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  ?ਪੰਜਾਬ
Punjab
India
Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73, 76.78
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area 50,362 km² (19,445 sq mi)
Capital Chandigarh
Largest city Ludhiana
District(s) 20
Population
• Density		 24,289,296 (15th)
• 482 /km² (1,248 /sq mi)
Language(s) Punjabi
Governor Sunith Francis Rodrigues
Chief Minister Parkash Chand Badal
Established 1956-11-01
Legislature (seats) The Punjab Government Unicameral (117 Punjab MLAs)
ISO abbreviation IN-PB
Seal of Punjab
Seal of Punjab

Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73, 76.78

This article is about the Indian state of Punjab. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions  Areas between 10000 km² and 100000 km² are listed here Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Indian state Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful Ludhiana (ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ | लुधियाना is a city and a Municipal corporation in Ludhiana district in the Indian state of A district is an administrative division of a state in India India is divided into twenty-eight states and seven Union territories (UT In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume This is a list of the States of India in order of population The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Gen (Retd SF Rodrigues, PVSM VSM formerly Chief of the Army Staff of the Indian Army The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of India 's states and territories. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi The Government of Punjab, is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Punjab (India and its 20 districts ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO ISO 3166-2IN is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to India. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. For other usages, see Punjab.

Punjab (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ, IPA: [pəɲdʒaːb]) is a state in northwest India. Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Indian state borders the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west, Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, Chandigarh to the southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest. India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful Rājasthān ( Devanāgarī: राजस्थान raːdʒəst̪ʰaːn is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area The total area of the state is 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles). The population is 24,289,296 (2000). Punjab's capital is Chandigarh, which is administered separately as a Union Territory since it is also the capital of neighbouring Haryana. A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Other major cities of Punjab include Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar and Patiala. Ludhiana (ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ | लुधियाना is a city and a Municipal corporation in Ludhiana district in the Indian state of Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ meaning The Lake of the Holy Nectar, is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar District in the state WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India. The state is the location of one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization, India's first civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [1]

The Indian Punjab historically forms a part of the larger Punjab region, which includes some parts of Afghanistan, Pakistani province of Punjab and the North West Frontier Province, the Indian states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, parts of J&K and Delhi and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful Indian Punjab was trifurcated in the year 1966 leading to the formation of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the

Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab. Others major industries include the manufacture of scientific instruments, electrical goods, financial services, machine tools, textiles, sewing machines, sports goods, starch, tourism, fertilizers, bicycles, garments, and the processing of pine oil and sugar. Punjab is considered to have the best infrastructure in India [2], this includes road, rail, air and river transport links that are extensive throughout the region. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Punjab also has the lowest poverty rate in India at 6. 16% (1999-2000 figures), and has won the best state performance award[3], based on statistical data compiled by the Indian Government.

Contents

Etymology

The River Sutlej, one of the 5 rivers that gives Punjab it's name from Rampur ca. 1857
The River Sutlej, one of the 5 rivers that gives Punjab it's name from Rampur ca. The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest 1857
The River Beas flowing throwing highlands
The River Beas flowing throwing highlands

The word "Punjab" is a combination of the Persian words 'panj' (پنج) Five, and 'āb' (آب) Water, giving the literal meaning of the Land of Five Rivers. The term highland is used to denote any Mountainous region or elevated mountainous Plateau. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The five rivers after which Punjab is named are the Beas, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. "Hydaspes" redirects here For the historic battle see Battle of the Hydaspes. HeadMarala3jpg|200px|right|thumb|A View of Marala Headworks on Chenab near Sialkot]] The Chenab River (ਚਨਾਬ, चनाब چناب literally 'Moon( The Ravi River (रवि ਰਾਵੀ راوی is a River in Pakistan and India. The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest

Geography

Most of the Punjab is an alluvial plain, bounded by mountains to the North. Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running Despite its dry conditions, it is a rich agricultural area due to the extensive irrigation made possible by the great river system traversing it. Punjab region temperature range from -2° to 40°C (MIN/MAX), but can reach 47°C (117°F) in summer and can touch down to -5°C in winter.

