A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was a Protestant (usually Calvinist) advocate of "purity" of worship, doctrine, and personal and group morality. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the This article refers to the religious act For the album by Michael W Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings
The wellspring of the Protestant Reformation had been the doctrines of Justification by Faith and the Priesthood of All Believers. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time In Christian theology, justification is God 's act of declaring or making a sinner righteous before God These stressed the importance of obtaining salvation through the development of an individual relationship with God (through the person of Jesus Christ) over attempting to obtain salvation through the sacraments and ceremonies of the church alone. In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active The clergy and the sacraments could help an individual find salvation, but could not guarantee it by dispensing supernatural power. This was the Lutheran and (later) the Anglican position. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs
Puritans objected to this 'half-way-house' concept. Salvation could only be obtained by the individual. Thus, clergy might encourage sinners to repent by preaching, but had no special power. Holy communion was a ceremony of remembrance and fellowship, not a miraculous way of dispensing supernatural grace. Indeed, as many Puritans accepted Calvinism and the doctrine of predestination, it became clear that salvation was only reserved for a godly 'elect' and not the 'corrupt lump' of mankind. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation
Puritans were thus opposed to anything that promoted a special religious hierarchy dispensing a kind of supernatural power based upon apostolic succession. They were largely opposed to bishops. Clergy ought not to wear vestments, since it set themselves apart from other men and suggested a special status or power. Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religions especially the Latin Rite and other Roman Catholics Holy Communion could not take place at an altar behind wooden rails, since it suggested a supernatural ceremony. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place
Terminology
Originally used to describe a third-century sect of strictly legalistic heretics, the word "Puritan" is now applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches (and religious groups within the Anglican Church) from the late 16th century to the present. In the Sociology of religion a sect is generally a smaller religious or political group that has broken off from a larger group for example from a Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches Puritans did not originally use the term for themselves. It was a term of abuse that first surfaced in the 1560s. "Precisemen" and "Precisions" were other early antagonistic terms for Puritans who preferred to call themselves "the godly. " The word "Puritan" thus always referred to a type of religious belief, rather than a particular religious sect. To reflect that the term encompasses a variety of ecclesiastical bodies and theological positions, scholars today increasingly prefer to use the term as a common noun or adjective: "puritan" rather than "Puritan. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective "
The single theological momentum most consistently defined by the term "Puritan" was Reformed or Calvinist and led to the founding of the Presbyterian, Baptist, and Independent or Congregationalist churches; In the United States, the church and religious culture of the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formed the basis of post-colonial American Congregationalism, specifically the Congregational Church proper. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently The term Puritan was used by the group itself mainly in the 16th century, though it seems to have been used often and, in its earliest recorded instances, as a term of abuse. By the middle of the 17th century, the group had become so divided that "Puritan" was most often used by opponents and detractors of the group, rather than by the practitioners themselves. As Patrick Collinson has noted, well before the founding of the New England settlement, “Puritanism had no content beyond what was attributed to it by its opponents. ”[1] The practitioners knew themselves as members of particular churches or movements, and not by the simple term.
Puritans who felt that the Reformation of the Church of England had not gone far enough but who remained within the Church of England advocating further reforms are known as non-separating Puritans. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican (The Non-Separating Puritans differed among themselves about how much further reformation was necessary. ) Those who felt that the Church of England was so corrupt that true Christians should separate from it altogether are known as separating Puritans or simply as Separatists. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Especially after the Restoration (1660), non-separating Puritans were called Nonconformists (for their failure to conform to the Book of Common Prayer) while separating Puritans were called Dissenters. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England.
The term "puritan" is not normally used to describe any religious group after the 17th century, although several groups might be called "puritan" because their origins lay in the Puritan movement. For example, in the late seventeenth century, those Dissenters who had separated from the Church of England organized themselves into separate denominations (Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists), particularly after the Act of Toleration of 1689 made it legal to worship outside the Church of England. Denominationalism|List of Christian denominations|Church (disambiguation A Christian denomination is an identifiable religious body under a common name structure and doctrine within Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The Act of Toleration was an act of the English Parliament ( 24 May, 1689, citation 1 Will The non-separating Puritans who remained within the Church of England had by the early eighteenth century come to be known as the Low Church wing of the Church of England. Low church is a term of distinction in the Church of England or other Anglican churches initially designed to be pejorative
The term "puritan" might be used by analogy (usually unfavorably) to describe any group that shares a commitment to the Puritans' strong commitment to the purity of worship, of doctrine, or of personal or group morality.
History
Background, to 1559
The English Reformation, begun in the reign of Henry VIII of England, was initially influenced by a number of reforming movements on the continent: Erasmian, Lutheran, and Reformed, while the practice of the Church of England continued to display many similarities with Roman Catholicism. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican In the reign of Henry’s son, Edward VI of England, the English Reformation began to take on a more distinctly Calvinist tone. Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the
This was particularly the case because, shortly after Edward ascended the throne, the forces of the Schmalkaldic League were defeated at the Battle of Mühlberg by the forces of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, which led to a number of leading Reformed churchmen seeking refuge in England. The Schmalkaldic League (Schmalkaldischer Bund was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid- 16th The Battle of Mühlberg was a large battle at Mühlberg in the German of Electorate of Saxony during the Protestant Reformation at which the Catholic princes Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The refugees included Peter Martyr Vermigli (who became Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford University), Martin Bucer (who became Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge University), and John a Lasco (who became head of the stranger churches). Pietro Martire Vermigli, sometimes simply Peter Martyr ( September 8 1499 &ndash November 12 1562) was an Italian The Regius Professorship of Divinity is one of the oldest and most prestigious of the professorships at the University of Oxford and at the University of Cambridge The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Martin Bucer (or Butzer) ( 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a Protestant reformer whose principal ministry was The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Jan Łaski, John Laski, Johannes Alasco John a Lasco ( 1499 - January 8 1560) was a Polish Protestant evangelical Stranger church was a term (similar in meaning to the French étranger) used by English-speaking people for independent Protestant churches established in foreign lands
All three of these men influenced England’s leading Protestant reformer, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, the primate of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Primate (from the Latin Primus, "first" is a title or rank bestowed on some Bishops in certain Christian churches The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican On the issue of the eucharist (probably the most contentious theological issue of the day), Cranmer came to adopt the Reformed, rather than the Lutheran position. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those (At his trial, Cranmer said that he was influenced in this regard by Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London, who in turn said that he was most influenced that the Calvinists were correct through his study of Ratramnus. Nicholas Ridley (died October 16, 1555) was an English Clergyman. The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. Ratramnus (died circa 868 was a Frankish theological controversialist of the second half of the ninth century ) Cranmer’s views are important because he wrote his opinion into the Book of Common Prayer, which he revised several times during Edward’s reign. The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. The 1552 version, in particular, incorporated many of Martin Bucer’s suggestions, as did the 1552 Forty-Two Articles. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the Thus, by 1552, the Church of England had moved decisively towards the Reformed camp, although its worship still retained several elements which had been changed by the continental Reformed churches (including the keeping of Lent, allowing the baptism of infants by midwives, retaining the custom of the churching of women, requiring the clergy to wear vestments, and requiring kneeling at Communion). Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Midwifery is a Health care profession where providers give Prenatal care to expecting Mothers attend the birth of the Infant In Christian tradition the Churching of Women is the ceremony wherein a blessing is given to mothers after recovery from Childbirth. Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religions especially the Latin Rite and other Roman Catholics
Of all the debates about the extent of reforms in England, the one which would ultimately prove to have the longest staying power was the debate about whether the clergy should be required to wear vestments. In his 1550 Lenten sermons before the king, John Hooper called for the elimination of vestments. John Hooper (c1495-1500 &ndash February 9, 1555) was an English churchman Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester. Later that year, Hooper was to be appointed Bishop of Gloucester, but refused on the grounds that he would be required to wear vestments. The Bishop of Gloucester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Gloucester in the Province of Canterbury. Called before the English privy council, a deal was worked out whereby Hooper could be excused from wearing vestments, provided he allowed the clergy under him to wear vestments if they saw fit. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a Cranmer ordered Nicholas Ridley to perform the consecration of Hooper as Bishop of Gloucester on the basis of the deal worked out in the Privy Council; Ridley, however, refused, on the grounds that such a consecration would violate the ordinal of the Book of Common Prayer, which, since it had been passed by the English Parliament and signed by the king, was the law of the land. Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service usually religious In general religious use ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as Clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. This disagreement led to a subsequent October 1550 debate between Hooper and Ridley which formed the basis of the Vestments Controversy (also known as the "Vestiarian Controversy"). The vestments controversy arose in the English Reformation, ostensibly concerning Vestments but more fundamentally concerned with English Protestant identity In December, Hooper was placed under house arrest for refusing to be consecrated as a bishop, which was a crime under the terms of the 1549 Act of Uniformity. The Act of Uniformity 1549 (citation 2 & 3 Edward VI (reigned 1547 - 1553 c In January 1551, Peter Martyr Vermigli visited Hooper to encourage him to wear vestments, and John Calvin wrote him a letter saying that, while he agreed with Hooper’s position on vestments, the issue was not a big enough deal to justify his refusing the bishopric. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and
As such, in February, Hooper ended his resistance, and he was subsequently consecrated as Bishop of Gloucester in March 1551.
Throughout the reign of Edward VI, the Church of England had been steadily moving toward the Reformed position. This was halted in 1553, when Edward died and his Catholic half-sister assumed the throne as Mary I of England. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Mary determined to end the English Reformation and restore the Church of England to full communion with the Church of Rome, and therefore instituted a series of persecutions of Protestants known as the Marian Persecutions, which saw Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, John Hooper, and many other prominent English Protestants burned at the stake. The Marian Persecutions refers to the persecutions of Religious Reformers Protestants and other Dissenters for their beliefs during the reign of Mary I of England Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft
As a result of the persecution, roughly 800 English Protestants went into exile. Unwelcome in German Lutheran territories, they established English Protestant congregations in Emden, Wesel, Frankfurt, Strasbourg, Zurich, Basel, Geneva, and Aarau. Emden is a City and Seaport in the northwest of Germany, on River Ems. Wesel (ˈveːzəl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Aarau is the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau. The city is also the capital of the district of Aarau. Most of these churches continued to follow the 1552 Book of Common Prayer, but the Frankfurt congregation, under the leadership of John Knox, felt that the 1552 Book of Common Prayer was insufficiently reformed, and therefore worshiped according to a liturgy, known as the Book of Common Order, drawn up by Knox. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions The Book of Common Order is the name of several directories for public worship Under this liturgy, the clergy did not wear vestments, which led to a renewal of the Vestments Controversy between the Frankfurt congregation and the other English Marian exiles. The name Marian Exiles is given to English Calvinist Protestants who fled to the continent during the reign of Mary I.
Reign of Elizabeth I, 1559-1603
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 1559
In 1559, Queen Mary died, and her half-sister, Elizabeth became Queen of England. Elizabeth had been raised as a Protestant in the household of Catherine Parr and upon her ascension to the throne, Elizabeth was determined to reverse Mary's policies and make England a Protestant nation. Catherine Parr ( c 1512 &ndash 5 September 1548 also known as Katherine or Katharine Parr(e, was the last of the six wives of Henry The first year of Elizabeth's reign was a difficult one: on the one hand, the Marian exiles on the continent returned to England, expecting to thoroughly reform the Church of England; on the other hand, a large proportion of the population and the political nation of England had supported Mary's Catholic policies. The result in 1559 was a compromise between the two positions, known as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which attempted to make England Protestant without totally alienating the portion of the population that had supported Catholicism under Mary. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I ’s response to the religious divisions created over the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary While the Elizabethan Settlement proved acceptable to the vast majority of the English nation, there remained minorities at either extremes who were dissatisfied with the state of the Church of England - deeply committed Catholics complained that the Church of England had strayed too far from the Church of Rome, while deeply committed Protestants complained that the Church of England retained far too many remnants of Roman Catholicism and was therefore in need of "further reform". This cry for "further reform" in the 1560s was the basis of the Puritan Movement.
The Church of England under Elizabeth was broadly Reformed in nature: Elizabeth's first Archbishop of Canterbury, Matthew Parker had been the executor of Martin Bucer's will, and his replacement, Edmund Grindal had carried the coffin at Bucer's funeral. Matthew Parker ( 6 August 1504 &ndash 17 May 1575) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1559 until his death in 1575 An executor, in the broadest sense is one who carries something out (in other words one who is responsible for executing a task Edmund Grindal (c 1519 &ndash 6 July, 1583) was an English church leader who successively held the posts of Bishop of London, Archbishop During the 1560s and 1570s, the works of John Calvin were the most widely disseminated publications in England, while the works of Theodore Beza also enjoyed immense popularity. Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French In short, the bishops who opposed Puritanism were themselves thoroughly Calvinist.
Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1559-1575
The Return of the Vestiarian Controversy, 1563-1569
At the first Convocation of the English Clergy of Elizabeth's reign, held in 1563, the Puritan faction of the Church of England set out its desires for further reforms: 1) a reduction in the number of saints' days; 2) the elimination of vestments; 3) the elimination of kneeling at communion; 4) the elimination of "emergency baptism" of sickly newborns; and 5) the elimination of organs from churches. The Convocation of the English Clergy is a Synodical assembly of the Church of England consisting of bishops and clergy The Puritan faction achieved none of its goals at the 1563 Convocation, though many Puritan clergymen introduced these reforms in their congregations on their own initiative in the following years. For example, at Cambridge, William Fulke convinced his students not to wear their surplices and to hiss at those students who wore their surplices. William Fulke (1538-1589 Puritan divine was born in London and educated at Cambridge. Priest or seminarian with censorjpg|thumb|Seminarian vested in a pleated Roman-style surplice with lace inserts holding a Thurible.
In this situation, Archbishop Parker published a set of Advertisements, requiring uniformity in clerical dress. Matthew Parker ( 6 August 1504 &ndash 17 May 1575) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1559 until his death in 1575 The Puritan faction objected loudly, and appealed to the continental reformers to support their cause. Unfortunately for the Puritans many of the continental reformers felt that the Puritans were just making trouble - for example, in a letter to Bishop Grindal, Heinrich Bullinger accused the Puritans of displaying "a contentious spirit under the name of conscience". Edmund Grindal (c 1519 &ndash 6 July, 1583) was an English church leader who successively held the posts of Bishop of London, Archbishop Heinrich Bullinger ( July 18, 1504 - September 17, 1575) was a Swiss reformer, the successor of Huldrych Zwingli Grindal proceeded to publish the letter without Bullinger's permission. Theodore Beza was more supportive of the Puritan position, though he did not intervene too loudly because he feared angering the queen and he wanted the queen to intervene in France on behalf of the Huguenots. Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth In response to clergymen refusing to wear their vestments, 37 ministers were suspended. In response, in 1569, some ministers began holding their own services, the first example of Puritan separatism.
The Admonition to the Parliament (1572) and the Demand for Presbyterianism
Throughout the 1560s, England's return to Protestantism had remained tentative, and large numbers of the people remained committed to Catholicism and sought a return to Catholicism. Three events around 1570 led to a re-enforcement of Protestantism: (1) The Rising of the North, when the northern earls revolted, demanding a return to Catholicism; (2) Pope Pius V issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis, absolving Catholics of their duty of allegiance to Elizabeth; and (3) the Ridolfi plot sought to replace Elizabeth with the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. The Rising of the North or Revolt of the Northern Earls was an unsuccessful uprising against Elizabeth I of England in 1569 by Catholics of Pope A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Regnans in Excelsis was a Papal bull issued on February 25, 1570 by Pope Pius V declaring " Elizabeth, the pretended An allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed by a subject or a Citizen to his/her state or sovereign. The Ridolfi plot was a Roman Catholic plot in 1570 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary I of Scotland. In response to this Catholic rebelliousness, the English government took several measures to shore up the Protestantism of the regime: (1) all clergymen were required to subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles; (2) all laity were required to take communion according to the rite of the Book of Common Prayer in their home parish at least once a year; and (3) it became a treasonable offense to say that the queen was a heretic or a schismatic. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion.
