| Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Pañjābī |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Pakistan (80 million speakers) India (30 million speakers) UK, USA, Canada, Burma, Dubai, Philippines and other countries with Punjabi migrants |
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| Region: | Punjab | |||
| Total speakers: | Western: 61-62 million Eastern: 99 million Siraiki: 30 million |
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| Ranking: | 10-14 | |||
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Punjabi |
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| Writing system: | Shahmukhi, Gurmukhi | |||
| Official status | ||||
| Official language in: |  Punjab,  Punjab, Haryana, Delhi |
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| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1: | pa | |||
| ISO 639-2: | pan | |||
| ISO 639-3: | variously: pan – Punjabi (Eastern) pnb – Punjabi (Western) pmu – Punjabi (Mirpuri) lah – Lahndi |
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Punjabi (also Panjabi; ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi, پنجابی in Shahmukhi , Pañjābī in transliteration) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Punjabi people in India, Pakistan, and most Sikhs in the diaspora. Gurmukhī (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Shahmukhi:) is the most common script used for writing the Punjabi language. Shahmukhi (, Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ literally "from the King's mouth" is a local variant of the Arabic script Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
It is an Indo-European language within the smaller Indo-Iranian subfamily. The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages Unusually for an Indo-European language, Punjabi is tonal; the tones arose as a reinterpretation of different consonant series in terms of pitch. A tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words In terms of linguistic typology it is an inflecting language, and word order is Subject Object Verb. Linguistic Typology is an international Peer-reviewed journal in the field of Linguistic typology, founded in 1997 For fusion in Word formation, see Compound (linguistics. A fusional language (also called inflecting language) is a In Linguistics, word order typology refers to the study of the different ways in which languages arrange the constituents of their sentences relative to each other and the systematic In Linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and Verb of a sentence appear or usually
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Dialects and geographic distribution
Being one of the most spoken languages in the world,[1] Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and the shared state capital Chandigarh. Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful It is one of the second official languages of Delhi and Haryana. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. [2] It is also spoken in neighbouring areas such as Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Punjabi is the predominantly spoken language in the Punjab province of Pakistan (and the most widely spoken language in Pakistan according to the CIA factbook[3]), although it has no official status there, and both Urdu and English are preferred languages of the elite. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language[4]) and Canada (where it is the fifth most commonly used language[5]). A minority language is a Language spoken by a Minority of the Population of a country The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In recent times Punjabi has grown fast and has now become the fourth most spoken language in Canada. [6]
Punjabi is the preferred language of most Sikhs, (most of their religious literature being written in it) and Punjabi Hindus. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the Vedic Punjab The original Punjab region is now divided into several units West Punjab (now in Pakistan) including the Gandhara region It is the usual language of Bhangra music, which has recently gained wide popularity both in South Asia and abroad. Bhangra (ਭੰਗੜਾ pa-PK بھنگڑا pə̀ŋgɽäː is a lively form of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India
There are many dialects of Punjabi and they all form part of a dialect continuum, merging with Sindhi and related languages in Pakistan, and Hindustani in India. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of The main dialects of Punjabi are Majhi, Doabi, Malwai and Powadhi in India, and Pothohari, Lahndi and Multani in Pakistan. Potwari or Pothohari can refer to An inhabitant of Potwar (Pothohar a plateau in northern Pakistan The Potwari language (Pothohari Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is Majhi is the standard written form of Punjabi. Punjabi is the fifth top language. It is spoken mainly in Punjab.