Demographics

Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar
Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar

Punjab is fairly diverse nowadays. Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ meaning The Lake of the Holy Nectar, is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar District in the state Punjab is where Sikhism is the most practiced faith. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Sikhism is practiced by about 63. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century 9% of the population [5] & 34. 9% practices Hinduism. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Recently a small amount of Rastafarians have moved into a small block in Khana. The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament Other faiths include Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and Jainism. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. The holiest of Sikh shrines, the Golden Temple or Harimandir Sahib, is in the city of Amritsar. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Sri Harmandir Sahib ( Punjabi: ਦਰਬਾਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ) informally referred to as The Golden Temple or Temple of God, He himself was decapitated Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ meaning The Lake of the Holy Nectar, is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar District in the state The Sri Akal Takht Sahib which resides within the Golden temple complex is the temporal seat of Sikhs. The Takht Sri Darbar Sahib Akal Takht (ਅਕਾਲ ਤਖ਼ਤ əkɑl t̪əxt̪ literally means The Seat (Throne of the Timeless One or Seat (Throne of God Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Of the five Takhts[Temporal Seat] of Sikhism, three are in Punjab. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Anandpur Sahib is where Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa, on one of the most important day on the Sikh calendar called Vaisakhi. Anandpur Sahib (ਅਨੰਦਪੁਰ ਸਾਹਿਬआनन्दपुर साहिब is a city and a Municipal council in Rupnagar district in the state Guru Gobind Singh (ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ gʊɾu gobɪn̪d̪ sɪ́ŋg ( December 22, 1666 &ndash 7 October, 1708) was For the village in Azerbaijan see Xəlsə. Khalsa ( Punjabi: pa ਖਾਲਸਾ literally "Pure" refers to the collective Vaisakhi (ਵਸਾਖੀ vaisākhī, also known as Baisakhi) is an ancient Harvest festival in Punjab, which also marks beginning of On a special day on the Sikh calendar such as Vaisakhi,Hola Mohalla,a Gurpurb or Diwali, Sikh gatherings march through every city, town and village. Hola Mahalla (also Hola Mohalla or simply Hola) is a Sikh festival which begins on the first day of the Lunar month Gurpurb is a compound of two words Guru, the spiritual preceptor and purb (or parva in Sanskrit) meaning a festival or celebration Diwali, or Deepavali, (also called Tihar and Swanti in Nepal (Markiscarali is a major Indian and Nepalese festival and a significant At least one Sikh Gurdwara will be situated in every village, town and city they can be found in various styles and sizes. There will be number Sikh shrines found in each and every district made in the commemoration of a Sikh Guru or Martyr. Punjab is also the birthplace of the Hindu religion. Traditional literature of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, the Puranas, the Vedas are all traced back to Punjab. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. Generations ago, turbans were fairly commonplace of most Punjabis whether Muslim, Hindu or Sikh. Muslims and Hindus have given up their turbans, but it became an article of faith for Sikh men whose religion forbids them to cut their hair.

The Punjabi language, written in the Gurmukhi script is the official language in the state. Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Gurmukhī (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Shahmukhi:) is the most common script used for writing the Punjabi language.

Religion Adherents  % of total
All 24,358,999 100%
Sikhs [6] 14,592,387 59. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. 90 %
Hindus [7] 8,997,942 36. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical 94 %
Muslims [8] 382,045 1. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion 56 %
Christians [9] 292,800 1. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 20 %
Buddhists [10] 41,487 0. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices 17 %
Jains [11] 39,276 0. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. 16 %
Others [12] 8,594 0. 035 %
Not stated [13] 4,468 0. 018 %

Education

Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan
Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan
The Punjab Jalandhar NITJ Main Building
The Punjab Jalandhar NITJ Main Building

Punjab is served by 11 leading public institutes of excellence in higher education (listed below). Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan is a building located at Punjabi University, Patiala. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges All the major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, veterinary science, and business courses are offered, leading to first degrees as well as postgraduate awards. Advanced research is conducted in all major areas of excellence. Punjab Agricultural University is one of the world's leading authorities in agriculture. It was instrumental and played vital role in Punjab's Green Revolution in the 1960s-70s. The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to

