Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Punjabis
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Guru Nanak • Bulleh Shah • Muhammad Iqbal • Iftikhar Khan
Noor Jehan • Farida Khanum • Gurbaksh Chahal • Hrithik Roshan
Total population

100 to 120 million
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Pakistan Pakistan: 80,000,000 [1]

Flag of India India: 30,000,000 [2]
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom: 1,634,120
Flag of Canada Canada: 829,000 [3]
Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia: 520,000
Flag of the United Arab Emirates UAE: 322,000
Flag of Burma Myanmar: 119,000
Flag of the United States United States: c. Guru Nanak Dev (ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ (गुरु नानक گرونانک Gurū Nānak ( 15 april 1469, Nankana Sahib Bulleh Shah (1680 – 1757 ( Shahmukhi: Gurmukhi: ਬੁੱਲ੍ਹੇ ਸ਼ਾਹ}} whose real name was Abdullah Shah, was a Punjabi Major General Muhammed Iftikhar Khan was an officer inherited by the Pakistan Army from British India. Noor Jehan ( was the adopted stage name for Allah Wasai (born September 21, 1926 – December 23, 2000) who was a Pakistani Farida Khanum is a renowned Pakistani Ghazal singer from Punjab. Gurbaksh Singh Chahal (born July 17, 1982 and more recently known as 'G' is an award winning American Entrepreneur and Hrithik Roshan ( Hindi: ऋतिक रोशन pronunciation /rɪt̪ɪk roːʃən/ / born 10 January, 1974) is an award-winning Bollywood Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 302,000
Flag of Malaysia Malaysia: 97,000
Flag of Australia Australia: 78,000
Flag of Singapore Singapore: 20,000
Flag of New Zealand New Zealand: 18,000
Languages
• Punjabi • Hindi[4][5] • Urdu[6]
Religions
• Predominately Islam • Sikhism • Hinduism • Christianity • Jainism
Related ethnic groups
• Indo-Aryans • Sindhis • Gujjar •Dogras • Hindkowans • Seraikis • Romani people

The Punjabi people (Punjabi: پنجابی, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Singapore New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. The Gujjar ( Hindi: गुज्जर Urdu: گجر or Gurjar (Hindi गुर्जर Urdu گُرجر are an ethnic group in India and The Dogras are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. They live predominantly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir but also in adjoining Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western The Seraiki people ( Perso-Arabic: سرائيکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ or Multani people ( Perso-Arabic: ملتانی Devanagari The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an They originate from the Punjab region, which has been host to some of the oldest civilizations in the world including one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, The Indus Valley Civilization. Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin The Punjabi identity is primarily cultural, ethnic and linguistic, with Punjabis being those whose first language is Punjabi, an Indo-Aryan tongue. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family In recent times, however, the definition has been broadened to include also emigrants of Punjabi descent who maintain Punjabi cultural traditions, even when they no longer speak the language.

Punjabis are found primarily in the Punjab provinces of Pakistan and Northern India which was divided between the two nations at independence from Britain. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula In Pakistan, Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group at roughly 44% of the total population and reside predominantly in the province of Punjab. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of In India, Punjabi-speaking people can be found across the greater Punjab region which now comprises the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful Besides these, large communities are also found in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir and the states of Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh. History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area Uttarakhand ( Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड or उत्तराखंड Uttar + Akhand i Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U

There are also a number of Punjabi emigrant communities scattered around the world, especially in the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Persian Gulf countries, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Singapore For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

Punjabis are ethno-linguistically and culturally related to the other Indo-Aryan peoples of South Asia. There are an estimated 120 million Punjabis around the world.

Contents

History

The exact point at which the Punjabis formed a distinct ethnic group remains speculative. The region having been the site of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization centred at Harappa became a centre of early civilization from around 3300 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest Numerous invaders including the Persians, Scythians, Greeks, various Central Asians, Arabs, Afghans, and the British have all invaded and ruled the region, giving the Punjab a unique culture as the gateway to South Asia. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. An early Indo-Aryan-speaking people conquered the region and imparted their language and merged with the local population that some speculate as having been either an Indic language (a hypothesized parent family) or Aryan-speaking group, but this also remains speculative since the Indus script remains undeciphered. The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family The term Indus script (Harappan script refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization ( Indus Valley The Indo-Aryans are believed to have arrived in the region between 2000 and 1250 BC and eventually disseminated their languages throughout South Asia.

