Puntland State Of Somalia أرض البنط
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Puntland Somali National Anthem
Capital		Garowe
Largest city		Bosaso (Commercial Capital)
Official languages		Somali and Arabic
Government
-	President	Mohamud Muse Hersi
-	Vice-President	Hassan Dahir Mohamud
Independence		From Somalia
-	Proclaimed	1998
-	Recognition	Unrecognized
Area
-	Total	116,000 km²  44,788 sq mi
-	Water (%)	Negl. The flag of Somalia was adopted on October 12, 1954. It was designed by Mohammed Awale Liban, intended to be used for pan-Somali The Coat of arms of Somalia was adopted on October 10 1956 The leopards which support the shield and the white star were also found on the arms used A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's ' Garoowe ( Garoowe) is the capital City of Puntland state in the Nugaal region of Somalia. Bosaso (Boosaaso is a large city in Somalia and the main Port of Somalia (since the start of the Somali Civil War in 1991 An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Somali ( Af Soomaali, الصوماليه is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. This is a list of Presidents of Puntland, a semi-autonomous state that is de jure part of Somalia. Mohamud Muse Hersi ( Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi '') is the President of Puntland since January 8, 2005. __FORCETOC__ For the Vice President of the United States, their roles and other information see Vice President of the United States. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known ||}These lists of unrecognized or partially recognized countries give an overview of contemporary geopolitical entities that wish to be recognized as Sovereign Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred"
Population
-	2003 estimate	2,400,000[1] (140th)
-	Density	11. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 3[2]/km² (205th) 29. List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² 3/sq mi
Currency		Somali shilling (SOS)
Time zone		EAT (UTC+3)
-	Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC+3)
Internet TLD		.so
Calling code		+252 (Somalia)
Rankings may not be available because of its unrecognized de facto state. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The shilling ( English) shilin ( Somali, also شلن or scellino ( Italian) has been the Currency of Somalia ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established East Africa Time, or EAT, is a time zone used in eastern Africa. Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E

Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe (Nugaal region), whose leaders in 1998 declared it to be an autonomous state. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known ' Garoowe ( Garoowe) is the capital City of Puntland state in the Nugaal region of Somalia. Nugaal (Nugaal is one of the smaller administrative regions ( gobol) of Somalia. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Unlike neighbouring Somaliland, it does not seek outright independence from Somalia. The name is derived from the Land of Punt mentioned by ancient Egyptian sources, which is believed by some to have existed in what is now Somalia. See also Puntland The Land of Punt, also called "Pwenet" by the Ancient Egyptians at times synonymous with Ta netjer, the 'land of Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

Contents 1 History 2 Politics 3 Economy 4 Geography 5 Oil exploration 5.1 Criticism 6 Media 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links 9.1 News 9.2 Politics

History

prepered: yaxye axmed siciid shire

Main article: History of Puntland

Puntland considers itself an autonomous region within Somalia. Puntland considers itself as an autonomous state within Somalia Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known In 1969, when Somalia's government was toppled in a coup d'état, years of war and chaos followed. An unsuccessful invasion of Ethiopia followed the Soviet Union's change of support from Somalia to Ethiopia, caused by the rise of a pro-Soviet government in Ethiopia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Left without Soviet support, Somalia turned to the United States, which allowed Somalia's self-proclaimed president, Siad Barre, to stay in power through the end of the Cold War in 1991. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the When the Soviet Union collapsed, the Americans withdrew their support of the Somali government, and Barre was overthrown.

Following these events, Somalis remained without a strong government, with constant wars ravaging the southern part of Somalia. These events led to the 1991 attempted secession of the Somaliland region of Somalia, which in 1960 had enjoyed a few days of independence. Violence continued throughout the country, prompting a United Nations peacekeeping force to be sent to war-torn Somalia. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The relief effort ended however on March 3, 1995, almost two years after the Battle of Mogadishu when two American MH-60 Black Hawk helicopters were shot down and 18 soldiers were killed. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the Battle of the Black Sea) or WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