  1. Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. Guru Nanak Dev University, or GNDU, was established at Amritsar, India on November 24, 1969 to commemorate Guru Nanak Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ meaning The Lake of the Holy Nectar, is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar District in the state
  2. Punjabi University, Patiala. Punjabi University, in Patiala, is one of the premier institutions of higher education in Punjab, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India.
  3. Punjab University, Chandigarh. Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful
  4. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The Punjab Agricultural University (PAU Ludhiana Punjab is one of the State Agricultural Universities in India Ludhiana (ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ | लुधियाना is a city and a Municipal corporation in Ludhiana district in the Indian state of
  5. Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. Punjab Technical University (PTU, at Jalandhar was established by an act of State Legislature on 16 th Jan 1997, to promote Technical Management & Pharmaceutical WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient
  6. Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot. Baba Farid University of Health Sciences was established in July 1998 by Punjab Act No WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Faridkot (ਫ਼ਰੀਦਕੋਟ فریدکوٹ Hindi: फ़रीदकोट is a small city
  7. Punjab Veternary Sciences University, Talwandi Sabo[14]. Talwandi Sabo, also known as Takht Sri Damdama Sahib, is the home of the fourth temporal seat ( Takhat) of the Sikh religion.
  8. Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University[15]. University
  9. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali
  10. National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar. The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, India was established by the Government of India to cater to the long-standing demand for setting up a dedicated nodal for Mohali (ਮੋਹਾਲੀ मोहाली mōhālī) is a city adjacent to Chandigarh, 18th District in Punjab, India. The Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar popularly known as NIT-Jalandhar or NITJ, is a leading premier autonomous University WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient
  11. Thapar University, Patiala. Thapar University, (a Private university) previously known as Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (before 2007- was founded in 1956 by Karam WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India.

The current Prime Minister of India, Dr Manmohan Singh was educated at Panjab University, Chandigarh. The Prime Minister of India is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful

Professor Har Gobind Khorana, famous Nobel laureate & biotechnologist was educated at Punjab University. Har Gobind Khorana, or Hargobind Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is an Indian-American molecular biologist This is a list of Nobel Prize Laureates awarded for their outstanding contributions to Humanitarian causes for Peace, work in Literature Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as

Business and infrastructure

Punjab has the best infrastructure in all of India[16][17] and as result it is becoming attractive to foreign companies looking for bases and manufacturing zones for their Indian operations. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Indian National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) has ranked Punjab's infrastructure as the best in India. Its road, rail, air and transport system is rated best in the country with ranking of 210 points[18] compared to the national average of 100 in NCAER’s infrastructure index. It has highest per capita generation of electricity in India, which is 2. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 5 times the national average. All major Punjabi cities benefit from this and having one of lowest tariff's in India, including all of Punjab's villages, which have been electrified and connected to the Punjabi electrical power grid since 1974.

Source: NCAER & Punjab Government

Tourism

Famous tourist visiting site Mohindra College, Patiala at night.
Famous tourist visiting site Mohindra College, Patiala at night. Established in 1875, Mohindra College, located in Patiala, Punjab is the oldest institution of contemporary higher learning in Northern India WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India.

Main article: Punjab (India) Tourism

Tourism is a swiftly expanding area and many analysts predict huge potential. Punjab is one of India's most beautiful states The state of Punjab is renowned for its cuisine culture and history Tourism of Punjab is principally suited for the tourist interested in culture, civilization, spirituality and epic history. More specifically tourism is particularly suited for the person who is interested in epic history, the celebrated Punjabi culture, royal Punjabi palaces, historic battles and of course the world-renowned examples of Sikh Architecture, shrines and temples.

For more on tourism in Punjab please see Tourism main article above.

Famous Punjabis

Main article: The Punjabi people
Main article: Famous Punjabis
Main article: Famous Punjabi poets

The Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh is a Punjabi. The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. This is a full spectrum list of famous and prominent Punjabi people from the Punjab region of Northern India, Pakistan and the Emigrant Punjabi List of Punjabi authors Sikh Gurus The teachings of the Sikh Gurus have been recorded in the form of hymns in Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th Two former Indian Prime Ministers include I K Gujral and Gulzarilal Nanda both of whom were also Punjabis. Inder Kumar Gujral (इन्द्र कुमार गुजराल (born 4 December 1919 was the 13th Prime Minister of the Republic of India. Gulzārilāl Nandā (गुलजारीलाल नन्दा (4 July 1898 - 15 January 1998 was an Indian politician and an economist with specialization in labor problems Another Punjabi to occupy the topmost post in India was the former President of India Giani Zail Singh.  Giani Zail Singh (ਜ਼ੈਲ ਸਿੰਘ May 5 1916 – December 25 1994) was an Indian politician and member of the A former Chief of Army Staff of India, General General Joginder Jaswant Singh is a Punjabi, so is famous Nobel laureate Professor Har Gobind Khorana. The Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army (COAS is the highest post in the Indian Army. General Joginder Jaswant Singh (born 17 September 1945) was the first Sikh chief of army staff of India. This is a list of Nobel Prize Laureates awarded for their outstanding contributions to Humanitarian causes for Peace, work in Literature Har Gobind Khorana, or Hargobind Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is an Indian-American molecular biologist The first Indian in Outer space is a Punjabi - Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma. Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies. Rakesh Sharma (born January 13, 1949 in Patiala, Punjab, India) as a Squadron Leader in the Indian Air Force was The highest ranking office in the history of the Indian Air force was a Punjabi, Marshal of the Air Force of India - Arjan Singh (the highest rank ever given in the history of the Indian Air force). Marshal of the Air Force Arjan Singh, DFC (15 April 1919- is the only officer of the Indian Air Force to be promoted to Five star rank The first Indian-American Governor and new Governor Elect of Louisiana. , USA Bobby Jindal (Rep) is also a Punjabi from his fathers parental lineage. Piyush "Bobby" Jindal (born June 10 1971 is the current Republican governor of the U In the entertainment sector, the giant Dalip Singh helps promote Punjab in the sphere of Professional wrestling. Dalip Singh Rana He is currently signed to WWE on its ''SmackDown'' brand. Professional wrestling, or pro wrestling, is a non-competitive professional Sport, where all matches are scripted by the promotion's booking staff Indian cricket star Harbhajan Singh is from the Punjab from a village called Lamhbra on the outskirts of Jalandhar. Harbhajan Singh (ਹਰਭਜਨ ਸਿੰਘ born 3 July 1980 in Jalandhar, Punjab, India) is an Indian Cricketer A specialist WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient Gurdass Mann and Hans Raj Hans are two of the most famous singers to come from the punjab. The first ever Asian Member of the US Senate, Dr. Dalip Singh Saund, was a Punjabi as was Kalpana Chawla, the famous US astronaut. Dalip Singh Saund ( September 20, 1899 – April 22, 1973) was a member of the United States House of Representatives. Kalpana Chawla (कल्‍पना चावला (ਕਲਪਨਾ ਚਾਵਲਾ ( 17 March 1962 – 1 February 2003) was an Indian-American An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained For more on Famous Punjabi People please see lists above.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the current Indian Prime Minister. Manmohan Singh (ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ (born 26 September 1932 is the 17th

Eminent Punjabi Poet Shiv Kumar Batalvi Most famous Punjabi Contemporary Poet

Former Indian Prime Minster Inder Kumar Gujral. Inder Kumar Gujral (इन्द्र कुमार गुजराल (born 4 December 1919 was the 13th Prime Minister of the Republic of India.

Yuvraj Singh, Internationally famous Punjabi Indian Cricketer. Yuvraj Singh (ਯੁਵਰਾਜ ਸਿੰਘ born 12 December 1981 in Chandigarh, India is a Cricketer from India and the son of former Indian fast bowler

Har Gobind Khorana Nobel Prize winning Scientist. Har Gobind Khorana, or Hargobind Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is an Indian-American molecular biologist The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature

Musician Gurdas Mann Punjabs most popular folk musician

Economy

Excluding agriculture other major industries include the manufacture of scientific instruments, electrical goods, machine tools, textiles, tourism, sewing machines, sports goods, starch, fertilizers, bicycles, and the processing of pine oil and sugar. Also, a big source of pakistani rice

Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Punjab at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. The traditional long-term financial policy of the Union Government is to reward well-performing States.

Year Gross State Domestic Product
1980 50,250
1985 95,060
1990 188,830
1995 386,150
2000 660,100

Punjab's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $180 billion in current prices.

About 1% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Punjab. This is a list of NSE-indexed conglomerates with corporate offices in Punjab. Figures are given in millions of Indian Rupees for 2005.