Mature Harappan "Priest King" statue, Mohenjo-daro, wearing Sindhi Ajrak, late Mature Harappan period, National Museum, Karachi, Pakistan
Mature Harappan "Priest King" statue, Mohenjo-daro, wearing Sindhi Ajrak, late Mature Harappan period, National Museum, Karachi, Pakistan

An early Vedic civilization is believed to have emerged in the region and helped shape many aspects of northern Indian culture. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Ajrak is a name given to a unique form of Shawls and tiles found in Sindh, Pakistan. The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being Over time, the Greater Punjab region fragmented as various Eurasian invaders conquered sections of the region with the west (Pakistan) bearing the brunt of most invasions. Eurasian Nomads are a large group of peoples of the Eurasian Steppe.

Taxila is a World Heritage Site
Taxila is a World Heritage Site

Various religious influences shaped the region and people as Buddhism emerged as an important faith in the region, due to the efforts of Ashoka, along with early Hinduism. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Ultimately, two later religions largely supplanted both of these earlier faiths, Sikhism in Punjab (India) and Islam in Pakistan. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and After arrival of Muslims many people converted in western regions to Islam following the invasion of Arabs in 711 AD (see Muhammad bin Qasim) and Turkic tribes in the 11th century and much of the population converted. Events By Place Europe April 30 — Ummayad troops led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (محمد بن قاسم (c 31 December, 695 &ndash 18 July, 715) born Muhammad bin Qasim bin Yusuf Sakifi The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The role of Sufism is cited by Muslims in this regard. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Memons are Sunni Hanafi Muslims, and they originated when a group of Hindus from Sindh belonging to the Kshatriya Lohana caste converted to Islam by Sufi missionaries of the Qadiri order. Memon (મેમણ میمن मेमन an Ethnic group originating from Pakistan and India trace their roots largely to Sindh,a province Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Kshatriya (क्षत्रिय kṣatriya from क्षत्र kṣatra) is one of the four varnas (social orders in Hinduism Lohanas (Gujarati લોહાણા are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group and are an urban Hindu mercantile community of India. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Qadiriyyah ( Arabic: القادريه, Turkish: Kadirilik) (also Transliterated Kadri, Elkadry, Kadray

Following the partition of India and the creation Pakistan, a process of population exchange and ethnic cleansing took place in 1947 as Muslims left East Punjab and headed to the Islamic republic of newly created Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs left West Punjab[7] to stay in what remained as a part of India. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity East Punjab was the part of the Punjab region that went to India following the Partition of the British province of the Punjab between West Punjab was a former province of Pakistan which existed from 1947 to 1955 As a result of these population exchanges, both parts are now religiously homogeneous.

Diversity

The Punjab region, due to its location near Central Asia and the Middle East has been prone to numerous invasions that have left imprints upon the local Punjabi population that remain present in the numerous sub-groups. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Punjabi people are a heterogeneous group and can be subdivided into a number of tribal groups in Pakistan called qaums while they adhere to caste identities in India, each having their own subtle differences. Heterogeneous is an adjective used to describe an object or system consisting of multiple items having a large number of structural variations Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

In terms of ancestry, the majority of Punjabis share many similar genes with other northern Indian populations, but also show a significant relationship with west Eurasian groups. Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula In a 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, including 112 Punjabis, and selected other countries, displayed the following:

Results show that Indian tribal and caste populations derive largely from the same genetic heritage of Pleistocene southern and western Asians and have received limited gene flow from external regions since the Holocene. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC [8]

This study also found that roughly 60% of genetic markers in the Punjab were of West Asian origin, the highest amongst the sampled group of South Asians. Another study also showed that there has been limited gene flow in and out of north India, but the highest amount of genetic inflow from the west showed up in the Punjab region:

Broadly, the average proportion of mtDNAs from West Eurasia among Indian caste populations is 17% (Table 2). In the northern States of India their share is greater, reaching over 30% in Kashmir and Gujarat, nearly 60% in Indian Punjab. [9]

Some preliminary conclusions from these varying tests support a largely north Indian genetic base for most Punjabis accompanied by some of the highest degrees of west Asian admixture found in north India.