Punjabi University, Patiala, lists the following as dialects of Punjabi:[7]
Some of these dialects, such as Dogri, Siraiki and Hindko are sometimes considered separate languages, and are classified in different zones or divisions of Indo-Aryan:
- Eastern (Central Zone): Bhattiani (a mixture of Punjabi and Rajasthani), Powadhi, Doabi, Malwai, Majhi, Bathi
- Western (Northwestern Zone, Lahndi): Multani, Hindko, Pothohari
- Northern Zone: Dogri, Pahari
As classified in SIL Ethnologue:
└Indo-Aryan
└Northern zone
└Western Pahari
└Dogri [dgo]
└Central zone
└Eastern Punjabi [pan]
└Northwestern zone
└Lahnda [lah]
├Jakati [jat]
├Mirpur Punjabi [pmu]
├Northern Hindko [hno]
├Pahari-Potwari [phr]
├Siraiki [skr]
├Southern Hindko [hnd]
└Western Punjabi [pnb]
Western and Eastern Punjabi
Many sources subdivide the Punjabi language into Western Punjabi or Lahndi (ਲਹਿੰਦੀ), and Eastern Punjabi. Punjabi University, in Patiala, is one of the premier institutions of higher education in Punjab, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India. Rathi or Rathee is a clan of Jats found in Uttar Pradesh and Haryana in India. Pahari (or Pahaari) is a general terms for a range of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range not limited to a single country in the subcontinent The Kangri is a dialect spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, by the people of Kangra valley Not to be confused with the Dogrib language. Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى is an Indo-Aryan Language spoken by Baar Di Boli literally means language from Outside In this context it refers to the manner in which Punjabi is spoken outside of India and Pakistan Jhangochi (جھنگوچی is the oldest and most idiosyncretic dialect of the Punjabi language. Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is Thali (थाली meaning "plate") is an Indian meal with contents varying from one regional cuisine to another Lubanki, Also known as Labanki is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Lubanas tribal grouping in India and Pakistan. Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western Michiel de Swaen (born in Dunkirk on 20 January 1654 – died in Dunkirk on 3 May 1707) was a Surgeon and a Rhetorician Potwari or Pothohari can refer to An inhabitant of Potwar (Pothohar a plateau in northern Pakistan The Potwari language (Pothohari Gojri, also known as Gujari is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Gujjars of Northern Pakistan India and Afghanistan. Not to be confused with the Dogrib language. Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى is an Indo-Aryan Language spoken by Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western The Indo-Aryan languages include some 210 ( SIL estimate languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia; this language family is a part of the The Indo-Aryan languages include some 210 ( SIL estimate languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia; this language family is a part of the Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/ also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken in North Western Potwari or Pothohari can refer to An inhabitant of Potwar (Pothohar a plateau in northern Pakistan The Potwari language (Pothohari The Pahari languages, also known as Northern Zone languages, are a group of related Indo-Aryan languages or dialects spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas Pahari (or Pahaari) is a general terms for a range of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range not limited to a single country in the subcontinent Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian They tend to do so based on GA Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India. The decision to divide the language has been controversial. The exact division of the language and even the legitimacy of such a division is disputed.
The dialect spoken in central Punjabi — on both the Indian and Pakistani side — is Majhi or Majhaili. Grierson defined Western Punjabi (which he called "Lahnda") as being west of a line running north-south from Sahiwal and Gujranwala districts. Sahiwal ( Urdu: ساہیوال) is a growing city in the southeastern province of Punjab province of Gujranwala ( is a city in Punjab, Pakistan with a population of 1132509 (1998 census This is well within present day Pakistan. Masica remarks that "whatever validity Grierson's line may once have had has no doubt been disturbed by the great movements of population associated with partition". The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, [8] Contrary to this, Ethnologue has come to classify Lahndi as the dialect of Punjabi spoken in all of Pakistan. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian
Phonology
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | uː | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | eː | ə | oː |
| Open | ɛː | ɑː | ɔː |
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive and Affricate |
voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | ʧ | k | ||
| voiceless aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | ʈʰ | ʧʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | ʤ | g | |||
| Fricative | (f) | s (z) | (ʃ) | ɦ | ||||
| Flap | ɾ | ɽ | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | l | ɭ | j | ||||
- Tone
Panjabi has a three-way tone contrast that developed from the lost murmured series of consonants. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A near-close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a near-close vowel is that the tongue is positioned similarly A close-mid vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned two-thirds An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, soughing, or susurration) is a Phonation in which the Vocal cords vibrate as they do in These are phonetically rising or rising-falling contours which cover one or two syllables, but can be distinguished phonemically as high, mid, and low.