In this pro-Protestant, anti-Catholic environment, the Puritan faction sought to push further reforms on the Church of England. John Foxe and Thomas Norton presented a reform proposal initially drawn up under Edward VI to Parliament. John Foxe (1517 &ndash April 18, 1587) martyrologist is remembered as the author of what is popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs Thomas Norton (1532 &ndash March 10, 1584) was an English lawyer politician writer of verse &mdash but not as has been claimed the chief interrogator Elizabeth quickly killed this proposal, however, insisting on adherence to the 1559 religious settlement. Meanwhile, at Cambridge, professor Thomas Cartwright, a long-time opponent of vestments, offered a series of lectures in 1570 on the Book of Acts in which he called for the abolition of episcopacy and the creation of a presbyterian system of church governance in England. Thomas Cartwright (c 1535 &ndash 27 December 1603) was an English Puritan churchman The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders Ecclesiastical polity is the operational and governance structure of a Church or Christian denomination.
Puritans were further dismayed when they learned that the bishops had decided to merge the vestiarian controversy into the requirement that clergy subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles: at the time they swore their allegiance to the Thirty-Nine Articles, the bishops also required all clergymen to swear that the use of the Book of Common Prayer and the wearing of vestments are not contrary to Scripture. Many of the Puritan clergymen were incensed at this requirement. A bill authorizing the bishops to permit deviations from the Book of Common Prayer in cases where the Prayer Book required something contrary to a clergyman's conscience was presented and defeated at the next parliament.
Meanwhile, at Cambridge, Vice-Chancellor John Whitgift moved against Thomas Cartwright, depriving Cartwright of his professorship and his fellowship in 1571. A Vice-Chancellor (commonly called the VC) of a University in England, Wales, Northern Ireland, New Zealand, John Whitgift (c 1530 &ndash February 29, 1604) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1583 to his death A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade
Under these circumstances, in 1572, two London clergymen - Thomas Wilcox and John Field - penned the first classic expression of Puritanism, their Admonition to the Parliament. Thomas Wilcox ( c 1549 - 1608 was a British Puritan clergyman and controversialist John Field, also called John Feilde (1545 - 1588 was a British Puritan clergyman and controversialist According to the Admonition, the Puritans had long accepted the Book of Common Prayer, with all its deficiencies, because it promoted the peace and unity of the church.
However, now that the bishops were requiring them to subscribe to the Book of Common Prayer, the Puritans felt obliged to point out the popery and superstition contained in the Prayer Book. The Admonition went on to call for more thorough church reforms, modeled on the reforms made by the Huguenots or by the Church of Scotland under the leadership of John Knox. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian The Admonition ended by denouncing the bishops and calling for the replacement of episcopalianism with presbyterianism. Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders
The Admonition to Parliament set off a major controversy in England. John Whitgift wrote an Answer denouncing the Admonition which in turn led to Thomas Cartwright's Replye to An Answere Made of M. Doctor Whitgift Agaynste the Admonition to the Parliament (1573), a second Puritan classic. Cartwright argued that a properly reformed church must contain the four orders of ministers identified by Calvin: teaching elders, ruling elders, deacons, and theological professors. Cartwright went on to denounce the subjection of any minister in the church to any other minister in the strongest possible terms. In a Second Replye, Cartwright was even more forceful, arguing that any preeminence accorded to any minister in the church violated divine law. Divine law is any Law (or rule) that in the opinion of believers comes directly from the will of God (or a god. Furthermore, he went on to assert that a presbyterian hierarchy of presbyteries and synods was required by divine law. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application
In 1574, an ally of Cartwright's, Walter Travers published a Full and Plaine Declaration of Ecclesiasticall Discipline, setting forth a scheme of reform in greater detail than Cartwright had. Walter Travers (1548? – 1635 was a Puritan theologian He was at one time chaplain to William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley, and tutor to his son Robert Cecil
The government moved against all three of these Puritan leaders: John Field and Thomas Wilcox were imprisoned for a year, while Thomas Cartwright fled to exile on the continent to avoid such a fate. In the end, however, the number of clergymen who refused to subscribe to the bishops' requirements proved to be too large, and a number of qualified subscriptions were allowed.
Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1575-1583
The reign of Edmund Grindal as Archbishop of Canterbury (1575-1583) was relatively tranquil compared to that of his predecessor, mainly because the movement had been so effectively stifled during Archbishop Parker's tenure. Edmund Grindal (c 1519 &ndash 6 July, 1583) was an English church leader who successively held the posts of Bishop of London, Archbishop
The major issue during Grindal's archiepiscopate came in 1581, when Robert Browne and his congregation at Bury St Edmunds withdrew from communion in the Church of England, citing the Church of England's dumb (i. Robert Browne (1540–1630 was the founder of the Brownists. He was born at Tolethorpe Hall in Rutland England and took a degree from Corpus Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England and formerly the County town of West Suffolk. e. non-preaching) ministry, and the lack of proper church discipline. Browne and his followers, known as the Brownists, were forced into exile in the Low Countries. The Brownists were followers of Robert Browne who was born at Tolethorpe Hall in Rutland, England in about 1550 There, they were encouraged by Thomas Cartwright, who was now serving as minister to the Merchant Adventurers at Middelburg. The Company of Merchant Adventurers of London brought together London 's leading overseas merchants in a regulated company in the nature of a Guild. This is about the city in the Netherlands For other uses see Middelburg (disambiguation. However, Cartwright argued that while the Church of England might be flawed, the Brownists were incorrect in separating from it (i. e. he opposed separatism). Like the vast majority of Puritans, Cartwright advocated further reforms to the Church of England, while rejecting the separatism of the Brownists.
A second Puritan development under Grindal was the rise of the Puritan conventicle, modeled on the Zurich Prophezei (Puritans learned of the practice through the congregation of refugees from Zurich established in London), where ministers met weekly to discuss "profitable questions. A conventicle is a small unofficial and unofficiated meeting of Laypeople, to discuss religious issues in a non-threatening intimate manner " These "profitable questions" included the correct use of the Sabbath, a sign of the growth of the characteristically English Sabbatarianism of the English Puritans. In Christianity, the Sabbath is generally a weekly religious Day of rest as ordained by one of the Ten Commandments (the third by Roman Catholic The queen objected to the growth of the conventicling movement and ordered Archbishop Grindal to suppress the movement. Archbishop Grindal refused, citing I Cor. 14. The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. As a result of his disobedience, Grindal was disgraced and placed under virtual house arrest for the rest of his tenure as Archbishop of Canterbury. However, because of his actions, the conventicles resumed after a brief period of suspension.
John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1583-1604
As we saw above, John Whitgift had been a vocal opponent of Thomas Cartwright. John Whitgift (c 1530 &ndash February 29, 1604) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1583 to his death He believed that the matter of church governance was adiaphora, a "matter indifferent", and that the church should accommodate its governance style to the style of government in the state in which the church was located. Adiaphoron (plural adiaphora from the Greek αδιάφορα "indifferent things" was a concept used in Stoic philosophy to indicate things The Church of England was located in a monarchy, so the church should adopt an episcopal style of government.
Renewed calls for Presbyterianism
The years 1583-1585 saw the brief ascendancy in Scotland of James Stewart, who claimed the title of Earl of Arran. This period saw Scotland pass the Black Acts, which outlawed the Second Book of Discipline. This Book of Discipline refers to two works regulative of Ecclesiastical order in the Church of Scotland after the Scottish Reformation As a response, many Scottish ministers, including Andrew Melville, sought refuge in England. Andrew Melville (1 August 1545 &ndash 1622 was a Scottish scholar theologian and religious reformer These refugees participated in the English conventicles (as did John Field, now released from prison) and convinced many English Puritans that they should renew their fight to establish presybterianism in England. As such, in the 1584 Parliament, Puritans introduced legislation to replace the Book of Common Prayer with the Genevan Book of Order and to introduce presbyterianism. The Book of Common Order is the name of several directories for public worship This effort failed.
At this point, John Field, Walter Travers, and Thomas Cartwright were all free and back in England and determined to draft a new order for the Church of England. They drafted a Book of Discipline, which circulated in 1586, and which they hoped would be accepted by the 1586 Parliament. Again, the Puritan effort failed in Parliament.
Martin Marprelate, 1588-89, and response
In 1588-89, a series of virulently anti-episcopal tracts were published under the pseudonym of Martin Marprelate. Martin Marprelate was the name used by the anonymous Author or authors of the Marprelate tracts. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Martin Marprelate was the name used by the anonymous Author or authors of the Marprelate tracts. These Marprelate tracts, published by Welsh publisher John Penry, denounced the bishops as agents of Antichrist, the strongest possible denunciation for Christians. The Marprelate Controversy was a war of pamphlets waged in England and Wales in 1588 and 1589, between a Puritan writer who employed the pseudonym John Penry ( 1559 - May 29, 1593) is Wales 's most famous Protestant Martyr. For other uses see Antichrist (disambiguation In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist or anti-Christ means a person office The Marprelate tracts called the bishops "our vile servile dunghill ministers of damnation, that viperous generation, those scorpions. "
Unforunately for the Puritans, the mid- to late-1580s saw a number of the defenders of the Puritans in the English government die: Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford in 1585; Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester in 1588; and Francis Walsingham in 1590. Francis Russell 2nd Earl of Bedford KG (c 1527 &ndash July 28 1585 was an English nobleman soldier and politician Robert Dudley 1st Earl of Leicester ( 24 June 1532 /1533 &ndash 4 September 1588) was the long standing Favourite of Elizabeth Sir Francis Walsingham (c 1532 – 6 April 1590) is usually remembered as the " Spymaster " of Queen Elizabeth I of England In these circumstances, Richard Bancroft (John Whitgift's chaplain) led a crackdown against the Puritans. Archbishop Richard Bancroft, DD, BD, MA, BA (1544 - November 2, 1610) Archbishop A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of Cartwright and eight other Puritan leaders were imprisoned for eighteen months, before facing trial in the Star Chamber. For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga. The conventicles were disbanded.
Some Puritans followed Robert Browne's lead and withdrew from the Church of England. A number of those separatists were arrested in the woods near Islington in 1593, and John Greenwood and Henry Barrowe were executed for advocating separatism. Islington is the central district of the London Borough of Islington. John Greenwood (d 6 April 1593) English Puritan and Separatist (the date and place of his birth are unknown entered as a sizar at Henry Barrowe (c 1550 &ndash April 6, 1593) English Puritan and Separatist, was born about 1550 in Norfolk, of a family Followers of Greenwood and Barrowe fled to the Netherlands, and would form the basis of the Pilgrims, who would later found the Plymouth Colony. Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth or The Old Colony) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691
The Puritans turn inwards
Following the suppression of Puritanism in the wake of the Marprelate Tracts, Puritans in England assumed a more low-key approach in the 1590s. Ministers who favoured further reforms increasingly turned their attention away from structural reforms to the Church of England, instead choosing to focus on individual, personal holiness. Theologians such as William Perkins of Cambridge continued to maintain the rigorously high standards of previous Puritans, but now focused their attention on improving individual, as opposed to collective, righteousness. William Perkins or Bill Perkins may refer to William Perkins (Puritan (1558&ndash1602 Puritan clergyman and Cambridge theologian A characteristic Puritan focus during this period was for more rigorous keeping of the Christian Sabbath. In Christianity, the Sabbath is generally a weekly religious Day of rest as ordained by one of the Ten Commandments (the third by Roman Catholic William Perkins is also credited with introducing Theodore Beza's version of double predestination to the English Puritans, a view which he popularized through the use of a chart he created known as "The Golden Chain". Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French The Calvinistic doctrine of predestination is a Doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world
Some Puritan clergymen and laity, who increasingly referred to themselves as "the godly", began to view themselves as a spiritual elite, especially chosen by God, who were distinct from the regular members of the Church of England. At times, this tendency led for calls for "the godly" to separate themselves from the Church of England. While the majority of Puritans remained "non-separating Puritans", they nevertheless came to constitute a distinct social group within the Church of England by the turn of the seventeenth century. In the next reign, "the Puritan" as a type was common enough that playwright Ben Jonson could satirize Puritans in the form of the characters Tribulation and Ananais in The Alchemist (1610) and Zeal-of-the-land Busy in Bartholomew Fair (1614). Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist The Alchemist is a Comedy by English playwright Ben Jonson. First performed in 1610 by the King's Men, it is generally Bartholomew Fair is a Comedy in five acts by Ben Jonson, the last written of his four great comedies
Reign of James I, 1603-1625
The Millenary Petition (1603) and the Hampton Court Conference (1604)
Elizabeth I died in March 1603, whereupon James VI of Scotland, who had been King of Scots since the abdication of his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots in 1567 (when James was 1 year old), inherited the English throne. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The Millenary Petition was a list of requests given to James I by Puritans in 1603 when he was travelling to London in order to claim the English throne hampton court facts The Hampton Court Conference was a meeting in January 1604, convened at Hampton Court Palace between King James I of England James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. James had had little contact with his mother and was raised by guardians in the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. John Knox had led the Scottish Reformation, beginning in 1560, and the Church of Scotland looked broadly like the type of church that the Puritans wanted in England. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this As such, the Puritans hoped that the further reforms which had been blocked under Elizabeth could now be carried out under the new king. They were somewhat worried because in his 1599 book Basilikon Doron, the king had had harsh words for Puritans. The Basilikon Doron is a treatise on government written by King James VI of Scotland, later King James I of England, in 1599. However, his criticisms seemed directed at the most extreme of the Puritans and it seemed likely that the king would agree to at least the more moderate Puritan reforms.