Rank Conglomerate Gross Income
1 Mahavir Spinning Mills 19,376
2 Punjab Tractors 10,245
3 Abhishek Industries 7,537
4 Nahar Spinning Mills 4,687
5 Nahar Exports 4,293
6 Vardhman Polytex 2,955

Agriculture

Punjab (the five rivers region) is one of the most fertile regions on earth. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The region is ideal for wheat-growing. Rice, sugar cane, fruits and vegetables are also grown. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Indian Punjab is called the "Granary of India" or "India's bread-basket. " [19] It produces 14% of India's cotton, 20% of India's wheat, and 9% of India's rice. In worldwide terms, Indian Punjab produces 2% of the world's cotton, 2% of its wheat and 1% of the world's rice. [20] The largest grown crop is wheat. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Other important crops are rice, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, maize, barley and fruit. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum) is the most widely grown type of Millet. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. In Punjab per hectare consumption of fertilizer is 177 kg as compared to 90 kg at national level. Also Punjab State has been awarded National Productivity Award for agriculture extension services for consecutively ten years from 1991-92 to 1998-99 and 2001 to 2003-04.

Source: Punjab Government

Punjab Medals of Honour

The Punjab Medals of Honour are a collection of awards that are given by the Government of Punjab for exceptional excellence and achievement in the service of Punjab, the Punjabi people and internationally. The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. Some awards are given yearly and some are only given rarely and under exceptional circumstances, where the individual has shown remarkable sacrifice or personal service of Punjab. To win one of the rare awards would probably make the individual a household famous name in Punjab. A celebrity is a widely-recognized or famous person who commands a high degree of public and media attention Two of the most prestigious awards are koj Punjab Rattan Award and the Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award (a very prestigious award). The Punjab Rattan Award, is an Award given by the Government of Punjab for exceptional excellence and achievement in the service of Punjab or international level in The Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award, is an Award given by the Government of Punjab for excellence and achievement in the service of Punjab in the field of Sport

Twin Punjabi Associations

The Punjab historically, since ancient times, has been one cultural and political entity within which the Punjabi people have lived in. However, after the partition of India the Punjab was divided, cutting the Punjabi people in two across the international border between Pakistan and India. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. Relations after partition were unusually Luke-warm between the twins Punjabs. However, over the last 20 years both Punjab governments, in India and Pakistan, have made concerted effort to maintaining cultural and historical ties of the Punjabi people. This included the international Punjabi Games held in 2004, arranged by both Punjab Governments. Academic institutions have kept their strong contacts such as Universities that were spilt after partition, such as the twin Punjab Universities at Chandigarh and Lahore. Chandigarh ( ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ, चंडीगढ़) also called The City Beautiful ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi.

Districts

Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters
Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters

Punjab state is divided into 20 administrative districts (listed below):

  1. Amritsar District
  2. Barnala District
  3. Bathinda District
  4. Firozpur District
  5. Fatehgarh Sahib District
  6. Faridkot District
  7. Gurdaspur District
  8. Hoshiarpur District
  9. Jalandhar District
  10. Kapurthala District
  11. Ludhiana District
  12. Mansa District
  13. Moga District
  14. Mohali District
  15. Muktsar District
  16. Nawanshahr District
  17. Patiala District
  18. Rupnagar District
  19. Sangrur District
  20. Tarn Taran District

Cities

The largest cities of Punjab state are:

Politics

History

Main article: History of Punjab
Main article: Punjab region

The Indian state of Punjab was created in 1947, when the Partition of India split the former Raj province of Punjab between India and Pakistan. Amritsar district is one of 19 districts in the state of Punjab in West India. Bathinda district is in Punjab, India. The districts encompasses an area of 3344 square kilometres Ferozepur district is one of the twenty Districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Fatehgarh Sahib district is one of the twenty districts in the state of Punjab in North-West Faridkot district is one of the twenty districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. Gurdaspur district is a district in the state of Punjab, situated in the northwest part of India. Hoshiarpur District (ਹੁਸ਼ਿਆਰਪੁਰ ਜਿਲ੍ਹਾ is a district of Punjab state in northern India. Jalandhar district is one of the twenty districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. Kapurthala district is a district of Punjab state in northern India. Ludhiana district is one of the 20 districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. Mansa district is situated in Punjab India. The main town is Mansa. Moga district is one of the nineteen districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. Mohali district is one of the twenty Districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. Muktsar district is one of the nineteen districts in the state of Punjab in northwest India. Nawan Shahr district is one of the districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. Patiala district is one of the twenty Districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. Rupnagar district is one of the twenty districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Sangrur district is now under district Barnala in the state of Punjab in North-West Tarn Taran district is one of the districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India. Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ meaning The Lake of the Holy Nectar, is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar District in the state Ludhiana (ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ | लुधियाना is a city and a Municipal corporation in Ludhiana district in the Indian state of WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient Mohali (ਮੋਹਾਲੀ मोहाली mōhālī) is a city adjacent to Chandigarh, 18th District in Punjab, India. Bathinda (ਬਠਿੰਡਾ is one of the oldest cities in Punjab and the current administrative headquarters of Bathinda District. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India. Kapurthala (ਕਪੂਰਥਲਾ is a city in Punjab state of India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Firozpur (or Ferozepur, Ferozepore, फिरोज़पुर) is a city in Firozpur WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Nawanshahr is a city and a Municipal council in Nawanshahr district in the Indian Traditionally the Akali Dal and the Congress have been the two parties that have been in power in the Punjab state of India. The Government of Punjab, is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Punjab (India and its 20 districts The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah Suri (1580 which mentions the construction of a fort by "Sher Khan of Punjab" Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh eastern part became India's Punjab state. Many Sikhs and Hindus lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so the partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. [21] Several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, also became part of India. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patiala ( Punjabi: ਪਟਿਆਲਾ is a city in the Punjab state of India. In 1950, two separate states were created; Punjab included of the former Raj province of Punjab, while the princely states were combined into a new state, the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU was a former state of India. PEPSU consisted of the princely states of Patiala, Nabha, Jind, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot and Kalsia. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Nabha is a city and a Municipal council in Patiala district in the Indian state WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jind (जींद ( Punjabi: ਅੰਬਾਲਾ) is a town in Jind District, Harayana Kapurthala (ਕਪੂਰਥਲਾ is a city in Punjab state of India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Malerkotla is a city and a Municipal council in Sangrur district in the Indian WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Faridkot (ਫ਼ਰੀਦਕੋਟ فریدکوٹ Hindi: फ़रीदकोट is a small city Kalsia was a princely State in East Punjab (in Haryana since 1966 in India. Himachal Pradesh was created as a union territory from several princely states and Kangra District. A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. In 1956, PEPSU was merged into Punjab state, and several northern districts of Punjab in the Himalayas were added to Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the

The capital of the undivided Punjab province, Lahore, ended up in Pakistan after partition, so a new capital for Indian Punjab state was built at Chandigarh. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. On November 1, 1966, the mostly Hindu southeastern half of Punjab became a separate state, Haryana. Chandigarh was on the border between the two states, and became a separate union territory which serves as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Chandigarh was due to transfer to Punjab alone in 1986, but the transfer has been delayed pending an agreement on which parts of the Hindi speaking areas of Abohar and Fazilka, currently part of Firozpur District of Punjab, should be transferred to Haryana in exchange. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Abohar (Hindi अबोहर is a city and a Municipal council in Firozpur district in the WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Fazilka is a city and a Municipal council in Firozpur district in the state of Ferozepur district is one of the twenty Districts in the state of Punjab in North-West India.

During the 1970s, the Green Revolution brought increased economic prosperity for the Sikh community in Punjab. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to However, a growing polarisation between the Indian National Congress led Indian government and the main political party of the Sikhs, the Shiromani Akali Dal, began to widen during the 1970s. Polarization ( ''Brit'' polarisation) is a property of Waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Akali Dal, also called Shiromani Akali Dal ( Akali Religious Party) is a collection of Sikh Political parties mainly based in Punjab The hostility and bitterness arose from what was widely seen by the Sikhs as increasing alienation, centralization and discriminatory attitudes towards Punjab by the Government of India. This prompted the Shiromani Akali Dal to unanimously pass the Anandpur Sahib Resolution which among other things called for granting maximum autonomy for the Punjab and other states and limiting the role and powers of the Central Government. The Anandpur Resolution or Anandpur Sahib Resolution was a political statement made by a Sikh political party the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1973 The Anandpur Sahib Resolution was rejected and erroneously dubbed as being of a hidden separatist agenda by India's Congress Party, specifically to discredit the resolution.