An initial historically murmured consonant became tenuis and left a low tone on the following couple syllables: ghoṛā [kòːɽɑ̀ː] "horse". See also Grassmann's law Spiritus asper Spiritus lenis A stem-final murmured consonant became voiced and left a high tone on the preceding couple syllables: māgh [mɑ́ːɡ] "October". A stem-medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became voiced and left a low tone on the following couple syllables: maghāṇā [məɡɑ̀ːɳɑ̀ː] "to be lit". Other syllables and words have mid tone. [9]
Grammar
Writing system
There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. The grammar of the Punjabi language is the study of the Word order, case marking, Verb conjugation, and other morphological and In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Shahmukhi (from the mouth of the Kings), a modified version of Persian-Nasta'liq (Arabic) script. Shahmukhi (, Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ literally "from the King's mouth" is a local variant of the Arabic script (also anglicized as Nastaleeq;) is one of the main genres of Islamic calligraphy. But for all practical purposes the script in implementation is identical to Urdu. In the Indian state of Punjab, Sikhs and others use the Gurmukhī (from the mouth of the Gurus) script. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Gurmukhī (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Shahmukhi:) is the most common script used for writing the Punjabi language. Hindus, and those living in neighbouring Indian states such as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh sometimes use the Devanāgarī script. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Gurmukhī and Shahmukhi scripts are the most commonly used for writing Punjabi and are considered the official scripts of the language.
Role in Education
Notable authors
- See List of Punjabi authors. List of Punjabi language poetsThis page is a list of Punjabi authors and authors who write in the Punjabi language.
Dictionaries
- Punjabi Dictionary English to Punjabi Dictionary
- Punjabi to English Dictionary Convert Punjabi word into English
- Punjabi to English dictionary Punjabi Dictionary
- Punjabi Kosh Free Windows based Punjabi->English->Punjabi dictionary
- Punjabi Kashmiri Dictionary by Omkar N Koul and Rattan Lal Talashi. Patiala: Language Department. 1998.
See also
- List of Punjabi authors
- List of Punjabi poets
- List of Punjabi musicians
- Punjabi Culture
- Languages of India
- Languages of Pakistan
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
- List of Punjabi television channels
- List of Punjabi News Websites
References
- ^ punjabidictionary
- ^ The Times of India - "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi" 25 June 2003
- ^ CIA World Factbook, Pakistan- People
- ^ "Punjabi Community". The United Kingdom Parliament. List of Punjabi language poetsThis page is a list of Punjabi authors and authors who write in the Punjabi language. List of Punjabi authors Sikh Gurus The teachings of the Sikh Gurus have been recorded in the form of hymns in Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the Notable Punjabi singers Legends Shamshad Begum Surjit Bindrakhia Amar Singh Chamkila Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era English is the Official language of Pakistan while Urdu is the National language despite not being a native language or being the mother tongue India is home to several hundred languages. Most languages spoken in India belong either to the Indo-European ( ca A list of Punjabi television channels around the world See also Lists of television channels List of Pakistani television Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Canadian Census Data (2001)
- ^ Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada-Indians Abroad-The Times of India
- ^ Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi Language, Literature and Culture
- ^ Masica, Colin P (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages8989uuijhygt. Cambridge University Press, pp. 18-20. ISBN 0-521-29944-6.
- ^ Harjeet Singh Gill, "The Gurmukhi Script", p. 397. In Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems. 1996.
Bibliography
- Shackle, Christopher (2003), "Panjabi", in Cardona, George & Dhanesh Jain, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 581-621, ISBN 9780415772945, <http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA581&dq=indo-aryan+languages&sig=gNSIxp0p9VDUqKKOWIndIiebfw0>.
External links
- Punjabi language history
- Online translator English to Punjabi, or vice-versa
- Punjabi Dictionary (Gurmukhi)
- Punjabi Kosh Free Unicode based Punjabi->English->Punjabi dictionary
- Punjabi language online tutorial
- Learn Gurmukhi - Sound and Graphics
- Panjabi Language
- Intuitive predictive transliteration technology for Punjabi
- Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
- Dulai, Narinder K. and Omkar N Koul 1980. Punjabi Phonetic ReaderMysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
- Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala 1989. Modes of Address and Pronominal Usage in Punjabi. Mysore: Cenral Institute of Indian languages.
- Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala 1992. Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
- Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala 2007. Punjabi Newspaper Reader. Springfield: Dunwoody Press.
- Sukhvinder Singh 2006. Panjabi Phonology: A Sociolinguistic Study. Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
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