Thus, throughout 1603, Puritan ministers collected signatures for a petition, known as the Millenary Petition because it was signed by 1,000 Puritan ministers. The Millenary Petition was a list of requests given to James I by Puritans in 1603 when he was travelling to London in order to claim the English throne The Petition was careful not to challenge the royal supremacy in the Church of England, and called for a number of moderate church reforms to remove ceremonies perceived as overly popish: 1) the use of the sign of the cross in baptism (which Puritans saw as superstitious); 2) the rite of confirmation (which Puritans criticized because it was not found in the Bible); 3) the performance of baptism by midwives (which Puritans argued was based on a superstitious belief that infants who died without being baptized could not go to heaven); 4) the exchanging of rings during the marriage ceremony (again seen as unscriptural and superstitious); 5) bowing at the Name of Jesus during worship (again seen as superstitious); 6) the requirement that clergy wear vestments (see above); and 7) the custom of clergy living in the church building. The first Act of Supremacy granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy which is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom Papist is a term usually disparaging or an Anti-Catholic slur referring to a member of the Catholic Church. The Sign of the Cross, or Signum crucis in Latin is a ritual hand motion made by members of many but not all branches of Christianity. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Superstition ( Latin superstitio, literally "standing over" derived perhaps from standing in awe used in Latin as a unreasonable or excessive belief Confirmation is a Rite of initiation in many Christian Churches normally in the form of Laying on of hands and/or Anointing for Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Midwifery is a Health care profession where providers give Prenatal care to expecting Mothers attend the birth of the Infant Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond A wedding ring or wedding band consists of a Metal ring, often set with diamonds or other precious stones NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** A large variety of names and titles are used in the New Testament to describe Jesus. Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religions especially the Latin Rite and other Roman Catholics The Petition argued that a preaching minister should be appointed to every parish (instead of one who simply read the service from the Book of Common Prayer). A sermon is an oration by a Prophet or member of the Clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, or religious topic In opposition to Archbishop Whitgift's policy that clergy must subscribe to the Book of Common Prayer and the use of vestments, the Petition argued that ministers should only be required to subscribe to the 39 Articles and the royal supremacy. Finally, the Petition called for the ending of episcopacy, and the setting up of a presbyterian system of church governance. Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders
James I, who had studied theology, and who enjoyed debating theological points, agreed to hold a conference at Hampton Court Palace, where supporters and opponents of the Millenery Petition could debate the merits of reforms to the church. Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. After being postponed due to an outbreak of the plague, the Hampton Court Conference was held in January 1604. Plague is a deadly Infectious disease caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis (Pasteurella pestis. hampton court facts The Hampton Court Conference was a meeting in January 1604, convened at Hampton Court Palace between King James I of England The king chose four Puritans to represent the Puritan cause: John Reynolds (president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford), Laurence Chaderton (master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge), Thomas Sparks, and John Knewstubs. Corpus Christi College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Laurence Chaderton (c 1536 &ndash 13 November 1640 Puritan divine, was born in Lees, in Lancashire, England probably in September Emmanuel College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay on the site of a Dominican friary Archbishop Whitgift led a delegation of eight bishops (including Whitgift's protege, Richard Bancroft, Bishop of London), seven deans, and two other clergymen in opposition to the Puritans. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Archbishop Richard Bancroft, DD, BD, MA, BA (1544 - November 2, 1610) Archbishop The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. A dean, in a church context is a Cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy
At the first meeting of the Hampton Court Conference, held January 14, James met only with Archbishop Whitgift's party. On the second day, January 16, he met with the Puritans - this day of the conference ended badly for the Puritans when John Reynolds mentioned the Puritan proposal for creating presbyteries in England. James had long regarded bishops (who were appointed by the monarch) as the main instrument of royal power in the church, and viewed the proposal to replace bishops with presbyteries as an attempt to diminish his power in the church. As such, James issued his famous maxim "No bishop, no king!" on this occasion, before ending the day's meeting early. On January 18, the king initially met with Whitgift's party and an assemblage of ecclesiastical lawyers, before calling in the Puritans to hear his verdict. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches James declared that the use of the Book of Common Prayer was to continue, and made no provisions for a preaching ministry. He did, however, approve a few changes in the Book of Common Prayer: 1) the mention of baptism by midwives was to be eliminated; 2) the term "absolution" (which Puritans associated with the Catholic sacrament of penance, which was rejected by Protestants) was replaced by the term "remission of sins"; 3) confirmation was renamed "laying on of hands" to dissociate it from its Catholic sacramental meaning; and 4) a few other minor changes. Absolution is a traditional theological term for the forgiveness experienced in the traditional Churches in the Sacrament of Reconciliation. In Roman Catholic teaching the Sacrament of Penance (commonly called Confession, Reconciliation or Penance) is the method given by James also announced that he agreed to support the Puritan project for a new, authorized translation of the Bible, thus setting the stage for the production of the Authorized King James Version of the Bible, which would ultimately be published in 1611.
Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1604-1610
The Puritans were further disappointed when, following the death of John Whitgift, James selected Richard Bancroft as his replacement as Archbishop of Canterbury. Archbishop Richard Bancroft, DD, BD, MA, BA (1544 - November 2, 1610) Archbishop Bancroft had argued against the Puritans at the Hampton Court Conference, and his selection signaled that James would not be willing to go ahead with any further reforms. Shortly after his selection, Bancroft presented a book of canons to the Convocation of the English Clergy - these canons received royal approval and as such became part of the Church of England's canon law. The Convocation of the English Clergy is a Synodical assembly of the Church of England consisting of bishops and clergy Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches This outraged the Parliament of England, which in 1559 had passed the Act of Uniformity approving the Book of Common Prayer, and which claimed that Parliament, not Convocation, was the only body authorized to pass new canon law. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. The Act of Uniformity in 1559 set the order of Prayer to be used in the English Book of Common Prayer. The Puritans, who opposed Bancroft's book of canons, argued that the bishops were attempting to aggrandize themselves at the Parliament's expense. In the end, James acceded to Parliament's demand, and withdrew the book of canons. The 1604 parliament marks the first time that the Puritans had allied themselves with the cause of Parliament over against the cause of the bishops. Over the next several decades, this alliance would become one of the most pronounced features of English politics, and would form the basis of the divisions in the English Civil War in the 1640s. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.
The discovery of the Gunpowder Plot (a plot by Guy Fawkes to kill the king and parliament by bombing the State Opening of Parliament in order to restore Catholicism in England) led to a period of particularly virulent anti-Catholicism. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 or the Powder Treason, as it was known at the time was a failed Assassination attempt by a group of provincial English Guy Fawkes ( 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of English In the United Kingdom, the State Opening of Parliament is an annual event held usually in October or November that marks the commencement of a session of the Parliament Since the Puritans were the most passionately anti-Catholic group in England, they enjoyed some cachet in this period. Nevertheless, their reform proposals were always successfully blocked by Archbishop Bancroft.
George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1611-1633
Following Archbishop Bancroft's death in 1610, James chose George Abbot as his successor. James had been hoping to bring the Church of England and the Church of Scotland closer together, in the hope that the two churches might eventually merge. James re-introduced bishops (abolished at the time of the Scottish Reformation) into the Church of Scotland, though with less power than bishops elsewhere, with the Scottish bishops serving essentially as the permanent chairman of their presbytery (so that the presbyterian structure of the church was essentially maintained). The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this In 1608, Abbot had impressed James after he accompanied George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar to Scotland as part of his efforts to unify the English and Scottish churches, and James had named Abbot Bishop of Lichfield in 1609. George Home 1st Earl of Dunbar, KG, PC (c 1556 &ndash 20 January 1611) was in the last decade of his life the most prominent and most influential The Bishop of Lichfield is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lichfield in the Province of Canterbury. James intended Abbot's appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury to further his project of unifying the English and Scottish churches.
While every Archbishop of Canterbury since Matthew Parker had been a Calvinist, Abbot is generally regarded as "The Calvinist Archbishop" or even as "The Puritan Archbishop", and is the closest the Puritans ever got to seeing an Archbishop of Canterbury endorse their proposals. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the (The one issue on which Abbot was distinctly non-Puritan was the issue of episcopacy - Abbot was one the most vocal proponents of the doctrine of Apostolic Succession in the Church of England. )
The Book of Sports Controversy, 1617
As has been noted earlier, one of the characteristic features of the Puritan movement was an insistence on a strict keeping of the Christian Sabbath on Sundays. The Declaration of Sports (also known as the Book of Sports) was a declaration of James I of England issued in 1617 listing the sports that were permitted on Sundays In Christianity, the Sabbath is generally a weekly religious Day of rest as ordained by one of the Ten Commandments (the third by Roman Catholic Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In the Jewish law it is the first day of the Hebrew calendar week (Of all the Reformed movements on the continent, none ever came anywhere close to the Puritans' extreme Sabbatarianism. ) The Puritans insisted that the Fourth Commandment (which Catholics and Lutherans regard as the Third Commandment) of the Ten Commandments required not only that no work be performed on Sundays, but also that the entire day should be dedicated to the worship of God. The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, are a list of religious and moral imperatives that according to Judeo-Christian tradition were authored by God and given
It had long been a custom in England that Sunday mornings were dedicated to Christian worship, and were then followed by sports and games on Sunday afternoons. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively A game is a structured activity, usually undertaken for Enjoyment and sometimes also used as an Educational tool The Puritans loudly objected to the practice of Sunday sports, believing that playing games on the Sabbath constituted a violation of the Fourth Commandment.
In the early seventeenth century, Puritans came to dominate several localities and managed to succeed in banning Sunday sports. In 1617, in Lancashire, there was a particularly intense quarrel between the Puritans and the local gentry (many of whom were Catholic recusants) over the issue of Sunday sports. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Gentry generally refers to people of high Social class, especially in the past In the History of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or In response to the controversy raging in his diocese, Thomas Morton, Bishop of Chester, asked the king for a ruling on the propriety of Sunday sports. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. Thomas Morton (1564&ndash1659 was an English churchman Bishop of several Dioceses He was born at York, and was educated at York and See also List of bishops of Chester The Bishop of Chester is the Ordinary of
In response to Bishop Morton's request, King James issued the Book of Sports, a declaration declaring that it was lawful to play some sports on Sundays, but not others. The Declaration of Sports (also known as the Book of Sports) was a declaration of James I of England issued in 1617 listing the sports that were permitted on Sundays Criticizing the opinions of "puritans and precise people", the Book listed archery, dancing, "leaping, vaulting, or any other such harmless recreation" as permissible sports for Sundays. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) is an Art form that generally refers to movement of the body usually rhythmic Jumping or leaping is an ability that most Humans and many Animals share to some degree It forbade bear-baiting, bull-baiting, "interludes" and bowling. Bear-baiting is a Blood sport involving the baiting of Bears. Bull-baiting is a Blood sport involving the baiting of bulls. Bowls (also known as Lawn Bowls or Lawn Bowling) is a precision Sport in which the goal is to roll slightly radially asymmetrical Balls
Needless to say, the Book of Sports was very controversial among the Puritans. The king commanded all Anglican ministers to read the Book of Sports to their congregations, but Archbishop Abbot, a supporter of Sabbatarianism, ordered his clergy not to read the Book of Sports.
The Five Articles of Perth, 1618
As part of his policy of moving the English and Scottish churches closer together, in 1618, King James proposed the Five Articles of Perth, which imposed English practices on the Scottish church. The Five Articles of Perth were an attempt by King James VI of Scotland to impose practices on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland in an attempt to integrate The Five Articles of Perth were an attempt by King James VI of Scotland to impose practices on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland in an attempt to integrate The Five Articles required 1) kneeling at Communion; 2) provisions allowing for private baptism; 3) provisions allowing reservation of the sacrament for the ill; 4) only a bishop was allowed to administer the rite of confirmation; and 5) the Church of Scotland, which had previously abolished all holy days, was obliged to accept some holy days. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted In Christian practice during the Liturgy of the Eucharist the elements of Bread and Wine become the Body and Blood A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Confirmation is a Rite of initiation in many Christian Churches normally in the form of Laying on of hands and/or Anointing for
The Five Articles of Perth were ultimately accepted by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, though a sizable minority of Scottish Presbyterians objected. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest Court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Church's governing body The Articles of Perth were also distressing for English Puritans - the Puritans had hoped that the Church of England would be reformed to be brought in line with the practice of the Church of Scotland. Instead, the Articles of Perth appeared to English Puritans to be heading in the wrong direction, by forcing English errors on the Church of Scotland.
Controversy over the Spanish Match, 1623-1624
King James saw himself as the potential peacemaker of Europe, and his propaganda portrayed him as the modern Solomon. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" In addition to attempting to reconcile the Church of Scotland and the Church of England, James hoped that he would be able to reconcile Catholic and Protestant Europe. (This is part of the reason why he favoured the Church of England over the Church of Scotland while pursuing his reforms - he felt that the Church of England could provide a model middle ground, and that both Catholics and Protestants would be able to accept churches modeled after the Church of England. In this regard, he subscribed to the theory that the Church of England represented a via media, a middle way between Protestantism and Catholicism, a view first propounded by Richard Hooker in the reign of Elizabeth I. Richard Hooker (March 1554 – 3 November 1600) was an Anglican priest and an influential theologian. ) As such, when his son Charles became old enough to marry, James mused about marrying Charles to a Catholic princess in order to further his reconciliation of Catholicism and Protestantism. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution.
James' opinions about the possibility of a reconciliation of Catholicism and Protestantism were challenged by the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618, a war which would prove to be the biggest Protestant-Catholic war since the sixteenth century (which had seen the Schmalkaldic War, the French Wars of Religion, etc. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League The French Wars of Religion (1562 to 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots involved both civil infighting ) and which thus signaled the end of two decades of relative Catholic-Protestant peace. The outbreak of the Thirty Years' War was particularly tragic for James since it was caused by the actions of his son-in-law Frederick V, Elector Palatine, who was married to James' daughter Elizabeth. Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662
With the outbreak of war against the Catholics, English Protestants - and especially the English Puritans - demanded that James intervene on behalf of his son-in-law. James initially refused, but after Fredrick was ousted as King of Bohemia by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1620, the clamor for English intervention grew so loud that James was forced to call a parliament to raise funds to support an expedition on behalf of Frederick (the first parliament James had called since the 1614 Addled Parliament). Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor ( July 9, 1578 &ndash February 15, 1637) of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Ferdinand II The Addled Parliament was the second Parliament of the reign of James I of England (following his 1604-11 parliament which sat in 1614. Unfortunately for James, Parliament, ably led by Edward Coke, refused to grant adequate funds for this expedition unless the king agreed that his son would marry a Protestant. Sir Edward Coke (pronounced "Cook" ( 1 February 1552 &ndash 3 September 1634) was an early English colonial Entrepreneur James responded that Parliament had no business interfering in matters of royal prerogative. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy Parliament responded by passing a protest, asserting its ancient rights. At the urging of his favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and of the Spanish ambassador Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar, James tore this protest out of the record book and dissolved Parliament. In historical writings when used in reference to a person favourite ( British English and the English of Commonwealth Countries or favorite ( American George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña Count of Gondomar ( es: Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña conde de Gondomar) ( Gondomar, Galicia November In Parliamentary systems a dissolution of parliament is the dispersal of a Legislature at the call of an Election.
Buckingham had gained considerable influence, not only over James, but also over Prince Charles. In 1623, he convinced the 23-year-old Prince Charles that England should ally with Spain and that Prince Charles should marry a Spanish princess. The two thus sailed for Spain so that Charles could court Maria Anna of Spain, daughter of Philip III of Spain. Maria Anna ( 18 August, 1606 – 13 May, 1646) also known as Maria Anna of Austria Infanta of Spain Archduchess of Austria and after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King This proposed marriage is known to history as the Spanish Match. The Spanish Match describes the policy and diplomatic negotiations towards a proposed marriage between Prince Charles, the son of King James I of England The Spanish Match was wildly unpopular among English Protestants, and allowed the Puritans a great deal of credibility. Puritans argued that the Spanish Match was part of a plot to restore England to Catholicism, a position that was deeply unpopular in England. As such, when James called another parliament in 1623, the anti-Catholic outpouring was so virulent that it was obvious the parliament would agree to none of the king's requests. Meanwhile, in Spain, the Spanish insisted that they would only agree to the Spanish Match if Charles agreed to convert to Catholicism and agree to spend a year receiving Catholic instruction in Spain. Under the circumstances, Charles ultimately declined the Spanish Match in 1624. His return to England was greeted with widespread celebrations and treated as a national holiday, celebrating the fact that the Spanish Match had not occurred.
In response to his rebuff by Spain, Charles came to favour alliance with France and war with Spain. At the Puritan-dominated 1624 parliament, the parliament impeached Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, the minister most associated with advocacy in favour of the Spanish Match. Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official Lionel Cranfield 1st Earl of Middlesex (1575 &ndash 6 August 1645) was a successful merchant in London, England, who was introduced to The parliament agreed to fund a war with Spain in principle, though they did not actually allocate funding for the war.
The rise of the Arminian party and the New Gagg controversy (1624)
As noted earlier, King James had been a doctrinal Calvinist all his life. Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Therefore, when the Quinquarticular Controversy broke out in the Dutch Republic in the years following the death of theologian Jacobus Arminius in 1609, James naturally supported the Calvinist Gomarists against the Arminian Remonstrants. Arminiusjpg|thumb|200px| Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609 who gave his name to Arminianism. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Jacobus Arminius, the Latinized name of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jakob Harmenszoon (also known by the Anglicized Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Franciscus Gomarus ( January 30, 1563, Bruges - January 11, 1641, Groningen) was a Dutch theologian Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Remonstrants, the name given to those Dutch Protestants who after the death of Arminius, maintained the views associated with his name and in 1610 presented to the James handpicked the British delegates to the 1618 Synod of Dort (whose five canons form the basis of the Five Points of Calvinism) and concurred in the outcome of the Synod. The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618[[ 619|/19]] by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the
However, as James was increasingly faced with Puritan opposition (over the Book of Sports, the Five Articles of Perth, the Spanish Match, etc. ), he grew disillusioned with the Puritans, and began to seek out Church of England clergymen who would be more supportive of his ecumenical ecclesiastical plans.