Discord had been developing after the rejection of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. A small section of Sikhs demanded an independent state of Khalistan. Khālistān (ਖਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ official title Sikh Republic of Khalistan or the Holy Sikh Kingdom of Khalistan, was the name given by Jagjit Singh A number of militants took to targeting officials and people opposed to their point of view which included a number of Sikhs. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale along with his supporters sought shelter inside the Akal Takht. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (ਜਰਨੈਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਭਿੰਡਰਾਂਵਾਲੇ ʤəɾnɛl sɪ́ŋg pɪ̀ɳɖɾɑnʋɑɺ̡e (February 12 1947 &ndash June 6 1984 was The Takht Sri Darbar Sahib Akal Takht (ਅਕਾਲ ਤਖ਼ਤ əkɑl t̪əxt̪ literally means The Seat (Throne of the Timeless One or Seat (Throne of God Fearing an attack on the Harimandir Sahib, Bhindranwale, with help from Shabeg Singh heavily fortified the temple. Sri Harmandir Sahib ( Punjabi: ਦਰਬਾਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ) informally referred to as The Golden Temple or Temple of God, He himself was decapitated Major General Shabeg Singh MVC (1925–1984 was an Indian Army officer famous for his service in training of Mukti Bahini volunteers during the The Indian army finally assaulted the Golden Temple to take out armed militants in June, 1984. However, the operation, Operation Bluestar was poorly planned and coordinated, leading to heavy military and civilian casualties. Operation Blue Star ( ਬਿਲਯੂ ਸਟਾਰ, बिल्यू स्टार) ( June 3 to June 6, 1984) was an Indian military operation

As a result, the situation in Punjab deteriorated into anarchy with a rise in radicalised militancy. By the early 1990s, after many years of violence across Punjab, the militants' struggle for Khalistan had lost much of the sympathy given after the assault on the sacred Golden Temple, it had previously had from some Punjabi Sikhs and what little armed resistance remained was eliminated and forced underground. Sri Harmandir Sahib ( Punjabi: ਦਰਬਾਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ) informally referred to as The Golden Temple or Temple of God, He himself was decapitated In the following years there was concern over alleged human rights abuses conducted by the central and state government against radical Sikhs, and many human rights organisations were not allowed in the Punjab at the time. [22]

The Indian BJP former leader stated that the Congress Party governments have been involved in creating terrorism in the Punjab. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP (भारतीय जनता पार्टी, Translation: Indian People's Party) founded in 1980 is a major Political Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Recently, BJP national president Lal Krishna Advani, stated that it was his party which pressured Sikh Extremists to take a stand against the government. Lal Krishna Advani (लाल कृष्ण आडवाणी لال ڪرشنا آڏواڻي also known as Lal Kishenchand Advani (Sindhi लाल किशनचंद [23] The policy to help the Congress Party by creating militants and moderates backfired resulting in the deaths of thousands of innocent people [24].

Punjab's economy was acutely affected in the 1980s and early 1990s. However in recent times, there have been serious attempts by the Central Government to diminish resentment and strong feelings of Punjabis over the issue. Punjab's economy is now on the path to recovery. However, corruption and violence continues to hamper the state.

Recent immigration

Many in the state are also concerned about the unchecked influx of laborers from other Indian states such as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; 10% of Punjab's population is now made up of migrants from these states. Uttar Pradesh (उत्तर प्रदेश اتر پردیش pronounced, Translation: Northern Province) referred to as '''U Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. This has created a fear of a loss of ethnic and religious identity for many Punjabi Sikhs, whose currently hold a 60% majority in the state. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Many of them worry that they will become a minority in their own state, and that this in encouraged by the government. [25]

Photo gallery of Punjab State

The Golden Temple at night in Amritsar. Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ meaning The Lake of the Holy Nectar, is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar District in the state

The Bhakra Dam

The Punjabi Fort at Bathinda. Bhakra Dam is a Concrete Gravity dam across the Sutlej River, near the border between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in northern

The Punjabi Fort at Bathinda.