Geographic distribution

Punjabis in Pakistan

The Punjabis found in Pakistan are composed of clans and tribes (the aforementioned qaums) often with a correspondence with traditional occupations. Pre-Islamic Punjabi Shaikhs, Kambohs, Gujjars, Jats and Rajputs (such as the Janjuas) predominate with the Gakhars, Awans, and Arains, comprising the main tribes in the north, while Gilanis, Gardezis, Syeds and Quraishis are found in the south. Sheikh ( Arabic & Urdu: شيخ) is an Arabic word meaning elder of a tribe lord revered old man or Islamic scholar. The Kambojs (कम्बोज kamboj, کمبوہ kamboh, ਕਮ੍ਬੋਜ kamboj) are an Ethnic community of the Punjab region The Gujjar ( Hindi: गुज्जर Urdu: گجر or Gurjar (Hindi गुर्जर Urdu گُرجر are an ethnic group in India and Muslim Rajputs ( Punjabi: مسلمان راجپوت, Musalman Rajputs) are the Rajputs that converted to Islam The Gakhars (also Gakkhar or Ghakhar or Ghakkar) (گاکھر were a fiercely independent and warlike Clan now located in Rawalpindi Awan (اعوان Punjabi Gurmukhi ਆਵਾਨ a South Asian Zamindar tribe putatively of Arab origin living predominantly in The Arain (آرائین are an agricultural caste settled mainly in the Punjab ( Pakistan and India) with significant numbers also in the Gardezi is a common Muslim family name Origin The name denotes people from Gardez, the capital of the Paktia province in Afghanistan Quraishi (also rendered as Qureshi, Qoraishi, Koraishi or Kureishi) (قریشی is an Arab family name There are Pashtun tribes like the Niazis and the Shaikhs, which are very much integrated into Punjabi village life. Niazi ( Pashto: نیازی is a Pashtun tribe a subgroup of the Ghilzai Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Especially the members of the Niazi tribe, who see themselves as Punjabis first. They have big communities in Mianwali, Bakkar, Lahore, Faisalabad, Sahiwal and Toba Tek Singh. Mianwali ( Urdu: میانوالی) is the capital city of Mianwali District in the north-west of Punjab Province, Pakistan Bakkar (بكار is an Egyptian Cartoon series that has been broadcast on Arabic TV stations during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan each year since the ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ( is a city located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It was formerly known as Lyallpur. Sahiwal ( Urdu: ساہیوال) is a growing city in the southeastern province of Punjab province of For other uses of the name Toba Tek Singh. see Toba Tek Singh (disambiguation. Punjabis in Pakistan, especially in major urban cities have diverse origins, with many post Islamic settlers tracing their origin to Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Kashmir and Central Asia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Many Punjabis may contain some physical traces of Central Asians due to the invasions. [10]

Punjabis have been traditionally farmers and warriors which has transferred into modern times with a dominance of agriculture and the military in Pakistan. In addition, Punjabis in Pakistan have been quite prominent politically having had many elected Members of Parliament. As the most ardent supporters of a Pakistani state, the Punjabis in Pakistan have shown a strong predilection towards the adoption of the Urdu language, while still identifying themselves as ethnic Punjabis for the most part. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a Sunni-Shia divide and a Christian minority have not completely wiped out diversity since the partition of British India. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British A variety of related sub-groups exist in Pakistan and are often considered by many Pakistani Punjabis to be simply regional Punjabis including the Seraikis (who overlap and are often considered transitional with the Sindhis) and Punjabi Pathans (which publications like Encyclopædia Britannica consider a transitional group between Punjabis and Pathans). The Seraiki people ( Perso-Arabic: سرائيکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ or Multani people ( Perso-Arabic: ملتانی Devanagari Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. Hindkowans ( Perso-Arabic: ہِندکُون or Pathans (Perso-Arabic پنجاب پٹھان Devanagari: पंजाबी पठान Gurmukhi Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called

Nawaz Sharif, former Prime Minister of Pakistan. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also known as Nawaz Sharif ( Urdu:) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, former Prime Minister of Pakistan. Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain ( Urdu: چودھری شجاعت حسین) (born January 27, 1946) is a politician from Pakistan who was the Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Farida Khanum, Internationally famous Punjabi music Singer. Farida Khanum is a renowned Pakistani Ghazal singer from Punjab. Official Website Punjab is a region in the world which has a diverse style of Music.