Since the reign of Elizabeth, England had contained a number of theologians who opposed the extreme predestinarian views in the high Calvinism propounded by Theodore Beza and accepted by the Puritans. Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French For example, Peter Baro, the Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge had opposed Archbishop Whitgift's attempts to impose the Calvinistic Lambeth Articles on the Church of England in 1595. Peter Baro (1534-1599 was a Tudor era English academic and Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge from 1574 The Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity is the oldest professorship or "chair" in the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the The Lambeth Articles were a series of nine doctrinal statements drawn up by Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift in 1595 in order to define Calivinist doctrine with Several of Baro's disciples at Cambridge - notably Lancelot Andrewes, John Overall, and Samuel Harsnett - had repeated Baro's criticisms of predestination in terms roughly equivalent to those propounded by Arminius. Lancelot Andrewes (1555 – 25 September 1626) was an English clergyman and scholar who held high positions in the Church of England during the reigns John Overall (1559—1619 the 38th bishop of the see of Norwich from 1618 until his death one year later Samuel Harsnett (June 1561 - May 1631 was an English Writer on Religion and Archbishop of York from 1629 As such, when James was looking for anti-Puritan allies, he found this party willing, and, although few members of this party actually accepted the Arminian position tout court, they were quickly labeled "the Arminian party" by the Puritans.
This came to a head in 1624, when a hitherto obscure Cambridge scholar, Richard Montagu, obtained royal permission to publish A New Gagg for an Old Goose. Richard Montagu (or Mountague) (1577 – April 13, 1641) an English cleric was born at Dorney Buckinghamshire and educated at The book was framed as a rebuttal of a Catholic critique of the Church of England. In response, Montagu argued that the Calvinist positions objected to were held only by a small, Puritan minority in the Church of England, and that the vast majority of clergy in the Church of England rejected high Calvinism. A New Gagg was incredibly important in the history of the Puritans in that it marked the first time the Puritans had ever been associated with a doctrinal position (as opposed to a question of proper practice). For example, George Carleton, Bishop of Chichester, who had been an English delegate at the Synod of Dort, was shocked to find his doctrinal position being equated with Puritanism. George Carleton was Bishop of Llandaff (1618-1619 He was a delegate to the anti-Arminian Synod of Dort, in Holland. See also List of Bishops of Chichester and precursor offices The Bishop of Chichester is the Ordinary of the Church of England
Reign of Charles I, 1625-1649
Laudianism adopted as government policy
Prince Charles became King of England upon the death of his father in 1625. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Charles was deeply distrustful of the Puritans (who had led a sustained opposition to his father's ecclesiastical policies), seeing them as rebellious (Charles, like his father,believed in the Divine Right of Kings). The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and During the latter years of his reign, James, rebuffed by Parliament, had increasingly come to rely on clergymen of the "Arminian party" as political advisors and administrators. Charles accelerated this tendency. Charles had no particular interest in theological questions such as the doctrine of predestination, but he preferred the "Arminians'" emphasis on order, decorum, uniformity, and spectacle in Christian worship.
Besides the Duke of Buckingham, Charles' closest political advisor was William Laud, the Bishop of St David's, whom Charles translated to the more prestigious (and higher-paid) position of Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1626. Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 The Bishop of Saint David's is the Ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of St David's. Translation is the technical term when a Bishop is transferred from one Diocese to another The Bishop of Bath and Wells heads the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells in the Province of Canterbury in England. Under Laud's influence, Charles shifted the royal ecclesiastical policy markedly. Whereas James had supported the Canons of the Synod of Dort, Charles forbade preaching on the subject of predestination altogether. Richard Montagu was made Bishop of Chichester in 1628. See also List of Bishops of Chichester and precursor offices The Bishop of Chichester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Whereas James had been lenient towards Puritan clergy who omitted parts of the Book of Common Prayer, Charles urged the bishops to strictly enforce compliance with the Prayer Book, and to suspend ministers who refused to comply.
The central ideal of Laudianism (the common name for the ecclesiastical policies pursued by Charles and Laud) was the "beauty of holiness. " This emphasized a love of ceremony and harmonious liturgy. A Liturgy is a set form of ceremony or pattern of worship Christian liturgy is a pattern for worship used (whether recommended or prescribed by a Christian congregation or Many of the churches in England had fallen into disrepair in the wake of the English Reformation, especially in Puritan areas, since Puritans believed it was superstitious to attempt to beautify church buildings. Laudianism, however, called for making churches beautiful. Churches were ordered to make repairs and to enforce greater respect for the church building. A policy particularly odious to the Puritans was the installation of altar rails in churches, which Puritans associated with the Catholic position on transubstantiation (the idea that Christ becomes physically present in the consecrated host): in Catholic practice, altar rails served to physically demarcate the space where Christ became incarnate in the host and only priests, acolytes, and altar boys were allowed inside the altar rail. Altar rails are a set of railings sometimes ornate and frequently of marble or wood delimiting the Sanctuary in a church the part that contains the Altar. See also Eucharist (Catholic Church On the related belief that Christ is present in the Eucharist in body blood soul and divinity see Real Presence. Sacramental bread, sometimes called Lamb or Host is the bread which is used in the Christian ritual of the Eucharist. Sacramental bread, sometimes called Lamb or Host is the bread which is used in the Christian ritual of the Eucharist. The ministerial orders of the Catholic Church includes both the orders of bishops and presbyters, which in Latin is sacerdos. This article is about religious acolytes For other uses see Acolyte (disambiguation. An altar server or Acolyte is a lay assistant to a member of the Clergy during a religious service Since the Puritans rejected the idea of transubstantiation, and professed the priesthood of all believers, they also objected to creating a physical space in the church where only priests could go. The universal priesthood or the priesthood of all believers, as it would come to be known in the present day is a Christian doctrine believed to be derived from several Further, they argued that the practice of receiving communion while kneeling at the rail too much resembled Catholic Eucharistic adoration, which they felt was a form of idolatry (since it involved offering the honour due to God to a piece of bread). Eucharistic adoration is a practice in the Roman Catholic Church and in some Anglican churches in which the Blessed Sacrament is exposed to and adored Idolatry is usually defined as Worship of any Cult image, Idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. The Laudians insisted on enforcing kneeling at communion and receiving at the rail, though they denied that this involved accepting the Catholic position on these points.
Conflict between Charles I and the Puritans, 1625-1629
The controversy over Richard Montagu's New Gagg was still on parliamentarians' minds in 1625, when Parliament met in May 1625. Furthermore, shortly before the opening of the parliament, Charles was married by proxy to Henrietta Maria of France, the Catholic daughter of Henry IV of France (thus cementing an alliance with France in preparation for war against Spain). Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III As such, at this parliament, Puritan MPs openly worried that Charles was preparing to restrict the recusancy laws (which Charles was, in fact, planning on doing, having agreed to do so in the secret marriage treaty he negotiated with Louis XIII of France). In the History of England, recusancy was a term used to describe the statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the Established church or For the cognac see Louis XIII de Rémy Martin. Louis XIII ( September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643)
Puritan MP John Pym launched an attack on Richard Montagu in the House of Commons. John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of As a response, Montagu wrote a pamphlet entitled Appello Caesarem (Latin "I Appeal to Caesar") (a reference to Acts 25:10-12), in which he appealed to Charles to protect him against the Puritans. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Charles responded by making Montagu a royal chaplain, signaling that he was willing to defend Montagu against Puritan opposition.
In this atmosphere, Puritan suspicions that Charles was secretly planning to restore Roman Catholicism in England mounted. As such, the Parliament, heavily influenced by its Puritan members, was reluctant to grant Charles revenue, since they feared that any revenue granted might be used to support an army that would re-impose Catholicism on England. For example, since 1414, every English monarch had been authorized by their first Parliament to collect the customs duties of Tonnage and Poundage for the duration of their reign; the 1625 Parliament, however, voted to allow Charles to collect Tonnage and Poundage for only one year. Tonnage and Poundage were certain duties and taxes first levied in Edward II 's reign on every tun (cask of imported Wine, which came mostly from Spain Furthermore, when Charles wanted to intervene in the Thirty Years' War by declaring war on Spain, Parliament granted him only £140,000, a totally insufficient sum to pursue the war.
The war with Spain went ahead (partially funded by tonnage and poundage collected by Charles even after he was no longer authorized to do so). Buckingham was put in charge of the war effort, and failed miserably. As such, in 1628, Parliament called for Buckingham's replacement, but Charles stuck by Buckingham. Parliament went on to pass the Petition of Right, a declaration of Parliament's rights. The Petition of Right 1628 was produced by the English Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. Charles accepted the Petition, though this did not lead to a change in his behaviour.
In August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated by a disillusioned soldier, John Felton. John Felton may refer to John Felton (assassin, assassin of George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham John Felton (martyr The nation responded with spontaneous celebration, which angered Charles.
When Parliament resumed sitting in January 1629, Charles was met with outrage over the case of John Rolle, an MP who had been prosecuted for failing to pay Tonnage and Poundage even though Charles had agreed to "no taxation without representation" (to use a slogan from a later era) in the Petition of Right. John Finch, the Speaker of the House of Commons, was famously held down in the Speaker's Chair in order to allow the House to pass a resolution condemning the king. Sir John Finch, Baron Finch of Fordwich ( September 17, 1584 - November 27, 1660) was an English judge and Speaker of the House
Charles was so outraged by Parliament's opposition to his policies that he determined to rule without ever calling a parliament again, thus initiating the period known as his Personal Rule (1629-1640), which his enemies termed the Eleven Years' Tyranny. The Personal Rule (also known as the Eleven Years Tyranny) was the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England, This period also saw the ascendancy of Laudianism in England (see previous section), which led Puritan critics to term this period the Caroline Captivity of the Church (a reference to the so-called Babylonian Captivity of the Church, which was itself a reference to the Babylonian Captivity). In the History of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven Popes all French, resided in Avignon The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to
The Great Migration and the foundation of Puritan New England, 1630-1642
The events of 1629 convinced many Puritans that King Charles was an ardent foe of further church reforms who would enforce Laudianism on the Church of England throughout his reign. The Great Migration may refer to the Winthrop Fleet of 1630, wherein eleven ships delivered 1000 passengers migrating from England to the Massachusetts History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Since King Charles was only 29 years old in 1629, they were thus faced with the prospect of countless decades without reforms and with their proposals being suppressed. Given this situation, some Puritans began considering founding their own colony where they could worship in a fully-reformed church, far from the prying eyes of King Charles and the bishops.
The Pilgrims (1620)
One group of Puritans had already settled in New England: the Pilgrims. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth
The Pilgrims were Separatists who held views similar to those proclaimed by Robert Browne, John Greenwood, and Henry Barrowe. Robert Browne (1540–1630 was the founder of the Brownists. He was born at Tolethorpe Hall in Rutland England and took a degree from Corpus John Greenwood (d 6 April 1593) English Puritan and Separatist (the date and place of his birth are unknown entered as a sizar at Henry Barrowe (c 1550 &ndash April 6, 1593) English Puritan and Separatist, was born about 1550 in Norfolk, of a family The Pilgrims emerged in Elizabethan England at roughly the same time as the Brownists. The Brownists were followers of Robert Browne who was born at Tolethorpe Hall in Rutland, England in about 1550
The Pilgrims trace their lineage to Richard Clyfton, minister of Babworth, Nottinghamshire. Richard Clyfton was the Separatist pastor of Babworth's All Saints' Parish Church in England. Babworth is a village and Civil parish in the Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England about 1½ miles west of East Retford. Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire Beginning in the 1580s, Clyfton advocated separation from the Church of England. Clyfton's movement attracted William Brewster, the postmaster of Scrooby. Elder William Brewster (c 1566 - April 10, 1644) was a Pilgrim colonist leader and preacher who came from Scrooby, in north Postmaster (or Postmistress) refers to the head of an individual Post office. Scrooby is a small Village, on the River Ryton and near Bawtry, in the northern part of the English county of Nottinghamshire Tobias Matthew, the Bishop of Durham, who had been part of Archbishop Whitgift's delegation at the Hampton Court Conference, was selected by James to become Archbishop of York in 1606. Tobias Matthew, or Tobie Mathew ( 1546 - 29 March 1628) Archbishop of York, was the son of Sir John Matthew of Ross in Herefordshire See also List of Bishops of Durham The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican Bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. He led an anti-Separatist crackdown and Clyfton was removed from his ministry. In response, Brewster offered to organize a dissenting congregation in the manor house in which he lived in Scrooby. Clyfton served as the congregation's pastor, John Robinson as its teacher, and William Brewster as its chief elder. John Robinson (1575-1625 was the Pastor of the " Pilgrim Fathers " before they left on the Mayflower. This congregation was subject to ecclesiastical investigation, and its members faced social hostility from conforming church members, but was not actively persecuted. Nevertheless, disliking the social hostility, and fearing future persecution, the group decided to leave England.
150 members of the congregation made it to Amsterdam, where they met up with a group of Separatist exiles led by John Smyth, which had joined the congregation of English exiles led by Francis Johnson. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west After a year at Amsterdam, tensions between Smyth and Johnson grew so high, that the Pilgrims decided to move to Leiden. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. While there, many worked at Leiden University or in the textile, printing and brewing trades. Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. John Robinson participated in the Calvinist-Arminian Controversy while at Leiden University, arguing on behalf of the Gomarists. Arminiusjpg|thumb|200px| Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609 who gave his name to Arminianism. Franciscus Gomarus ( January 30, 1563, Bruges - January 11, 1641, Groningen) was a Dutch theologian
By 1617, many members of the congregation had grown disillusioned with Leiden and wanted to move somewhere where they could retain their English identity, while also worshipping God in the way they believed was required. As such, the congregation voted to leave Leiden and to found a colony. The group ultimately decided to move to New England. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the In 1620, after receiving a patent from the London Company, the Pilgrims left for New England onboard the Mayflower, landing at Plymouth Rock. A land grant is a gift of Real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a Reward for services The London Company (also called the Charter of the Virginia Company of London) was an English Joint stock company established by royal charter by The Mayflower was the famous Ship that transported the English Separatists better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony The colony founded by the Pilgrims was called Plymouth Colony. Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth or The Old Colony) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691
John Winthrop and the foundation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630
The early seventeenth century saw the foundation of many joint stock companies, which were commercial ventures designed to profit from trade or the foundation of colonial settlements. John Winthrop ( 12 January 1587/8 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America A joint stock company (JSC is a type of business entity it is a type of Corporation or Partnership. The most famous of the joint stock companies was the Honourable East India Company, chartered in 1600. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or In 1606, King James had issued a royal charter to two companies referred to collectively as the Virginia Company: the London Company (which successfully established the Colony of Virginia in 1608) and the Plymouth Company (which was unsuccessful at establishing settlements, which explains why they were eager to grant a patent to the Pilgrims in 1620). A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company The Virginia Company refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I in 1606 with the purposes of establishing The London Company (also called the Charter of the Virginia Company of London) was an English Joint stock company established by royal charter by The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was the English colony The Plymouth Company (the Plymouth Adventurers, also called the Virginia Company of Plymouth or simply Virginia Bay Company) was an English
Two of the Pilgrim settlers in Plymouth Colony - Robert Cushman and Edward Winslow - believed that Cape Ann would be a profitable location for a settlement. Robert Cushman ( 1578 - 1625) was one of the Pilgrims. He was born in the village of Rolvenden in Edward Winslow (1595 &ndash 1655 was an American Pilgrim leader on the Mayflower. Cape Ann is a rocky Peninsula located in northeastern Massachusetts on the Atlantic Ocean. They therefore organized a company which they named the Dorchester Company and in 1622 sailed to England seeking a patent from the London Company giving them permission to settle there. They were successful and were granted the Sheffield Patent (named after Edmond, Lord Sheffield, the member of the Plymouth Company who granted the patent). The Sheffield Patent, dated January 1, 1623 ( Julian calendar) is a land grant from Edmond Lord Sheffield (Sheffeild in the original of England On the basis of this patent, Roger Conant led a group of fishermen to found Salem in 1626, being replaced as governor by John Endecott in 1627. Roger Conant (c 1592 &ndash 1679 was the leader of the company of fishermen who founded Salem Massachusetts (then called Naumkeag in 1626 Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. John Endecott (c 1588 March 15, 1665) was a colonial magistrate soldier and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
During their time in England, Cushman and Winslow had convinced many Puritan members of the landed gentry to invest in the Dorchester Company. Landed gentry is a term traditionally applied in Britain to those people of a certain type and education who possess land in the form of country estates often (but In 1627, the Dorchester Company went bankrupt, but was succeeded by the New England Company (the membership of the Dorchester and New England Companies overlapped). The New England Company sought clearer title to the New England land of the proposed settlement than provided by the Sheffield Patent and in March 1629 succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter changing the name of the company to the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England and granting them the land to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America It is unclear why Charles agreed to this, but it would appear that he did not realize that the group was dominated by Puritans and believed that it was a purely commercial company.
As the Puritans' relationship with the new king soured, Puritan John Winthrop, a lawyer who had practiced in the Court of Wards, began to explore the idea of creating a Puritan colony in New England. John Winthrop ( 12 January 1587/8 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined The Court of Wards and Liveries was a court established during the reign of Henry VIII in England. After all, the Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony had proven that such a colony was viable. Instead of living in England under the rule of a king hostile to their interests, the Puritans could establish a colony in New England far from the king's interference. Throughout 1628 and 1629, Puritans in Winthrop's social circle discussed the possibility of moving to New England. It was noted that the royal charter establishing the Massachusetts Bay Company had not specified where the company's annual meeting should be held; this raised the possibility that the governor of the company could move to the new colony and serve as governor of the colony, while the general court of the company could be transformed into the colony's legislative assembly. John Winthrop participated in these discussions and in March 1629, signed the Cambridge Agreement, by which the non-emigrating shareholders of the company agreed to turn over control of the company to the emigrating shareholders. The Cambridge Agreement was an agreement made on August 29, 1629, between the shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company. As Winthrop was the wealthiest of the emigrating shareholders, the company decided to make him governor, and entrusted him with the company charter.
Winthrop sailed for New England in 1630 along with 700 colonists on board eleven ships known collectively as the Winthrop Fleet. The Winthrop Fleet of 1630 (an early part of the Great Migration) was the largest fleet ever assembled to carry Englishmen overseas to a new homeland Winthrop himself sailed on board the Arbella. For the English noblewoman see Arbella Stuart. The Arbella was the flagship of the Winthrop Fleet on which between April 8 and During the crossing, he preached a sermon entitled "A Model of Christian Charity", in which he called on his fellow settlers to make their new colony a City upon a Hill (a reference to Matthew 5:14-16), meaning that they would be a model to all the nations of Europe as to what a properly reformed Christian commonwealth should look like. City upon a hill is a phrase that is associated with John Winthrop 's Sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" given in 1630 (This was particularly poignant in 1630, since the Thirty Years' War was going bad for the Protestants and Catholicism was being restored in lands previously reformed - e. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. g. by the 1629 Edict of Restitution. The Edict of Restitution, passed eleven years into the Thirty Years' Wars on March 6 1629 following a very litany of Catholic successes at arms )
The Great Migration
Most of the Puritans who emigrated settled in the New England area. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the However, the Great Migration of Puritans was relatively short-lived and not as large as is often believed. The Great Migration may refer to the Winthrop Fleet of 1630, wherein eleven ships delivered 1000 passengers migrating from England to the Massachusetts [1] It began in earnest in 1629 with the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and ended in 1642 with the start of the English Civil War when King Charles I effectively shut off emigration to the colonies, and when Puritans felt less menaced by Royalist decree. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. From 1629 through 1643 approximately 21,000 Puritans emigrated to New England. [2] This is actually far less than the number of British subjects who emigrated to Ireland, Canada, and the Caribbean during this time.
The Great Migration of Puritans to New England was primarily an exodus of families. Between 1630 and 1640 over 13,000 men, women, and children sailed to Massachusetts. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The religious and political factors behind the Great Migration influenced the demographics of the emigrants. Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles Rather than groups of young men seeking economic success (as predominated Virginia colonies), Puritan ships were laden with “ordinary” people, old and young, families as well as individuals. Just a quarter of the emigrants were in their twenties when they boarded ship in the 1630s, making young adults not predominant in New England settlements. The New World Puritan population can be seen as more of a cross section in age of English population than those of other colonies. This meant that the Massachusetts Bay Colony retained a relatively “normal” population composition. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America In contrast to the Chesapeake colony in Virginia – where the ratio of colonist men to women was 4:1 in early decades and at least 2:1 in later decades and where considerable intermarriage with native women took place – nearly half of the Puritan immigrants to the New World were women, and there was little intermarriage with natives. The majority of families who traveled to Massachusetts Bay were families in progress, with parents who were not yet through with their reproductive years and whose continued fertility would make New England’s population growth possible. The women who emigrated were critical agents in the success of the establishment and maintenance of the Puritan colonies in North America. Success in the early colonial economy depended largely on labor, which was conducted by members of Puritan families. It was through this labor that Puritans endeavored to create their “city on a hill”, a productive, morally exemplary colony far from the corruption of the Church of England.
New England theological controversies, 1632-1642
As noted earlier, the vast majority of Puritans who settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were non-separating Puritans. This meant that, while they deeply abhorred many of the practices of the Church of England, they refused to separate from the Church of England because they placed an extremely high value on the doctrine of the unity of the Church. They denounced the Separating Puritans as schismatics. The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split" Thus, although the Puritans in Massachusetts erected their church along Presbyterian-Congregational lines, they technically remained in full communion with the Church of England. Full communion is a term used in Christian Ecclesiology to describe the relationship of communion, with mutually recognized sharing of the same essential This position led to two major theological controversies with Separating Puritans in the course of the 1630s: the Roger Williams controversy, and the Anne Hutchinson controversy.
The Roger Williams Controversy
Roger Williams, a Separating Puritan minister, arrived in Boston in 1631. Roger Williams ( December 21, 1603 &ndash April 1, 1683) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of Religious He was almost immediately invited to become the pastor of the local congregation. Williams refused the invitation on the grounds that the congregation had not separated from the Church of England. He then attempted to become pastor of the church at Salem, but was blocked by Boston political leaders, who objected to his separatism. Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. He thus spent two years with his fellow Separatists in the Plymouth Colony, but ultimately came into conflict with them and returned to Salem. There, he became pastor in May 1635, against the objection of the Boston authorities. Williams set forth a manifesto in which he declared that 1) the Church of England was apostate and fellowship with it was a grievous sin; 2) the Massachusetts Colony's charter falsely said that King Charles was a Christian; 3) that the colony should not be allowed to impose oaths on its citizens because that was forbidden by Matthew 5:33-37
Williams' actions so outraged the Puritan leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony that they expelled him from the colony. In 1636, the exiled Williams founded the city of Providence, Rhode Island. Williams was one of the first Puritans to advocate separation of church and state and Rhode Island was one of the first places in the Christian world to recognize freedom of religion. Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance
The Anne Hutchinson Controversy
Anne Hutchinson and her family moved from Boston, Lincolnshire to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634, following their Puritan minister John Cotton. Anne Hutchinson ( July 20, 1591 – August 20, 1643) was the unauthorized Puritan minister of a dissident church discussion Boston ( is a town and small Port in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England. John Cotton ( December 4, 1585 &ndash December 23, 1652) was a highly regarded principal among the New England Puritan Cotton began pastoring a congregation in Boston, Massachusetts, and Hutchinson joined his congregation. Following the Puritan practice of conventicling, Hutchinson set up a conventicle in her home. At the conventicle, a group would meet during the week to discuss John Cotton's sermon from the previous Sunday. Hutchinson proved to be extremely charismatic at propounding on Cotton's ideas during these conventicles, and eventually the size of her conventicle swelled to 80 people and had to be moved from her home to the church building.
Cotton had long denounced Arminianism in his sermons. Hutchinson took up the anti-Arminian cause in strong language, propounding an extreme form of double predestination (a view popularized among English Puritans by William Perkins), which held that God chose those who would go to heaven (the elect) and those who would go to hell (the reprobate), and that His decision inevitably and infallibly came to pass. The Calvinistic doctrine of predestination is a Doctrine of Calvinism which deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world William Perkins or Bill Perkins may refer to William Perkins (Puritan (1558&ndash1602 Puritan clergyman and Cambridge theologian Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation Predestination (Calvinism Reprobation, in Christian theology, is a corollary to the Calvinistic doctrine of Unconditional election which derives that some Applying this framework to the Arminian controversy, Hutchinson argued that people were either under a covenant of works (they were relying on good works for their salvation, and therefore were really damned) or else a covenant of grace (in which case they were dependent only on God's grace, and were therefore really saved). Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for
By 1637, Hutchinson's teachings had grown controversial within the colony for a number of reasons. First, some Puritans objected to a woman occupying such a prominent role as a teacher in the church. Second, Hutchinson began denouncing various Puritan ministers in the colony as really preaching a "covenant of works" and sometimes spoke as if John Cotton were the only minister in the entire colony who was preaching a "covenant of grace" correctly. Thirdly, some of Hutchinson's views on the "covenant of grace" seemed indistinguishable from the heresy of antinomianism, the view that the elect did not have to follow the laws of God or morality. Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox For the term in politics describing socialist movements see Autonomism Antinomianism (from the Greek ἀντί, "against"
Hutchinson was called before the Massachusetts General Court to explain herself. The Massachusetts General Court (formally styled The General Court of Massachusetts) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts She sparred verbally with the magistrates successfully on a number of issues, but was ultimately undone when she said that she had determined that she would be persecuted when she came to New England. When the magistrates asked her how she had determined this, she responded "by an immediate revelation" i. e. God had spoken to her and told her so. The Puritans generally followed the principle of sola scriptura and believed that God communicated with individuals only through the medium of scripture. Sola scriptura ( Latin ablative, "by scripture alone" is the assertion that the Bible as God's written word is self-authenticating As such, for the magistrates of the General Court, who were already suspicious of Hutchinson's orthodoxy, the claim that God was speaking directly to her was the final straw. They therefore voted to banish her from the colony. As a result, in 1638, Hutchinson and several of her followers left the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the town of Pocasset, which today is Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Portsmouth is a town in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States.
Life in the New World
New England society rested on the rock of the Puritan family, economically and religiously. Women were thus entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring that children grew into virtuous Puritan adults. This new moral and religious significance given to everyday life, marriage, and family brought women’s activities into the spotlight. Although the patriarch directed work and devotion within the family, the proof of success in the New World was in a harmonious marriage and godly children- both of which fell under the jurisdiction of the Puritan woman. The success of The Great Migration and establishment of successful Puritan colonies in the New World thus depended heavily on the role of women within the settlement. (For more on the religious roles of women in Puritan colonies see "Beliefs" section below. )
The struggle between the assertive Church of England and various Presbyterian and Puritan groups extended throughout the English realm in the 17th Century, prompting not only the re-emigration of British Protestants from Ireland to North America (the so-called Scotch-Irish), but prompting emigration from Bermuda, England's second-oldest overseas territory. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom Roughly 10,000 Bermudians emigrated before US Independence. Most of these went to the American colonies, founding, or contributing to settlements throughout the South, especially. Many had also gone to the Bahamas, where a number of Bermudian Independent Puritan families, under the leadership of William Sayle, had established the colony of Eleuthera in 1648. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and William Sayle was the governor of South Carolina from 1670 to 1671. See also Eleutherae Eleuthera is an island in the Bahamas, lying 50 miles (80 km east of Nassau.
In the 1660s the Puritan settlements in the New World were confronted with the challenge posed by an aging first generation. Those who created the colonies were the most fervent in their religious beliefs, and as their numbers began to decline, so did the membership of churches. The demographics of the churches changed because fewer men were joining. The resulting decrease in male religious participation was a problem for the established church (that is, the colony’s official church for which people were taxed and which they were expected to attend), since men were the ones with secular power. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. If the men who wielded secular power in the colony were absent from the church, its legitimacy would be undermined. As early as 1660, women constituted the great majority of church members. However, since Anne Hutchinson’s banishment, they were not allowed to talk in church (for more information, see below under "Beliefs"). Anne Hutchinson ( July 20, 1591 – August 20, 1643) was the unauthorized Puritan minister of a dissident church discussion Puritan ministers, concerned for the continued existence and power of their churches in the colonies, pushed for a solution to declining church membership. This effort led to the creation of the Halfway Covenant, in order to boost participation in the Puritan church. The Half-Way Covenant was a form of partial church membership created by New England Puritans in 1662.
Emigration resumed under the rule of Cromwell, but not in large numbers as there was no longer any need to "escape persecution" in England. In fact, many Puritans returned to England during the war. "In 1641, when the English Civil War began, some immigrants returned to fight on the Puritan side, and when the Puritans won, many resumed English life under Oliver Cromwell's more congenial Puritan sway. "[3]
Some Puritans also migrated to colonies in Central America and the Caribbean, see Providence Island Company, Mosquito Coast and Providencia Island. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Providence Company or Providence Island Company was an English Chartered company founded in 1629 by a group of Puritans including Robert Rich 2nd The Caribbean Mosquito Coast (or Miskito Coast) historically consisted of an area along the Atlantic coast of present-day Nicaragua, named after its native Isla de Providencia or Old Providence is a mountainous Caribbean island.
William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1633-1643: The "Caroline Captivity of the Church"
Meanwhile, back in England. Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 . .
As noted above, Charles I favored a formal style of worship known as Laudianism (often, though not necessarily, associated with theological Arminianism). Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought within Protestant Christianity based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Although the ascendancy of this position within the Church of England dates from the beginning of Charles' reign, it became particularly marked after 1629, as we move into the period of Charles' Personal Rule (the Puritans' "Caroline Captivity of the Church"). The triumph of Laudianism is best symbolized by the fact that in 1633, George Abbot, the so-called "Puritan Archbishop" died, and Charles chose William Laud as his successor as Archbishop of Canterbury. George Abbot or George Abbott may refer to George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury (1562-1633 English clergyman George Abbot Archbishop William Laud (7 October 1573 - 10 January 1645 was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645 George Abbot had been basically suspended from his functions in 1617 after he refused to order his clergy to read the Book of Sports. The Declaration of Sports (also known as the Book of Sports) was a declaration of James I of England issued in 1617 listing the sports that were permitted on Sundays As a sign of the loyalty of the new archbishop, Charles now re-issued the Book of Sports in October 1633. Unlike Abbot, Laud ordered his clergy to read the Book of Sports to their congregations and suspended any Puritan minister who refused to read the Book to their congregation.
The 1630s in general saw a renewed concern by the bishops of the Church of England to enforce uniformity in the church by ensuring strict compliance with the style of worship set out in the Book of Common Prayer. The Court of High Commission, initially set up to enforce uniformity in the Church of England by routing out Catholic recusants in the Church, came to be the primary means for disciplining Puritan clergy who refused to conform to the Book of Common Prayer. The Court of High Commission was the supreme ecclesiastic court in England. The Court of High Commission was particularly useful in this regards because, unlike regular courts, in the Court of High Commission, there was no right against self-incrimination, meaning that the Court could compel testimony from Puritan clergymen accused of violating the Book of Common Prayer. Self-incrimination is the act of accusing oneself of a Crime for which a person can then be Prosecuted.