The Punjabi Fort at Bathinda a view from inside the Fort.

The main gate of the Punjabi Qila Mubarak at night. Architect Atit Kumar.

The Punjabi Phuara Chowk (lit. the Fountain Crossing) is the central land mark of Patiala.

Jallianwala Bagh memorial to commemorate the fallen brave Punjabi protestors at the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, was named after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden in the northern Indian city of Amritsar

Wideview of the Punjabi Jallianwala Bagh memorial.

Entrance to the present day Punjabi Jallianwala Bagh.

Bullet marks, visible on a preserved wall, at present day Punjabi Jallianwala Bagh.

Mohindra College Patiala. Established in 1875, Mohindra College, located in Patiala, Punjab is the oldest institution of contemporary higher learning in Northern India

A Punjabi Phulkari from Patiala. Phulkari, an embroidery technique from the Punjab in India, literally means flower working, which was one time used for word embroidery but in course

Punjabi Phul Cinema on The Mall facing the Fountain Chowk is built in Art Deco style. Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial

Punjabi Tandoori chicken is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine

Jalandhar Railway Station's reception block. Tandoori Chicken is a semi-fried chicken delicacy that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. Punjabi cuisine (from the Punjab region of Northern India and Eastern Pakistan) WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Jalandhar (ਜਲੰਧਰ Hindi:) previously known as Jullundur, is an ancient

In Jalandhar Punjabi Community gets together at markets, amusement parks etc especially on weekends and annual Punjabi festivals.

The Punjabi Sutlej River Valley from Rampur ca. The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest 1857.

Mohindra College, Patiala at night. Established in 1875, Mohindra College, located in Patiala, Punjab is the oldest institution of contemporary higher learning in Northern India

References

  1. ^ Indus Valley Civilization
  2. ^ Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India
  3. ^ Best overall performance award to Punjab- Hindustan Times
  4. ^ India census data
  5. ^ Census of India, 2001
  6. ^ Census of India, 2001
  7. ^ Census of India, 2001
  8. ^ Census of India, 2001
  9. ^ Census of India, 2001
  10. ^ Census of India, 2001
  11. ^ Census of India, 2001
  12. ^ Census of India, 2001
  13. ^ Higher Education. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers
  14. ^ Finally, Punjab gets its first veterinary university. Official web site of Punjab, India (2006-06-02). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Retrieved on 2006-09-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
  15. ^ Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India
  16. ^ Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India
  17. ^ Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India
  18. ^ Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India
  19. ^ Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India
  20. ^ article=discoverindia_places_punjab Punjab - State. 4to40. com. Retrieved on 2006-10-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
  21. ^ See Amnesty Reports such as<ref>[http://www. punjabtrauma. org Punjab Trauma<!-- Bot generated title -->]</li> <li id="cite_note-22">'''[[#cite_ref-22|^]]''' [http://www. hindustantimes. com/storypage/storypage. aspx?id=c2819374-a8dd-4272-83da-20647b435a45&MatchID1=33&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=4&MatchType1=5&SeriesID1=1&PrimaryID=33&Headline=Advani%e2%80%99s+Blue+Star+remark+makes+Akali+Dal+see+red Advani’s Blue Star remark makes Akali Dal see red- Hindustan Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</li> <li id="cite_note-23">'''[[#cite_ref-23|^]]''' [http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/BJP_rallies_behind_Advani_hits_back_at_Congress/articleshow/2901845. cms] BJP accuses Congress of Terrorism</li> <li id="cite_note-24">'''[[#cite_ref-24|^]]''' [http://images. google. com/imgres?imgurl=http://economictimes. indiatimes. com/photo. cms%3Fmsid%3D2846492&imgrefurl=http://economictimes. indiatimes. com/articleshow/msid-2846479,flstry-1. cms&h=341&w=400&sz=27&hl=en&start=472&um=1&tbnid=ddRSNxUGR5x0eM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkhalistan%26start%3D468%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg. mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN] Simmering discontent: Sikhs in Punjab are fighting many wars</li></ol></ref>

See also

External links

The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia. Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjab region. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah Suri (1580 which mentions the construction of a fort by "Sher Khan of Punjab" Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
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