Punjabis in India

Indian Punjabis tend to belong to various caste and tribal groups. Some of the major subgroups of Punjabis in India include: Ahirs, Aroras, Banias, Bhatias, Brahmins, Chhimbas, Gujjars, Jats, Kalals/Ahluwalias, Kambojs, Khatris, Labanas, Nais, Rajputs, Sainis, Sansis, Soods and Tarkhans/Ramgarhias. Most of these subgroups can be further sub-divided into clans and family groups.

Most of East Punjab's (today's Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh) Muslims left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still survives today, mainly in Malerkotla, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile Patiala and East Punjab States Union(PEPSU). WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Malerkotla is a city and a Municipal council in Sangrur district in the Indian The other six (mostly Sikh) states were: Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Faridkot, Kapurthala and Kalsia. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Nabha is a city and a Municipal council in Patiala district in the Indian state WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jind (जींद ( Punjabi: ਅੰਬਾਲਾ) is a town in Jind District, Harayana WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Faridkot (ਫ਼ਰੀਦਕੋਟ فریدکوٹ Hindi: फ़रीदकोट is a small city Kapurthala (ਕਪੂਰਥਲਾ is a city in Punjab state of India. Kalsia was a princely State in East Punjab (in Haryana since 1966 in India.

Punjabis in India have diverse origins with tribes such as the Tarkhans and Kambojs tracing their origin to Afghanistan, Kashmir and Central Asia. This article is about Tarkhan a Northern Indian tribe For other uses see Tarkan (disambiguation The Tarkhan (pronounced Terr-khaan ethnic The Kambojs (कम्बोज kamboj, کمبوہ kamboh, ਕਮ੍ਬੋਜ kamboj) are an Ethnic community of the Punjab region The Punjab region within India maintains a strong influence on the culture of India and the perceived culture of India towards the rest of the world. Numerous Bollywood film productions use the Punjabi language within its songs and dialogues as well as traditional dances and instruments such as the bhangra and the tabla. Bhangra (ਭੰਗੜਾ pa-PK بھنگڑا pə̀ŋgɽäː is a lively form of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India This article is about the Indian drum For the drum with the same name in Arabic, see Goblet drum. Prime Ministers of India including Gulzarilal Nanda and Inder Kumar Gujral in the past, and Dr. Manmohan Singh at present, are Punjabis, as are numerous players in the Indian cricket team (both past and present including Bishen Singh Bedi, Kapil Dev, Mohinder Amarnath, Navjot Sidhu, Harbhajan Singh, Yuvraj Singh). Gulzārilāl Nandā (गुलजारीलाल नन्दा (4 July 1898 - 15 January 1998 was an Indian politician and an economist with specialization in labor problems Inder Kumar Gujral (इन्द्र कुमार गुजराल (born 4 December 1919 was the 13th Prime Minister of the Republic of India. Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th Bishan Singh Bedi (sometimes spelt as Bishen Singh Bedi) born 25 September 1946 in Amritsar, is an Indian former Cricketer who specialised in Kapil Dev Ramlal Nikhanj ( कपिल देव) ( (born 6 January 1959 Chandigarh) better known as Kapil Dev, is a former Indian cricketer Mohinder Amarnath (born September 24, 1950, Patiala, India) is a former international cricketer (1969-1989 from India Navjot Singh Sidhu (ਨਵਜੋਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਿੱਧੂ born October 20, 1963) is former Indian Harbhajan Singh (ਹਰਭਜਨ ਸਿੰਘ born 3 July 1980 in Jalandhar, Punjab, India) is an Indian Cricketer A specialist Yuvraj Singh (ਯੁਵਰਾਜ ਸਿੰਘ born 12 December 1981 in Chandigarh, India is a Cricketer from India and the son of former Indian fast bowler

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the current Indian Prime Minister. Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th

Former Indian Prime Minster Inder Kumar Gujral. Inder Kumar Gujral (इन्द्र कुमार गुजराल (born 4 December 1919 was the 13th Prime Minister of the Republic of India.

Yuvraj Singh, Internationally famous Punjabi Indian Cricketer. Yuvraj Singh (ਯੁਵਰਾਜ ਸਿੰਘ born 12 December 1981 in Chandigarh, India is a Cricketer from India and the son of former Indian fast bowler

Har Gobind Khorana Nobel Prize winning Scientist. Har Gobind Khorana, or Hargobind Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is an Indian-American molecular biologist The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature

The Punjabi Diaspora

The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both India and Pakistan as does Canada (specifically Toronto and Vancouver) and the United States, specifically California's Great Central Valley. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal The Middle East has a large immigrant community of Punjabis, in places such as the UAE and Kuwait. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed There are large communities in East Africa including the countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Hong Kong. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Singapore Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders

Culture and society

Bhangra tournament concert
Bhangra tournament concert

Main article: Punjabi culture

Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. Bhangra (ਭੰਗੜਾ pa-PK بھنگڑا pə̀ŋgɽäː is a lively form of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India A tournament (IPA) is a Competition involving a relatively large number of competitors all participating in a Sport or Game. Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjabi people who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include, Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history.