Much to the chagrin of the Puritans, some bishops went even further than the Book of Common Prayer, and required their clergy to conform to a level of ceremonialism beyond that required by the Prayer Book. As noted above, the introduction of altar rails to churches was the most controversial such requirement. Altar rails are a set of railings sometimes ornate and frequently of marble or wood delimiting the Sanctuary in a church the part that contains the Altar. Puritans were also dismayed by the re-introduction of images (e. g. stained glass windows) to churches which had been without religious images since the iconoclasm of the Reformation. For the Blackford Oakes novel see Stained Glass (novel The term stained glass refers either to the material of coloured Glass or to the art Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments
Silencing of Puritan laymen
The ejection of Puritan ministers from the Church of England in the 1630s provoked great controversy. Not only did their ejection result in dissatisfaction with the worship on offer in the Church of England, it also provoked outrage that "godly" ministers were deprived of their livelihoods and left destitute. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and
In these circumstances, many Puritan laymen spoke out against Charles' policies. The first, and most famous, critic of the Caroline regime was William Prynne. William Prynne (1600 &ndash 24 October 1669) was a seventeenth-century English author polemicist and political figure In the late 1620s and early 1630s, Prynne had authored a number of works denouncing the spread of Arminianism in the Church of England. Prynne was also deeply opposed to Charles' marrying the Catholic Henrietta Maria and feared that her party at court was plotting to restore Catholicism in England. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Prynne became a critic of what he perceived to be the lax moral standards which prevailed at court, particularly in Henrietta Maria's circle.
Prynne was also a critic of societal morals more generally. Echoing John Chrysostom's criticism of the stage, in 1631-32, Prynne penned a book, Histriomastix, in which he denounced the stage in vehement terms for its promotion of lasciviousness. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. This entry refers to the 1632 work by William Prynne for the play by John Marston, see Histriomastix (play. In general use lascivious is synonymous with Lustful ' or lewd. The book, which represents the highest point of the Puritans' attack on the English Renaissance theatre, attacked the stage as promoting lewdness. English Renaissance theatre is English drama written between the Reformation and the closure of the theatres in 1642. Unfortunately for Prynne, his book appeared at about the same time that Henrietta Maria became the first royal to ever perform in a masque, William Montagu's The Shepherd's Paradise, in January 1633. The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in sixteenth and early seventeenth century Europe though it was developed earlier in Italy The Shepherd's Paradise was a Caroline era Masque, written by Walter Montagu and designed by Inigo Jones. Histriomastix was widely read as a Puritan attack on the queen's morality. This entry refers to the 1632 work by William Prynne for the play by John Marston, see Histriomastix (play. Shortly after becoming Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud prosecuted Prynne in the Court of Star Chamber on a charge of seditious libel. For the online trading card game see Star Chamber The Harbinger Saga. Seditious libel is a criminal offence under English Common law. (Unlike the common law courts, which could only punish people for violation of strictly-defined crimes, Star Chamber was allowed to order any punishment short of the death penalty - including torture - for crimes which were founded on equity, not on law. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Equity is the name given to the set of legal principles in jurisdictions following the English common law tradition which supplement strict rules of law where Seditious libel was one of the "equitable crimes" which were prosecuted in the Star Chamber. ) Star Chamber found Prynne guilty and sentenced him to imprisonment, a £5000 fine, and the removal of part of his ears.
Prynne continued to publish from prison, and in 1637, he was tried before Star Chamber a second time. This time, Star Chamber ordered that the rest of Prynne's ears be cut off, and that he should be branded with the letters S L for "seditious libeller". Human branding is the process in which a mark usually a symbol or ornamental pattern is burned into the skin of a living person with the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent (Prynne would maintain that the letters really stood for stigmata Laudis (the marks of Laud). ) At the same trial at which Prynne was sentenced to have his ears cut off, Star Chamber also ordered that two other critics of the regime should have their ears cut off for writing against Laudianism: John Bastwick, a physician who wrote anti-episcopal pamphlets; and Henry Burton. John Bastwick was born in Essex in 1593 When he finished his education at Emmanuel College Cambridge, he took a medical degree at Padua. Henry Burton ( Yorkshire, 1578 &ndash 1648 was an English Puritan. Many Puritans consequently regarded Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton as "martyrs" of the Puritan cause. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom (Later generations of Englishmen would be more inclined to see the trio as "martyrs" of the cause of freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. )
A year later, the trio of martyrs were joined by a fourth, John Lilburne, who had studied under John Bastwick. John Lilburne (1614&ndash 29 August 1657) also known as Freeborn John, was an agitator in England before during and after the Since 1632, it had been illegal to publish or import works of literature not licensed by the Stationers' Company (which basically allowed the government the ability to view and censor any work prior to publication). The Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers (better known as the Stationers' Company) is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London Over the course of the 1630s, it became common for Puritans to have their works published in Amsterdam and then smuggled into England. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west In 1638, Lilburne was prosecuted in Star Chamber for importing religious works critical of Laudianism from Amsterdam. Lilburne thus began a process which would see him later hailed as "Freeborn John" and as the preeminent champion of "English liberties". In Star Chamber, he refused to plead to the charges against him on the grounds that the charges had been presented to him only in Latin. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The court then threw him in prison and again brought him back to court and demanded a plea. Again, Lilburne demanded to hear in English the charges brought against him. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The authorities then resorted to flogging him with a three-thonged whip on his bare back, as he was dragged by his hands tied to the rear of an oxcart from Fleet Prison to the pillory at Westminster. Flagellation is the act of whipping (Latin flagellum, "whip" the human body Fleet Prison was a notorious London Prison. It was built in 1197 and situated off what is now Farringdon Street, on the eastern bank of the Fleet River He was then forced to stoop in the pillory where he still managed to campaign against his censors, while distributing more unlicensed literature to the crowds. He was then gagged. Finally he was thrown in prison. He was taken back to the court and again imprisoned.
The Bishops' Wars, 1638-1640
As noted above, James had tried to bring the English and Scottish churches closer together. In the process, he had restored bishops to the Church of Scotland and forced the Five Articles of Perth on the Scottish church, moves which upset Scottish Presbyterians. Charles now further angered the Presbyterians by elevating the bishops' role in Scotland even higher than his father had, to the point where in 1635, the Archbishop of St Andrews, John Spottiswoode, was made Lord Chancellor of Scotland. The Bishop of St Andrews (Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then as Archbishop of St Andrews (Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn John Spottiswoode ( Spottiswood, Spotiswood or Spotswood) ( 1565 - November 26, 1639) was an Archbishop of St Andrews The Lord Chancellor of Scotland was a Great Officer of State in pre- Union Scotland. Presbyterian opposition to Charles reached a new height of intensity in 1637, when Charles attempted to impose a version of the Book of Common Prayer on the Church of Scotland. Although this book was drawn up by a panel of Scottish bishops, it was widely seen as an English import and denounced as Laud's Liturgy. What was worse, where the Scottish prayer book differed from the English, it seemed to be re-introducing old errors which had not yet been re-introduced in England. As a result, when the newly-appointed Bishop of Edinburgh, David Lindsay rose to read the new liturgy in St. Giles' Cathedral, Jenny Geddes, a member of the congregation, threw her stool at Lindsay, thus setting off the Prayer Book Riot. The Bishop of Edinburgh is the Ordinary of the Scottish Episcopal Diocese of Edinburgh. David Lindsay (died December 1641 was a Church of Scotland minister and Prelate active in the seventeenth-century A prominent feature of the Edinburgh skyline St Giles' Cathedral or the High Kirk of Edinburgh is a Church of Scotland place of worship decorating the Jenny Geddes (c 1600 &ndash c 1660 was a Scottish market-trader in Edinburgh, who is alleged to have thrown her stool at the head of the minister in
The Scottish prayer book was deeply unpopular with Scottish noblemen and gentry, not only on religious grounds, but also for nationalist reasons: Knox's Book of Common Order had been adopted as the liturgy of the national church by the Parliament of Scotland, whereas the Scottish parliament was not consulted in 1637 and the new prayer book imposed solely on the basis of Charles' alleged royal supremacy in the church, a doctrine which had never been accepted by either the Church or Parliament of Scotland. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. The first Act of Supremacy granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy which is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom A number of leading noblemen drew up a document known as the National Covenant in February 1638. Those who subscribed to the National Covenant are known as Covenanters. The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century Later that year, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland ejected the bishops from the church. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest Court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Church's governing body
In response to this challenge to his authority, Charles raised an army and marched on Scotland in the "First Bishops' War" (1639). The English Puritans - who had a longstanding opposition to the bishops (which had reached new heights in the wake of the Prynne, Burton, Bastwick, and Lilburne cases) - were deeply dismayed that the king was now waging a war to maintain the office of bishop. The First Bishops' War ended in a stalemate, since both sides lacked sufficient resources to defeat their opponents (in Charles' case, this was because he did not have enough revenues to raise a war since he had not called a Parliament since 1629), which led to the signing of the Treaty of Berwick (1639). The Treaty of Berwick (also known as the Peace of Berwick or the Pacification of Berwick) was signed on June 18, 1639 between England
Charles intended to break the Treaty of Berwick at the next opportunity, and upon returning to London, began preparations for calling a Parliament that could pass new taxes to fund a war against the Scots and to re-establish episcopacy in Scotland. This Parliament - known as the Short Parliament because it only lasted three weeks - met in 1640. The Short Parliament ( 13 April - 5 May 1640) of King Charles I is so called because it lasted only three weeks Unfortunately for Charles, many Puritan members were elected to the Parliament, and two critics of royal policies, John Pym and John Hampden, emerged as loud critics of the king in the Parliament. John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of John Hampden (c 1595 &ndash 1643 was an English politician the eldest son of William Hampden of Hampden House, Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire These members insisted that Parliament had an ancient right to demand the redress of grievances and insisted that the nation's grievances with the past ten years of royal policies should be dealt with before Parliament granted Charles the taxes that he wanted. Frustrated, Charles dissolved Parliament three weeks after it opened.
In Scotland, the rebellious spirit continued to grow in strength. Following the signing of the Treaty of Berwick, the General Assembly of Scotland met in Edinburgh and confirmed the abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, and then went even further and declared that all episcopacy was contrary to the Word of God. Revelation is the act of revealing or disclosing (see etymology or in the theological perception making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication When the Scottish Parliament met later in the year, it confirmed the Church of Scotland's position. The Scottish Covenanters now determined that Presbyterianism could never be confidently re-established in Scotland so long as episcopacy remained the order of the day in England. They therefore determined to invade England to help bring about the abolition of episcopacy. At the same time, the Scots (who had many contacts among the English Puritans) learned that the king was intending to break the Treaty of Berwick and make a second attempt at invading Scotland. When the Short Parliament was dissolved without having granted Charles the money he requested, the Covenanters determined that the time was ripe to launch a preemptive strike against English invasion. As such, in August 1640, the Scottish troops marched into northern England, beginning the "Second Bishops' War". Catching the king unawares, the Scots gained a major victory at the Battle of Newburn. The Battle of Newburn was fought on 28 August 1640 during the Second Bishops' War between a Scottish Covenanter army led by General The Scottish Covenanters thus occupied the northern counties of England and imposed a large fine of £850 a day on the king until a treaty could be signed. Believing that the king was not trustworthy, the Scottish insisted that the Parliament of England be a part of any peace negotiations. Bankrupted by the Second Bishops' War, Charles had little choice but to call a Parliament to grant new taxes to pay off the Scots. He therefore reluctantly called a Parliament which would not be finally dissolved until 1660, the Long Parliament. The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars.
The Long Parliament attacks Laudianism
The elections to the Long Parliament in November 1640 produced a Parliament which was even more dominated by Puritans than the Short Parliament had been. The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars. Parliament's first order of business was therefore to move against Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, who had served as Charles' Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1632. Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl of Strafford ( April 13, 1593 &ndash May 12, 1641) was an English statesman and a major figure in The Lord Deputy was the King's representative and head of the Irish executive during the Kingdom of Ireland. In the wake of the Second Bishops' War, Strafford had been raising an Irish Catholic army in Ireland which could be deployed against the Scottish Covenanters. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. Puritans were appalled that an army of Irish Catholics (whom they hated) would be deployed by the crown against the Scottish Presbyterians (whom they loved), and many English Protestants who were not particularly puritanical shared the sentiment. Having learned that Parliament intended to impeach him, Strafford presented the king with evidence of treasonable communications between Puritans in Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters. Nevertheless, through deft political manoeuvering, John Pym managed to quickly have Parliament impeach Strafford on charges of high treason and Strafford was arrested. John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country At his trial before the House of Lords, begun in January 1641, prosecutors argued that Strafford intended to use the Irish Catholic army against English Protestants. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" Strafford responded that the army was intended to be used against the rebellious Scots. Strafford was ultimately acquitted in April 1641 on the grounds that his actions did not amount to high treason. As a result, Puritan opponents of Strafford launched a bill of attainder against Strafford in the House of Commons; in the wake of a revolt by the army, which had not been paid in months, the House of Lords also passed the bill of attainder, and Charles, worried that the army would revolt further if they were not paid, and that the army would never be paid until Parliament granted funds, and that Parliament would not grant funds without Strafford's death, signed the bill of attainder in May 1641. A bill of attainder (also known as an act or writ of Attainder) is an act of Legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of Strafford was executed before a crowd of 200,000 on May 12, 1641.
In December 1640, the month after it impeached Strafford, Parliament had also impeached Archbishop Laud on charges of high treason. He was accused of subverting true religion, assuming pope-like powers, attempting to reconcile the Church of England with the Roman Catholic Church, of persecuting godly preachers, of ruining the Church of England's relations with the Reformed churches on the Continent, of promoting the war with Scotland, and with a variety of other offenses. The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European During this debate, Harbottle Grimston famously called Laud "the roote and ground of all our miseries and calamities … the sty of all pestilential filth that hath infected the State and Government. Sir Harbottle Grimston 2nd Baronet ( 27 January 1603 &ndash 2 January 1685) was an English Politician, and son of Sir " Unlike Strafford, however, Laud's enemies did not move quickly to secure his execution, and he was imprisoned in the Tower of London in February 1641. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London
In May 1641, Puritans in Parliament introduced the Root and Branch Bill, which was designed to root out episcopacy in England "root and branch. " Many moderate MPs, such as Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland and Edward Hyde, were dismayed: although they believed that Charles and Laud had gone too far in the 1630s, they were not prepared to abolish episcopacy. Lucius Cary 2nd Viscount Falkland (c 1610 – 20 September, 1643) was an English politician soldier and author Edward Hyde 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 18 February 1609 &ndash 9 December 1674) was an English Historian and statesman and The debate over the Root and Branch Act was intense, and in the end, the pro-episcopacy MPs would form the backbone of royalism during the subsequent civil war.
Worried that the king would again quickly dissolve Parliament without redressing the nation's grievances, John Pym pushed through an Act against Dissolving Parliament without its own Consent; desperately in need of money, Charles had little choice but to consent to the Act. John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of The Long Parliament then sought to undo the more unpopular aspects of the past eleven years. Star Chamber, which had been used to silence Puritan laymen, was abolished in July 1641. Parliament ordered Prynne, Burton, Bastwick, and Lilburne released from prison, and they returned to London in triumph.
In October 1641, Irish Catholic gentry launched the Irish Rebellion of 1641, throwing off English domination and creating Confederate Ireland. The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted Coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry but developed into inter communal violence between native Confederate Ireland refers to the period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 English parliamentarians were terrified that an Irish army might rise to massacre English Protestants. In this atmosphere, in November 1641, Parliament passed the Grand Remonstrance, detailing over 200 points which Parliament felt that the king had acted illegally in the course of the Personal Rule. The Grand Remonstrance was a list of grievances presented to King Charles I of England by the English Parliament on 1 December, 1641, during The Grand Remonstrance marked a moment at which a number of the more moderate, non-Puritan members of Parliament (e. g. Viscount Falkland and Edward Hyde) felt that Parliament had gone too far in its denunciations of the king and was showing too much sympathy for the rebellious Scots. Lucius Cary 2nd Viscount Falkland (c 1610 – 20 September, 1643) was an English politician soldier and author Edward Hyde 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 18 February 1609 &ndash 9 December 1674) was an English Historian and statesman and
In this period, Charles became increasingly convinced that a number of Puritan-influenced members of Parliament had treasonously encouraged the Scottish Covenanters to invade England in 1640, leading to the Second Bishops' War. As such, when he heard that they were planning to impeach the Queen for participation in Catholic plots, he determined to arrest Lord Mandeville as well as five MPs, known to history as the Five Members: John Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Sir Arthur Haselrig, and William Strode. Edward Montagu 2nd Earl of Manchester KG, KB, FRS (1602 &ndash May 5, 1671) was an important commander of Parliamentary John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of John Hampden (c 1595 &ndash 1643 was an English politician the eldest son of William Hampden of Hampden House, Great Hampden in Buckinghamshire Denzil Holles 1st Baron Holles ( October 31, 1599 &ndash February 17, 1680) was an English statesman and Writer, best Sir Arthur Haselrig 2nd Baronet (died 7 January 1661 English parliamentarian, is best remembered as one of the five members of parliament whom King Charles For the poet of the same name see William Strode (poet William Strode (1598-1645 English parliamentarian, second son of Sir William Strode Charles famously entered the House of Commons personally on January 4, 1642, but the members had already fled.
Following his failed attempt to arrest the Five Members, Charles realized that he was not only immensely unpopular among parliamentarians, he was also in danger. As such, he and his family retreated to Oxford and invited all loyal parliamentarians to join him. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, This action would form the basis of the subsequent English Civil War.
The English Civil War
From 1625 to 1660
By this time, Puritans were more often referred to as Dissenters. The term dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, “to disagree” labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion belief etc Since English Dissenters were barred from any profession that required official religious conformity, Puritans became instrumental in a number of new industries. English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England. They dominated the export/import business and were eager to colonize the New World. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. With the flourishing of the trans-Atlantic trade with America, Puritans in England were growing quite wealthy. Similarly, the artisan classes had become increasingly Puritan. An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing Therefore, the economic issues of the English Civil War (tax levies, liberalization of royal charters), the political issues of the English Civil War (purchasing of peerages, increasing discontent between the House of Lords and the people, rebellion over the attempt to introduce a Divine right of kings by Charles I), and the religious tensions were all bound together into a general dispute that pitted Church of England "Cavaliers" against Puritan "Roundheads". The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651 " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War.
Puritan factions played a key role in the Parliamentarian victory and became a majority in Parliament, after the withdrawal of royalists and the forcible exclusion of those who wished to continue negotiation with the King. " Roundheads " was the Nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. In due course, the Puritan military leader Oliver Cromwell became head of the English Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland In the Commonwealth period, the Church of England was removed from royal control and reorganized to grant greater authority to local congregations, most of which developed in a Puritan and semi-Calvinist direction. There was never an official Puritan denomination; the Commonwealth government tolerated a somewhat broader debate on doctrinal issues than had previously been possible, and considerable theological and political conflict between Puritan factions continued throughout this period. The label "Puritan" fell out of use when their movement became the status quo; it was replaced by the broader term Nonconformist, which was used after the English Restoration to refer to all Protestant denominations outside of the official Church. Status quo is a Latin term meaning the present existing state of affairs or "the state in which" Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored The pejorative name "Dissenter" (for non-Conforming Anglicans, as opposed to Roman Catholics) was also used.
From 1660 to present day
The influence of the Puritan movement persisted in England in various forms. All official discrimination against Puritans in England ended in the 1640s when Puritan forces under Oliver Cromwell overthrew the monarchy in the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.
Great Ejection
With the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the Church of England attempted to re-assert its authority as the official English church. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican In 1662, the "Great Ejection" followed the passage of the Act of Uniformity in England. The Act of Uniformity was an Act of the Parliament of England, 14 Charles II c Around two thousand Puritan ministers were forced to resign from their positions as Church of England clergy following the restoration of Charles II. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored Persecution of the Puritans then occurred sporadically under the terms of what later became known as The Clarendon Code (Gatiss, The Tragedy of 1662). Persecution from the state and the established church was somewhat abated under James II and then after the Glorious Revolution under William and Mary. James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union See also William III of England, Mary II of England The phrase William and Mary usually refers to the joint sovereignty over the Kingdom of England
Later trends
Puritan experience also motivated the later Latitudinarian and Evangelical trends in the Church of England. Latitudinarian was initially a pejorative term applied to a group of 17th-century English Theologians who believed in conforming to official Church of England Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Meanwhile, in Europe, in the 17th and 18th centuries, a movement within Lutheranism based on puritan ideology became a strong religious force known as pietism. Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later In the USA, the Puritan settlement of New England was a major influence on American Protestantism. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the
With the start of the English Civil War in the 1640s, fewer and fewer immigrants to New England were Puritans. Very few immigrants to Virginia and other early colonies were Puritans. Most immigrants to Virginia and other colonies in the 1600s came to America for economic reasons. By 1660 Puritan migration to the New World had ended and was officially discouraged. [4] Puritan populations in New England, however, continued to grow rapidly, owing to the prosperity of many large Puritan families. (See Estimated Population 1620–1780: Immigration to the USA. )
Many immigrants to New England, who had been motivated by a desire for greater religious freedom, actually soon found repression under the Puritan theocracy to be far more repressive than any oppression of their faith that they had experienced back in Britain. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler (For example see: Roger Williams, Stephen Bachiler, Anne Hutchinson, Mary Dyer, etc. Roger Williams ( December 21, 1603 &ndash April 1, 1683) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of Religious Stephen Bachiler (c 1561 – 1656 was an English clergyman who was an early proponent of the Separation of church and state in America. Anne Hutchinson ( July 20, 1591 – August 20, 1643) was the unauthorized Puritan minister of a dissident church discussion Mary Barrett Dyer (c 1611 – June 1 1660) was an English Puritan turned Quaker who was hanged in Boston Massachusetts )
Decline of power and influence
Puritan oppression, including torture and imprisonment of many leaders of non-Puritan Christian sects, led to the (voluntary or involuntary) "banishment" of many Christian leaders and their followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America This negative impact of Puritanism on many new colonists had a positive result on American history in that it led to the founding of many new colonies—Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, New Hampshire, and others—as religious havens that were created for devout Christians who wanted to live outside the oppressive reach of Puritan theocracy. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.
The power and influence of Puritan leaders in New England declined further after the Salem Witch Trials in Salem, Massachusetts, in the 1690s. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court Trials to prosecute people accused of Witchcraft in Essex Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Although they began as a trial of one or several self-avowed witches who admitted to practicing voodoo-type rituals with malicious intent, the trials got out of hand and ended with a number of innocent people being falsely accused, found guilty, and executed by Puritan leaders. Although most of the magistrates never admitted fault in the matter, at least one, Samuel Sewall, publicly apologized in later life. Samuel Sewall (March 28 1652 - January 1 1730 was a Massachusetts judge best known for his involvement in the Salem witch trials, for which he later apologized Many other witch trials wrongly accused others of supernatural crimes elsewhere in New England and in various parts of Europe of the time. Because most people of that era believed in the existence and efficacy of witchcraft, the witch trials can be seen as a very unfortunate miscarriage of justice in the face of public hysteria, and less as the result of a prejudice specific to the Puritan leaders. Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers Hysteria in its colloquial use describes a state of Mind, one of unmanageable Fear or Emotional excesses
In addition to rival Christian clergy members and suspected witches, the Puritan leaders' strict governing of their own people—as depicted in Nathaniel Hawthorne's fictional novel The Scarlet Letter—led to their being ousted from direct political control in Massachusetts by 1700 and the decline of the influence of Puritanism as a religious sect in many areas by the mid-1700s. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer The Scarlet Letter is the Magnum opus of Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Some modern Presbyterian denominations are descended, at least in part, from the Puritans (for example the Presbyterian Church (USA)), although others pre-date the English influence. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The Presbyterian Church (USA or PC (USA is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination in the United States.
Congregational Churches also trace their lineage back to the Puritans. Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently One example is the Congregational Christian Churches (CCC) denomination in the United States (which merged with the Evangelical and Reformed Church in 1957 to form the United Church of Christ). The Evangelical and Reformed Church was an American Protestant Christian denomination formed in 1934 by the merger of the Reformed Church in the United States The United Church of Christ ( UCC) is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination principally in the United States, The CCC is the direct descendant of New England Puritan congregations, although in the early 19th century a few of these old congregations adopted Unitarianism. Unitarianism as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity (three persons in one God
Another example is the United Reformed Church in England and Wales (the modern URC also has congregations in Scotland, but its southern components—the Congregational Church in England and Wales and the Presbyterian Church in England—partly descend from Restoration Dissenters). An unrelated American church of similar name is the United Reformed Churches in North America.
A number of contemporary Unitarian congregations such as The First Parish in Cambridge also trace their roots back to English and New England Puritan congregations. The First Parish in Cambridge, a Unitarian Universalist church is located in Harvard Square in Cambridge Massachusetts.
Various Baptist denominations also grew in strength in England during the Commonwealth. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. During this period, the Religious Society of Friends (popularly known as "Quakers") was founded and grew remarkably in strength, though the theology of the Society of Friends is radically different from that of Puritanism (for example, they rejected the doctrine of predestination), and can be seen as a reaction against Calvinist belief in a period of religious upheaval. Predestination (also linked with Foreknowledge) is a religious concept which involves the relationship between God and His creation Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the This period of religious upheaval also saw the appearance of more radical sects, such as the Diggers and the allegedly antinomian Ranters. The Diggers were an English group begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as "Diggers" For the term in politics describing socialist movements see Autonomism Antinomianism (from the Greek ἀντί, "against" The Ranters were a radical English Sect in the time of the Commonwealth (mid-1600s who were regarded as heretical by the established Church of that period
Beliefs
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The central tenet of Puritanism was God's supreme authority over human affairs, particularly in the church, and especially as expressed in the Bible. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Five sola s are five Latin phrases (or slogans that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the Reformers' basic theological beliefs The Synod of Dort was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618[[ 619|/19]] by the Dutch Reformed Church, in order to settle a serious controversy Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for The regulative principle of worship is a 20th century term used for a teaching shared by Calvinists and Anabaptists on how the second commandment and Institutes of the Christian Religion is John Calvin 's seminal work on Protestant Systematic theology. Reformed Christian confessions of faith are documents of the faith of various Reformed churches. The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. Theodore Beza ( Théodore de Bèze or de Besze) ( June 24, 1519 &ndash October 13, 1605) was a French John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli (1 January 1484 &ndash 11 October 1531 was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. This article is about the theologian (b 1703 for other uses of Jonathan Edwards see Jonathan Edwards. The Princeton theology is a tradition of conservative Christian Reformed and Presbyterian theology at Princeton Theological Seminary, in Princeton The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Afrikaner Calvinism is according to theory a unique cultural development that combined the Calvinist religion with the political aspirations of the white Afrikaans speaking The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth Scotland is traditionally a Christian nation with around 65% claiming to be Christian at the 2001 census. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. This view led them to seek both individual and corporate conformance to the teaching of the Bible, and it led them to pursue both moral purity down to the smallest detail as well as ecclesiastical purity to the highest level. Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the
The words of the Bible were the origin of many Puritan cultural ideals, especially regarding the roles of men and women in the community. While both sexes carried the stain of original sin, for a girl, original sin suggested more than the roster of Puritan character flaws. Original sin is according to a doctrine in Catholic theology, humanity's state of Sin resulting from the Fall of Man. Eve’s corruption, in Puritan eyes, extended to all women, and justified marginalizing them within churches' hierarchical structures. In Genesis, Eve is the first woman the wife of Adam. God created her from Adam's rib as his helpmate An example is the different ways that men and women were made to express their conversion experiences. Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another For full membership, the Puritan church insisted not only that its congregants lead godly lives and exhibit a clear understanding of the main tenets of their Christian faith, but they also must demonstrate that they had experienced true evidence of the workings of God’s grace in their souls. Only those who gave a convincing account of such a conversion could be admitted to full church membership. Women were not permitted to speak in church after 1636 (although they were allowed to engage in religious discussions outside of it, in various women-only meetings), and thus could not narrate their conversions.
On the individual level, the Puritans emphasized that each person should be continually reformed by the grace of God to fight against indwelling sin and do what is right before God. Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation A humble and obedient life would arise for every Christian. Puritan culture emphasized the need for self-examination and the strict accounting for one’s feelings as well as one’s deeds. This was the center of evangelical experience, which women in turn placed at the heart of their work to sustain family life.
The Puritans tended to admire the early church fathers and quoted them liberally in their works. The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church In addition to arming the Puritans to fight against later developments of the Roman Catholic tradition, these studies also led to the rediscovery of some ancient scruples. Chrysostom, a favorite of the Puritans, spoke eloquently against drama and other worldly endeavors, and the Puritans adopted his view when decrying what they saw as the decadent culture of England, famous at that time for its plays and bawdy London. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Pilgrims (the separatist, congregationalist Puritans who went to North America) are likewise famous for banning from their New England colonies many secular entertainments, such as games of chance, maypoles, and drama, all of which were perceived as kinds of immorality. Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The maypole is a tall wooden pole (traditionally of Maple ( Acer) hawthorn or Birch) sometimes erected with several long coloured
At the level of the church body, the Puritans believed that the worship in the church ought to be strictly regulated by what is commanded in the Bible (known as the regulative principle of worship). The regulative principle of worship is a 20th century term used for a teaching shared by Calvinists and Anabaptists on how the second commandment and The Puritans condemned as idolatry many worship practices regardless of the practices' antiquity or widespread adoption among Christians, which their opponents defended with tradition. Idolatry is usually defined as Worship of any Cult image, Idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. Like some of Reformed churches on the European continent, Puritan reforms were typified by a minimum of ritual and decoration and by an unambiguous emphasis on preaching. A sermon is an oration by a Prophet or member of the Clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, or religious topic Like the early church fathers, they eliminated the use of musical instruments in their worship services, for various theological and practical reasons. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Outside of church, however, Puritans were quite fond of music and encouraged it in certain ways.
Another important distinction was the Puritan approach to church-state relations. They opposed the Anglican idea of the supremacy of the monarch in the church (Erastianism), and, following Calvin, they argued that the only head of the Church in heaven or earth is Christ (not the Pope or the monarch). Thomas Erastus ( September 7, 1524 &ndash December 31, 1583) was a Swiss theologian best known for a posthumously John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and However, they believed that secular governors are accountable to God (not through the church, but alongside it) to protect and reward virtue, including "true religion", and to punish wrongdoers — a policy that is best described as non-interference rather than separation of church and state. Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate The separating Congregationalists, a segment of the Puritan movement more radical than the Anglican Puritans, believed the Divine Right of Kings was heresy, a belief that became more pronounced during the reign of Charles I of England. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution.