Somalia remained unstable and, in 1998, Puntland declared its autonomy. Although it is a tribal-based separation under the presidency of Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (deputy president of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front), Puntland is a region with clan confederation as one of its top priorities. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF (in Somali: Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed, and initially known as the Democratic Front for Salvation Since 1998, Puntland has also been in territorial disputes with Somaliland over the Sool and Sanaag regions. Sool ( Somali: Sool) is a province located in the northeastern interior of the Horn of Africa. Sanaag ( Somali: Sanaag) is a region ( gobol) in northern Somalia. Yusuf was an army major when he sought political asylum in Ethiopia. He led the first group of resistance fighters belonging to Majeerteen tribe, whose ultimate goal was to free Somalia from dictatorship. See also Somali clan The Majeerteen, Majerteen or Macherten (Majerteen ماجرتين Muhammad Harti Amaleh Abdi Muhammad Abdirahman

Unlike the secessionist region of Somaliland, Puntland is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician It seeks to become a federal division within a united Somalia that is a federal republic. A federal republic is a Federation of States with a republican form of government But the two so-called "lands" have one thing in common: they both base their support upon tribal elders and their way of organization along lines based on tribe and kinship. The Somali capital Mogadishu, and other southern cities, are said to have developed much less than cities in Puntland and Somaliland (e. g. Bosaso, Hargeisa, Las Anod, Garowe, etc. ) These two self-declared independent regions obtain their economic and political support from Ethiopia, historically an adversary of Somalia.

Puntland began experiencing political unrest in 2001 when President Ahmed wanted his term to be lengthened. Ahmed and Jama Ali Jama fought for control of the country, which Ahmed won in 2002. Jama Ali Jama ( Jaamac Cali Jaamac) was elected as president of Puntland in November 2001 but was overthrown in May 2002 by Abdullahi Yusuf after some months Ahmed served as president until October 2004 when he was elected President of Somalia. This page contains a list of the Presidents of Somalia. See also History of Somalia List of Prime Ministers of Somalia He was succeeded by Muhammad Abdi Hashi who served until January 2005 when he was defeated for re-election by Parliament, which elected General Mohamud Muse Hersi ("Adde"). Mohamud Muse Hersi ( Maxamuud Muuse Xirsi '') is the President of Puntland since January 8, 2005. In December 2004, Puntland sustained serious damage during the tsunami following the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake. A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of The international community has been accused of ignoring Puntland and other African areas where the tsunami struck.

In November 2006, the Union of Islamic Courts reportedly captured Bandiiradley, a strategically located settlement near Puntland's border with Mudug. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim Bandiiradley is one of the largest towns in the Mudug region of Somalia. However, a spokesman for local warlord Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdiid claimed that his troops had only made a tactical retreat from the area. Abdi Hasan Awale or Abdi Qeybdiid ( Cabdi Xasan Cawaale (Qeybdiid) born in 1948 is a Somali militia leader or Warlord, affiliated with the Mohamed Mohamud Jama, a Mudug-based spokesman for the Islamic Courts, announced the courts' intention to march on Gaalkacyo, part of which is claimed by Puntland. Sources Heretofore, the courts had avoided making incursions into Puntland. ^[3] That same month, General Adde announced that he would rule according to Islamic law but in a different way from that of the Islamic Courts in order to avoid "politicising religion. " Adde then announced that Puntland would resist any attack made by the Islamic Courts. ^[4]

Tensions between Puntland and Somaliland heightened to a violent clash in October, 2007. ^[5] prepered yahye axmed said shirebyy tell:002529787357

Politics

President Mohamed Musa Hersi dismissed the parliament of Puntland on December 9th 2007, and effectively rules by decree. ^[6] This follows a year of defections and secessions from Puntland over the increasingly autocratic governing style of the president sparked initially by a demand earlier in 2007 for an audit of the budget. Fallout from this political crisis include the defection of Ahmed Abdi Xabsade to Somaliland and the invasion of Sool by Somaliland and his supporters, the secession of Puntland-controlled Sanaag and subsequent creation of the state of Maakhir, and recently the defection of the commander of Puntland military forces in Sool to Somaliland. Maakhir ( Gobolka Maakhir; ماخر) officially the Maakhir State of Somalia ( Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir, ولاية ماخر الصومال

Economy

Puntland has 1600km of coastline, which is abundant with fish and other natural marine resources. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two However, after the collapse of the Somali central government in 1991, the coast was left unguarded against foreign intruders. As a result, many ships equipped with heavy trawls and other unlawful fishing equipment have worked in Puntland's territorial waters. Trawling is a method of Fishing that involves pulling a large Fishing net through the water behind one or more boats These ships violate catch regulations, including some which keep their catch alive and stock them in waters where fishing has been depleted. Puntland's coastal authorities continue to receive complaints from local fishermen about the damage being done by these outsiders.

Puntland exports great quantities of seafood such as lobsters, dried fish, shark vines, and tuna. Clawed lobsters compose a family ( Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine Crustaceans Lobsters are economically important as Tuna, are several Species of ocean-dwelling Fish in the family Scombridae, mostly in the genus Thunnus. Sea salt is also produced. Sea salt, obtained by evaporating Seawater, is used in Cooking and Cosmetics.

Other economic products and activities of Puntland include livestock, frankincense, gum arabic, manufacturing and agriculture. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Frankincense or olibanum ( Arabic language: لبٌان, lubbān) is an aromatic Resin obtained from trees of the genus Gum arabic, a Natural gum also called gum acacia, and chaar gund or char goond (in India is the hardened Sap taken from two species Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture [1]

In Lasqorey district there is a medium size fish processing plant that produces and processes great quantities of tuna fish. The products of Lasqorey fish factory reach commercial level, and its tuna are found throughout Puntland and also outside the region. A fish processing plant is also being constructed in Habo, which locals hope will reduce poverty and unemployment and improve the economy of the area.

Geography

Puntland occupies the following Regions of Somalia:

• Nugaal
  • Garoowe (State Capital)
  • Eyl
  • Burtinle
  • Dangorayo

• Bari
  • Bosaso (Regional/Commercial Capital/ largest city)
  • Qandala
  • Carmooyin
  • Bali Dhidhin
  • Calula
  • Bargaal
  • Hafun
  • Isku-Shuban
  • Yalhoo
  • Xidda

• Karkaar
  • Qardho
  • Qodax
  • Bandar Beyla
  • Dud Hooye

• Mudug
  • Gaalkacyo (Regional Capital)
  • Galdogob
  • Jiriiban
  • Bacaadweyn
  • Tuulo Buuryaqab
  • Bursaalax

Both regions of Sool and Sanaag are in dispute, as these territories were claimed as part of the de facto self-declared state of Somaliland which formed in 1991, as being historically part of British Somaliland. Nugaal (Nugaal is one of the smaller administrative regions ( gobol) of Somalia. ' Garoowe ( Garoowe) is the capital City of Puntland state in the Nugaal region of Somalia. Eyl is a town in the northern Puntland region of Somalia. The prominent clans in the Eyl district are the Majeerteen and Leelkase Burtinle ( Burtiinle) is one of the fast growing towns in Nugaal region of Somalia. Bosaso (Boosaaso is a large city in Somalia and the main Port of Somalia (since the start of the Somali Civil War in 1991 Qandala City is an ancient Harbour, and like many other Somali ports on the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, may had been frequented Carmooyin is the third largest city of the Bari region of Somalia, located 98km south of Bosaso. Bargal (Baargaal is a town of some 7000 people in north-east Somalia. Hafun ( Xaafuun) is a 40 km long low-lying peninsula in the Bari region of northern Somalia. Iskushuban (Scusciuban is a small district located in the Province of Bari part of the autonomous state of Puntland, Somalia. Karkaar is the name of series of mountains in Northeast portion of Somalia. Qardho (Gardo Is Historic city in the central Puntland area of Somalia. The district of Bandar Beyla is located in the southeastern portion of Bari Region, Somalia. Mudug (Mudug is an administrative region ( gobolka) in central Somalia. Sources Galdogob or Goldogob is a city located in the Mudug region of Somalia. Sool ( Somali: Sool) is a province located in the northeastern interior of the Horn of Africa. Sanaag ( Somali: Sanaag) is a region ( gobol) in northern Somalia. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. British Somaliland was a British Protectorate in the north part of the Horn of Africa. Beginning in 2003, the forces of Puntland entered and occupied the eastern parts of Sool region based on irredentist desires, due to the large Darod clan population in the area. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Irredentism is any position advocating Annexation of territories administered by another State on the grounds of common Ethnicity or prior historical possession See also Somali clan The Darod ( Darood or Daarood, بني داوود is a Somali clan. Fighting between the two forces led to casualties and captured prisoners, who were later exchanged. As a related contention, in 2005 Puntland tried to sell off mineral rights to foreign investors, including the disputed territories of Sool and Sanaag. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sanaag ( Somali: Sanaag) is a region ( gobol) in northern Somalia. ^[7][8]

As of October 20th 2007, Puntland controls no territory in either Sool or Sanaag.

Oil exploration

Puntland signed a deal with Consort Private Ltd for exclusive oil exploration rights in Puntland, interpreted in the original agreement as including Bari, Nugaal and Puntland's Mudug, Sool, Sanaag and Cayn regions. Key players Africa Oil Corp formerly Canmex Minerals an oil company based out of Vancouver, British Columbia Canada. Consort then sold a controlling share (50. 1%) to Range Resources of Perth, Western Australia to carry out the actual exploration. Range Resources Corp is an independent oil and gas company operating in the Southwestern Appalachian and Gulf Coast regions of the United States Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. ^[9]

Canmex Minerals of Canada signed an agreement with Range Resources for Canmex to open oil production on 80% of any oil discovered by Range. In return, Canmex will foot the bill for exploration, amounting to up to ~$70 million, plus a $5 million signing bonus for Range. On August 23rd, 2006, Canmex changed its name to Africa Oil Corp.^[10]. Key players Africa Oil Corp formerly Canmex Minerals an oil company based out of Vancouver, British Columbia Canada. African Oil Corp and continues to be based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[11]

Criticism

The manner in which Puntland and their partners (Range Resources LTD, Canmex/African Oil Corp and other linked parties) have explored for minerals, oil and gas in the Dharoor and Nugaal valley has drawn criticism both within Puntland, Somalia and in the diaspora. Somalia is a patchwork of overlapping administrations, clans and traditional authorities, which in Puntland includes the Transitional Government, the Puntland Government, various traditional Harti clan leaders, and individual loyalties to a particular warlord or business leader. The President of Puntland has chosen to place himself above all these other authorities within Puntland, and the oil, mineral and gas exploration in Puntland has become an engine empowering conflict and war in northern Somalia. Since exploration began, this has spawned Puntland's war with Somaliland, Maakhir's break with Puntland, Somaliland's war with Maakhir, gun-battles outside of the Puntland State legislature, and a great deal of political uncertainty.

Northern Somali Unionist Movement (NSUM), a grass roots Somali organization whose members and supporters hail from Sool, Sanaag and Cayn regions in the Northern regions of Somalia in which the most of proven oil reserves in Somalia are located, has issued a warning^[12] to mineral and oil prospectors companies that their agreement with unauthorised leaders regarding their SSC regions is illegitimate and non-binding. In the absence of a credible and unified national government, the inhabitants of SSC (Sool, Sanaag and Cayn) regions have the primary claim on the resources of their soil and no prospecting or exploitation of their resources is possible without the prior sanction and agreement of the traditional leaders and the civil society organisations of the area.

Northern Somali Unionist Movement (2008-04-14). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in "NUSM PRESS RELEASE :- Warning to mineral and oil prospectors in the SSC regions.". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in

Media

Radio Gaalkacyo is the state radio station formerly called Radio Free Somalia. Radio Gaalkacyo is a Radio station based in Galcaio in Somalia.

XargagaOnline ^[13] is the main news portal (mostly in Somali) for the current events and news from Sool, Sanaag and Cayn regions. Sool ( Somali: Sool) is a province located in the northeastern interior of the Horn of Africa. Sanaag ( Somali: Sanaag) is a region ( gobol) in northern Somalia. The Ayn (Cayn region of the de facto autonomous state of Puntland is a disputed southeastern area of the Togdheer region defined and claimed by Puntland

See also

• Sarmanyo
• Somaliland-Puntland dispute

Notes

External links

• Official Website: Government of Puntland
• Map of Puntland: Landmine Impact Survey, 2005 (4. 3MB PDF file)
• Puntland: UN-OCHA Overview (PDF file)

News

• BBC: Islamists 'take key Somali town' (in Puntland) November 12, 2006
• HRNet Information about Puntland and Somalia
• GaroweOnline.com: Breaking news, ed/ops through Web & Radio broadcast!
• Allpuntland.com: News, information, entertainment and more
• BBC: "Somali warlords battle for Puntland" May 7, 2002
• Puntlandpost.com: News
• Wardheernews.com: News and commentary
• Wayaha.com: News
• Laasqoray.net: News
• Dhahar.com: News
• Somalia Online: News and discussions
• Somalia INFO: Full of INFO
• Hafun.Org: News Agency

Politics

• "Position Paper of Harti, Geri, Abdi Koobe, and Isse DAROOD of Puntland State of Somalia, and Jubaland" at Allpuntland.com
• African Elections Database: "Elections in Puntland"

Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

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