Religion

The 33rd Punjabi Army (A Picture of an Commander: A Punjabi Subadar).
The 33rd Punjabi Army (A Picture of an Commander: A Punjabi Subadar).

Science, history and Religion has played an important role in shaping Punjabi ethnic identity and it is not uncommon for Punjabis to generally treat their religious identity as synonymous with their ethnic identity or at least a combined identity that differentiates them from others. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Punjabis belong largely to three major religions: Islam, Sikhism, and Hinduism. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The majority of Punjabis are Muslim. Muslim Punjabis outnumber Sikh and Hindu Punjabis.

Muslim Punjabis are largely concentrated in Pakistan, through a small Muslim Punjabi population exists in India. Sikhism is the major religion followed by Punjabis in India, with Hinduism being the largest minority religion. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent.

Language

Main article: Punjabi language

The main language of the Punjabi people is Punjabi and its associated dialects. Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an They may also speak Hindi, Urdu and English. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States There is significant Persian influence found in certain Punjabi dialects. In recent years, the respective Punjabi languages have absorbed a considerable number of loan words from surrounding areas/provinces as well as from English.

Cuisine

Tandoori chicken is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine.
Tandoori chicken is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine. Tandoori Chicken is a semi-fried chicken delicacy that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.
Main article: Punjabi cuisine

Punjabi Cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to popularity of Punjabi Cuisine throughout the world. Punjabi cuisine (from the Punjab region of Northern India and Eastern Pakistan)

Music

Main article: Music of Punjab

Bhangra is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that is increasingly being listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favourite. Official Website Punjab is a region in the world which has a diverse style of Music. Bhangra (ਭੰਗੜਾ pa-PK بھنگڑا pə̀ŋgɽäː is a lively form of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India Punjabi music is being used by western musicians, in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. In addition, Punjabi Classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west due to the beauty of sounds of the Punjabi language and its composition.

Punjabi Dances

Main article: Punjabi Dances

Punjabi Dances, due to the long history of the Punjabi culture and of the Punjabi people there is a large number of dances. Punjabi Dances, due to the long history of the Punjabi culture and of the Punjabi people there is a large number of dances Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era These dances are normally performed at times of celebration the most prominent being at Punjabi weddings, where the elation is usually particularly intense. The particular background of the dances can be non-religious and religious. The overall style can range from very high energy to more reserved, however the common elements make it particularly attractive to the viewers whether they be of Punjabi heritage or not, the allure is considered universal. Punjabi dances are designed for either men or women.

Marriage

Main article: Punjabi wedding traditions

Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi While the actual religious marriage ceremony, among Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, Jains and Christians may be conducted in Sanskrit, Punjabi, Arabic, Pali/Prakrit or English by the Pundit, Granthi, Kazi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi receptions of all sorts are known to be very energetic; filled with loud Bhangra music, people dancing, and a wide variety of punjabi food.

Punjabi Poetry

Allama Iqbal internationally famous Punjabi poet and scholar in deep thought; The picture earned him the Famous title of "The Thinker"
Allama Iqbal internationally famous Punjabi poet and scholar in deep thought; The picture earned him the Famous title of "The Thinker"

Punjabi Poetry is renowned for its extremely deep meaning, beautiful, exciting and hopeful use of words. List of Punjabi authors Sikh Gurus The teachings of the Sikh Gurus have been recorded in the form of hymns in Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the The poetry is one of the deepest insights into the Punjabi mindset. The large number of Punjabi poetry masterpieces are being translated throughout the world into many languages. Famous Punjabi poets. List of Punjabi authors Sikh Gurus The teachings of the Sikh Gurus have been recorded in the form of hymns in Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the

See also: Punjabi Kisse

Prominent Punjabis

Main article: List of Punjabis
Main article: List of Punjabi poets
Main article: List of Punjabi authors
Main article: List of Punjabi musicians
Main article: List of Punjabi language poets