Other notable beliefs include:
- An emphasis on private study of the Bible
- A desire to see education and enlightenment for the masses (especially so they could read the Bible for themselves)
- The priesthood of all believers
- Simplicity in worship, the exclusion of vestments, images, candles, etc. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The universal priesthood or the priesthood of all believers, as it would come to be known in the present day is a Christian doctrine believed to be derived from several
- Did not celebrate traditional holidays that they believed to be in violation of the regulative principle of worship. The regulative principle of worship is a 20th century term used for a teaching shared by Calvinists and Anabaptists on how the second commandment and
- Believed the Sabbath was still obligatory for Christians, although they believed the Sabbath had been changed to Sunday
- Some approved of the church hierarchy, but others sought to reform the episcopal churches on the presbyterian model. In Christianity, the Sabbath is generally a weekly religious Day of rest as ordained by one of the Ten Commandments (the third by Roman Catholic Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders Some separatist Puritans were presbyterian, but most were congregationalists. Congregationalist polity, often known as congregationalism is a system of Church governance in which every Local church congregation is independent
In addition to promoting lay education, it was important to the Puritans to have knowledgeable, educated pastors, who could read the Bible in its original Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic, as well as ancient and modern church tradition and scholarly works, which were most commonly written in Latin, and so most of their divines undertook rigorous studies at the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge before seeking ordination. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Aramaic is a Semitic language with Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the In general religious use ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is set apart as Clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies Diversions for the educated included discussing the Bible and its practical applications as well as reading the classics such as Cicero, Virgil, and Ovid. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including They also encouraged the composition of poetry that was of a religious nature, though they eschewed religious-erotic poetry except for the Song of Solomon, which they considered magnificent poetry, without error, regulative for their sexual pleasure, and, especially, as an allegory of Christ and the Church. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation
In modern usage, the word puritan is often used as an informal pejorative for someone who has strict views on sexual morality, disapproves of recreation, and wishes to impose these beliefs on others. Sexual ethics is a category of Ethics that pertain to acts falling within the broad spectrum of Human sexual behavior, Sexual intercourse in particular None of these qualities were unique to Puritanism or universally characteristic of the Puritans themselves, whose moral views and ascetic tendencies were no more unusual than those of many other Protestant reformers of their time, and who were relatively tolerant of other denominations, at least in England. Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. The popular image is slightly more accurate as a description of Puritans in colonial America, who were among the most radical Puritans and whose social experiment took the form of a Calvinist theocracy. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler
Family life
According to Puritan belief, the order of creation was simple: the world was created for man, and man was created for God. If God had created the world with some beings subordinate to others, he applied the same principle to his construction of human society. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Thus the Puritans honored hierarchy among men as divine order; this order presupposed God’s “appointment of mankind to live in Societies, first, of Family, Secondly Church, Thirdly, Common-wealth. ” Order in the family, then, fundamentally structured Puritan belief. Puritans usually migrated to New England as a family unit, a pattern different from other colonies where young, single men often came on their own. Puritan men of the generation of the Great Migration (1630–1640) believed that a good Puritan wife did not linger in Britain but encouraged her husband in his great service to God.
The essence of social order lay in the authority of husband over wife, parents over children, and masters over servants in the family. Puritan marriage choices were influenced by young people’s inclination, by parents, and by the social rank of the persons involved. Social rank or simply rank is a hierarchy based on one's perceived importance in Society. Upon finding a suitable match, husband and wife in America followed the steps needed to legitimize their marriage, including: 1) a contract, comparable to today’s practice of engagement; 2) the announcement of this contract; 3) execution of the contract at a church; 4) a celebration of the event at the home of the groom and 5) sexual intercourse. A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Problems with consummation could terminate a marriage: if a groom proved impotent, the contract between him and his bride dissolved, an act enforced by the courts. The courts could also enforce the duty of a husband to support his wife, as English Common Law provided that when a woman married, she gave all her property to her husband and became a feme covert, losing her separate civil identity in his. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Coverture is the legal concept that a woman's legal rights were merged with those of her husband part of the Common law of England and the United States In so doing, she legally accepted her role as managing her husband’s household, fulfilling her duty of “keep[ing] at home, educating her children, keeping and improving what is got by the industry of man. ”
Although without property in New England, a wife in some ways had real authority in the family, although hers derived from different sources from her husband’s, and she exercised it in different ways. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Because the laws of God explicitly informed the earliest laws of the Massachusetts civil code, a husband could not legally command his wife anything contrary to God’s word. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Indeed, God’s word often prescribed important roles of authority for women; the Complete Body of Divinity stated that “…as to Servants, the Metaphorical and Synecdochial usage of the words Father and Mother, heretofore observed, implys it; for tho’ the Husband be the Head of the Wife, yet she is an Head of the Family. ” Adhering to this ideology, Samuel Sewall, a magistrate, advised his son’s servant that “he could not obey his Master without obedience to his Mistress; and vice versa. Samuel Sewall (March 28 1652 - January 1 1730 was a Massachusetts judge best known for his involvement in the Salem witch trials, for which he later apologized ” For the Puritans, ideas of proper order both sharply defined and confined a woman’s authority.
In Puritan New England, the family was the fundamental unit of society, the place where Puritans rehearsed and perfected religious, ethical, and social values and expectations of the community at large. The English Puritan William Gouge wrote: “…a familie is a little Church, and a little common-wealth, at least a lively representation thereof, whereby triall may be made of such as are fit for any place of authoritie, or of subjection in Church or commonwealth. Or rather it is as a schoole wherein the first principles and grounds of government and subjection are learned: whereby men are fitted to greater matters in Church or common-wealth. ”
The relationships within the nuclear family, along with interactions between the family and the larger community, distinguished Puritans from other early settlers. A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there often to colonize the area Authority and obedience characterized the relationship between Puritan parents and their children. Proper love meant proper discipline; in a society essentially without police, the family was the basic unit of supervision. In its most general sense discipline refers to systematic instruction given to a Disciple. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Disciplining disobedient children mostly derived from a spiritual concern: a breakdown in family rule indicated a disregard of God’s order. “Fathers and mothers have ‘disordered and disobedient children,’” said the Puritan Richard Greenham, “because they have been disobedient children to the Lord and disordered to their parents when they were young. ” Thus disobedient parents meant disobedient children. Because the duty of early childcare fell almost exclusively on women, a woman’s salvation necessarily depended upon the observable goodness of her child. In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of
Puritans connected the discipline of a child to later readiness for conversion. Accordingly, parents attempted to check their affectionate feelings toward a disobedient child, at least after the child was about two years old, in order to break his or her will. This suspicious regard of “fondness” and heavy emphasis on obedience placed complex pressures on the Puritan mother. While Puritans expected mothers to care for their young children tenderly, a mother who doted could be accused of failing to keep God present. Furthermore, Puritan belief prescribed that a father’s more distant governance check the mother’s tenderness once a male child reached the age of 6 or 7 so that he could bring the child to God’s authority.
The home gave women the freedom to exercise religious and moral authority, performing duties not open to them in public (after the banishment of Anne Hutchinson, most congregations did not permit women to speak in church). Anne Hutchinson ( July 20, 1591 – August 20, 1643) was the unauthorized Puritan minister of a dissident church discussion The Puritan family structure at once encouraged some measure of female authority while supporting family patriarchy.
Education
As John Winthrop sailed toward New England in 1630, he exhorted his fellow passengers that the society they would form in New England would be "as a city upon a hill”,[2] and that they must become a pure community of Christians who would set an example to the rest of the world. John Winthrop ( 12 January 1587/8 26 March 1649) led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined To achieve this goal, the colony leaders would educate all Puritans. These men of letters, who viewed themselves as a part of an international world, had attended Oxford or Cambridge and could communicate with intellectuals all over Europe. Just six years after the first large migration, colony leaders founded Harvard College. Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, a Private university in the United States founded in 1636 by the Massachusetts
By the 1670s, all New England colonies (excepting Rhode Island) had passed legislation that mandated literacy for children. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law that required towns to hire a schoolmaster to teach writing. Different forms of schooling emerged, ranging from the “dame” or “reading” school, a form of instruction conducted by women in their private homes for small children, to “Latin” schools for boys already literate in English and ready to master grammar through Latin, Hebrew, and Greek. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Reading schools would often be the single source of education for girls, whereas boys would leave their reading mistresses to go to the town grammar schools. Indeed, gender largely determined educational practices. Women introduced all children to reading, and men taught boys in higher pursuits. Since girls could play no role in the ministry, and since grammar schools were designed to “instruct youth so farr as they may be fited for the university,” Latin grammar schools did not accept girls (nor did Harvard). Evidence mostly suggests that girls could not attend even the less ambitious town schools, the lower-tier writing-reading schools mandated for townships of over fifty families.
The motive to educate was largely religious. In order for Puritans to become holy, they needed to read the Scriptures. As the articles of faith of 1549 had proclaimed, “Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation”. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the Although reading the Bible did not guarantee conversion, it laid its groundwork, and a good Puritan’s duty was to search out scriptural truth for oneself.
Social motives for mandating reading instruction grew out of a concern that children not taught to read would grow “barbarous”; the 1648 amendment to the Massachusetts law and the 1650 Connecticut code, both used the word “barbarisme”. "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived Further, children needed to read in order to “understand…the capital lawes of this country,” as the Massachusetts law declared. Order was of the utmost importance for the Puritan community, a group trying to make a home in a new wilderness and create a perfected society from scratch.
The emphasis on education in Puritan New England differed significantly from other regions of colonial America. The founding fathers established New England in pursuit of a model of Christian living, fueling strong motivations for literary instruction. But New England also differed from its mother country, as nothing in English statute required schoolmasters or the literacy of children. Indeed, with the possible exception of Scotland, the Puritan model of education did not exist anywhere else in the world.
The Puritan spirit in the United States
Some have suggested that it is a "Puritan spirit" in the United States' political culture that creates a tendency to oppose things such as alcohol and open sexuality. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings [5] However, the Puritans were not opposed to drinking alcohol in moderation[3] or to enjoying their sexuality within the bounds of marriage as a gift from God. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** [4] In fact, spouses (albeit, in practice, mainly females) were disciplined if they did not perform their sexual marital duties, in accordance with 1 Corinthians 7 and other biblical passages. Because of these beliefs, the Puritans did publicly punish drunkenness and sexual relations outside of marriage. Drunkenness or inebriation is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of Alcoholic beverages to a degree that mental and physical faculties are noticeably
Alexis de Tocqueville suggested in Democracy in America that the Pilgrims' Puritanism was the very thing that provided a firm foundation for American democracy, and in his view, these Puritans were hard-working, egalitarian, and studious. De la démocratie en Amérique (published in two volumes the first in 1835 and the second in 1840 is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers (or Pilgrim Mothers) is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The theme of a religious basis of economic discipline is echoed in sociologist Max Weber's work, but both de Tocqueville and Weber argued that this discipline was not a force of economic determinism, but one factor among many that should be considered when evaluating the relative economic success of the Puritans. Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered Determinism is the philosophical Proposition that every event including human cognition and behaviour decision and action is causally determined In Hellfire Nation, James A. Morone suggests that some opposing tendencies within Puritanism—its desire to create a just society and its moral fervor in bringing about that just society, which sometimes created paranoia and intolerance for other views—are at the root of America's current political landscape. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Paranoia is a disturbed thought process characterized by excessive Anxiety or Fear, often to the point of Irrationality and Delusion. [5]
Orthography
In the United States, "Puritan" has not always been the only acceptable spelling. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Through the 20th century, "Puritain" was an acceptable alternative spelling in British English. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the During the 17th and 18th centuries in England, the word was spelled both with and without the second i. "Puritain" was more common in the 16th century. The word derives from "purity" in English, and the suffix meaning "dweller"/"practitioner" can be spelled -ain or -an, depending upon the language.
See also
References
- ^ Patrick Collinson (1989). The Puritans were originally members of a group of English Protestants seeking "purity" &ndash that is further reforms or even separation from the established In English Church history, Independents advocated local congregational control of religious and church matters without any wider geographical hierarchy The Puritan Character, p. 8; quoted in John Spurr (1998), English Puritanism, 1603-1689, p. 16; Macmillan. ISBN 031221426X.
- ^ An excerpt from Winthrop's sermon is included (pp. 63-65) in Speeches That Changed the World, compiled by Owen Collins. Westminster John Knox Press (1999). ISBN 0664221491.
- ^ Jim West, Drinking with Calvin and Luther!, Oakdown Books, 2003 (ISBN 0-9700326-0-9), pp. 68ff
- ^ C. S. Lewis (1969). Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 Selected Literary Essays. Cambridge University Press, pp. 116–117. “On many questions and specially in view of the marriage bed, the Puritans were the indulgent party, . . . they were much more Chestertonian than their adversaries [the Roman Catholics]. Gilbert Keith Chesterton (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936 was an influential English writer of the early 20th century The idea that a Puritan was a repressed and repressive person would have astonished Sir Thomas More and Luther about equally. Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer ”
- ^ James A. Morone (2003). Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300105177.
Further reading
- Addison, Albert Christopher The Romantic Story of the Puritan Fathers and their founding of new Boston 1912 published by L C Page Boston Mass USA
- Anderson, Virginia Dejohn (1993). Albert Christopher Addison (1862 – 1935 was an English writer born 1862 in Northallerton, Yorkshire. New England's Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the 17th Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0-521-44764-X.
- Beeke, Joel R. . Puritan Reformed Spirituality. Evangelical Press. Evangelical Press (also known as 'EP' is a small Christian not-for-profit publisher of books newpapers and tracts ISBN 9780852346297.
- Warren, John (1993). Elizabeth I: Religion and Foreign Affairs. Hodder and Stoughton, p. Hodder & Stoughton is a British publishing house now an Imprint of Hodder Headline. 104. ISBN 0-340-55518-1.
- Beeke, Joel, and Pederson, Randall, Meet the Puritans: With a Guide to Modern Reprints (2006) ISBN 9781601780003
- Bennett, Arthur G. , ed. , The Valley of Vision: A Collection of Puritan Prayers and Devotions (While not directly about the puritans, this anthology gives a representative overview of the ways they viewed their relationship with God. )
- Bozeman, Theodore Dwight, To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism
- Bozeman, Theodore Dwight, The Precisionist Strain: Disciplinary Religion and the Antinomian Backlash in Puritanism to 1638
- Brachlow, Stephen, The Communion of Saints: Radical Puritan and Separatist Ecclesiology, 1750–1625
- Bremer, Francis J. , John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founding Father
- Cohen, Charles Lloyd, God's Caress: The Psychology of Puritan Religious Experience (1986) ISBN 0-19-503973-4
- Collinson, Patrick, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement
- Collinson, Patrick, Godly People
- Collinson, Patrick, Religion of Protestants
- Foster, Stephen, The Long Argument
- Gatiss, Lee, The Tragedy of 1662: The Ejection and Persecution of the Puritans, ISBN 9780946307609
- Graham, Judith, "Puritan Family Life: The Diary of Samuel Sewall"
- Haigh, Christopher, English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors
- Haigh, Christopher, "The Continuity of Catholicism in the English Reformation," in Past and Present, No. 93. (Nov. , 1981), pp. 37–69.
- Hall, David D. , Puritans in the New World: A Critical Anthology
- Hall, David D. , Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England
- Hawthorne, Nathaniel. , The Scarlet Letter (1850)
- Kapic, Kelly M. and Randal Gleason, eds. The Devoted Life: An Invitation to the Puritan Classics
- Kizer, Kay. "Puritans"
- Lake, Peter, Moderate Puritans and the Elizabethan Church
- Lake, Peter, "Defining Puritanism—again?" in Bremer, Francis J. , ed. , Puritanism: Transatlantic Perspectives
- Leverenz, David, "The Language of Puritan Feeling: An Exploration in Literature, Psychology, and Social History"
- Lewis, Peter, The Genius of Puritanism
- Logan, Samuel T. Jr. , Reformation for the Glory of God
- Packer, J. I., A Quest for Godliness: The Puritan Vision of the Christian Life, Crossway Books: 1994 (reprint), ISBN 0-89107-819-3
- Monaghan, Jennifer, "Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America"
- Ryken, Leland, Worldly Saints: The Puritans As They Really Were, ISBN 0-310-32501-3
- Tyacke, Nicholas, Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism
- Underdown, David, Fire From Heaven
- Morgan, Edmund S. James Innell Packer (born July 22, 1926 in Gloucester, England) is a British-born Canadian Christian theologian , The Puritan Family
- Morgan, Edmund S. , The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop, ISBN 0-321-04369-3
- Miller, Perry, The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry
- Packer, J. I. , A Quest For Godliness: The Puritan Vision of the Christian Life
- Porterfield, Ann, "Female Piety in Puritan New England: The Emergence of Religious Humanism"
- Saxton, Martha, "Being Good: Women's Moral Values in Early America"
- Spurr, John, English Puritanism, 1603-1689
- Vaughn, Alden and Francis Bremer, "Puritan New England"
- Larousse Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions
- Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
External links
- A Puritan's Mind, some writings of the Puritans and their admirers
- Puritan sermons
- Extensive Puritan resources on Monergism.com
- Sermons by Puritans at Reformed Sermon Archives
Dictionary
puritan
-noun
- (often disapproving): a puritanical person
-adjective
- (often disapproving): acting or behaving according to the Puritan morals (e.g. propagating modesty), especially with regard to nudity and sex
Puritan
-proper noun
- A member of a particular Protestant religious sect.
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