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| NADH | NAD+ | ||
Origin of life
Current evolutionary theory on the origin of life posits that the first organisms were anaerobic because the atmosphere of prebiotic Earth was almost devoid of oxygen. Lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) is an Enzyme ( present in a wide variety of organisms including plants and animals The iron-sulfur world theory is a hypothesis for the Origin of life advanced by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich chemist and patent lawyer involving In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic As such, requisite biochemical materials must have preceded life and recent experiments indicate that pyruvate can be synthesized abiotically. In Biology, abiotic components are non-living Chemical and Physical factors in the environment. In vitro, iron sulfide at sufficient pressure and temperature catalyzes the formation of pyruvate. Iron(II sulfide is a Chemical compound with the formula FeS In practice iron sulfides are often Non-stoichiometric. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Thus, argues Günter Wächtershäuser, the mixing of iron-rich crust with hydrothermal vent fluid is suspected of providing the fertile basis for the formation of life. Günter Wächtershäuser, a Chemist turned patent lawyer, is mainly known for his groundbreaking and influential work on the Origin of life, and in particular
References
- George D. Cody, Nabil Z. Boctor, Timothy R. Filley, Robert M. Hazen, James H. Scott, Anurag Sharma, Hatten S. Yoder Jr. , "Primordial Carbonylated Iron-Sulfur Compounds and the Synthesis of Pyruvate," Science, 289 (5483) (25 August 2000) pp. 1337 - 1340. [1]
External links
- "Pyruvate in Cancer Prevention and Treatment"
- "ENERGY BLOCKER" KILLS BIG TUMORS IN RATS, research at Johns Hopkins on pyruvate
- "Latin uva grapes"
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Dictionary
pyruvic acid
-noun
- a colourless liquid; an important intermediate in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, and in fermentation
- (chemistry) the simplest aliphatic keto acid, CH3COCOOH
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