Photo gallery

Badshahi Masjid - The mosque of the Moghal Empire built by the last mughal emperor, Aurangzeb. A Punjabi qissa (story pl qisse) is a tradition of Punjabi language oral story-telling that came to South Asia with migrants from the Arabian peninsula and This is a full spectrum list of famous and prominent Punjabi people from the Punjab region of Northern India, Pakistan and the Emigrant Punjabi List of Punjabi authors Sikh Gurus The teachings of the Sikh Gurus have been recorded in the form of hymns in Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the List of Punjabi language poetsThis page is a list of Punjabi authors and authors who write in the Punjabi language. Notable Punjabi singers Legends Shamshad Begum Surjit Bindrakhia Amar Singh Chamkila List of Punjabi authors Sikh Gurus The teachings of the Sikh Gurus have been recorded in the form of hymns in Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4,

The Faiz Mahal, Khairpur Pakistan

The Fort at Bathinda.

The Fort at Bathinda.

The main gate of the Qila Mubarak at night. Architect Atit Kumar.

The Golden Temple at night in Amritsar. Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ meaning The Lake of the Holy Nectar, is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar District in the state

The Alamgiri Gate built in 1673, is the main entrance to the Lahore Fort. The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila ( Urdu: شاهی قلعہ) is Citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab

The Faisalabad Clock Tower, built during the British Raj

The Phuara Chowk (lit. the Fountain Crossing) is the central land mark of Patiala.

Jallianwala Bagh memorial to commemorate the fallen brave Punjabi protestors at the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, was named after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden in the northern Indian city of Amritsar

Wideview of the Jallianwala Bagh memorial.

Entrance to the present day Jallianwala Bagh.

Bullet marks, visible on a preserved wall, at present day Jallianwala Bagh.

The 33rd Punjabi Army (A Picture of an Commander: A Punjabi Subadar).

A Phulkari from Patiala. Phulkari, an embroidery technique from the Punjab in India, literally means flower working, which was one time used for word embroidery but in course

Tandoori chicken is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine

Jalandhar Railway Station's reception block. Tandoori Chicken is a semi-fried chicken delicacy that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. Punjabi cuisine (from the Punjab region of Northern India and Eastern Pakistan) WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient

Irrigated land of Punjab.

Clock Tower at Govt College University, Lahore.

Mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD).

The Shalimar Gardens. The Shalimar Gardens ( Urdu: شالیمار باغ) sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal

Taxila is a World Heritage Site. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

The Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. The Shalimar Gardens ( Urdu: شالیمار باغ) sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal

In Jalandhar Punjabi Community gets together at markets, amusement parks etc especially on weekends and annual Punjabi festivals.

The Mohindra College, Patiala at night. Established in 1875, Mohindra College, located in Patiala, Punjab is the oldest institution of contemporary higher learning in Northern India

The Wazir Khan Mosque, built by Shah Jahan inLahore. The Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience tile work ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi.

The Hiran Minar located in Sheikhupura, was a tribute to Jahangir's favourite antelope. Hiran Minar is set in peaceful environs near Lahore in Sheikhupura, Pakistan.

Nur Jahan's (wife of mughal empire Shah Jahan) mausoleum in Lahore.

Jahangir's (Father of Shah Jahan) mausoleum in Shahdara, Lahore.

Samadhi of Sikh emperor, Ranjit Singh in Lahore.

Sialkot Clock Tower, built during the reign of the British rule, Sialkot. Sialkot ( Urdu / Punjabi:) the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in

Noor Mahal (Palace), Bahawalpur

The Jhelum River, one of many rivers of Punjab. Bahawalpur (also Bhawalpur or Bhawulpore) (بہاولپور is the capital city of Bahawalpur District located in, Punjab Pakistan

Chauburji, the Gateway to the Mughal Gardens, Lahore

Noor Mahal, Bahawalpur, Punjab Pakistan

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pakistan 1998 census - Population by mother tongue
  2. ^ Indian 1991 census - Study of languages and mother tongues in census
  3. ^ Canadian 2001 census - Population by mother tongue
  4. ^ Languages of India. Culturopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
  5. ^ Political economy of the three Punjabs. Daily Times. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
  6. ^ People of Pakistan. Encarta.
  7. ^ . South Asia: British India Partitioned
  8. ^ The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations
  9. ^ Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans
  10. ^ Country Studies - Pakistan

References and further reading

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic